Essay On Bureaucrats

Essay On Bureaucrats
Federal bureaucrats can slow down or stall a president's agenda by claiming lack of knowledge or by
using interests groups. Bureau chiefs can claim they do not have enough information to make a
decision, especially a decision involving other bureaus. By doing this, they are claiming then need
more time to investigate, which slows the president's policies. By using interest groups, bureaucrats
can go through Congress. This interest groups plead to their Senators and House reps, which takes
longer to have the president's policies in place by law. They can also sabotage a president's agenda
by leaking unauthorized information. This reduces the president's credibility and forces people to
think about the effect of the new information on the policies. Bureaucrats would do these things,
because they support their burea more than the president. These bureaucrats "sincerely believe in
their bureau's purpose and feel they must protect its jurisdiction, programs, and budget at all costs"
(Heclo 275). Presidents and administrations chance, but the bureaus stay and bureaucrats try to stand
in its best standings. The president can counter the attempts to slow down, stall, or sabotage his
administration by building strong outside contacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I found this really interesting that the Secretary of Labour doesn't even know what information he is
not receiving or information that is being withheld from him. This was really striking to me, because
if a secretary of one board or on specialized area is not receiving all the information, who could
someone like a Congress member or the President expect to be experts in all fields. It also made me
question just how much information the president and Congress are missing out
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Public Administration Ethics
The roll of ethics in public administration is based on the administration; administrators should be
value–free when they implement public policy. I will discuss why ethics should be based on the
administration and, why it should not be based on each individual worker in the administration. I
will discuss Weber's stance on values in bureaucratic organizations, what Macintyre suggests, and
what Hummel and Goodsell would conclude about values in public administration. Most people do
not understand what an administration deals with everyday on an individual basis. They might think
that an administration is supposed to make the best ethical choices, but that is not the case. People
who are outside the administration might think that administrators are supposed to use everyday
values when implementing policy, but that is also not the case.
Ethics are the rules that define moral conduct according to the ideology of a specific group.
Moreover, ethics in public administration are important for good business conduct based on the
needs of a specific town, state or country. Ethics provide accountability between the public and the
administration. Adhering to a code of ethics ensures that the public receives what it needs in a fair
manner. It also gives the administration guidelines for integrity in their operations. That integrity, in
turn, helps foster the trust of the community. By creating this atmosphere of trust, the administration
helps the public understand that they are working with their best interests in mind. The roll that
ethics plays in public administration is based on each individual administration. An administration is
a business after all and it has to make money to survive in the business world. If all the businesses in
public administration based ethics on each individual worker than his or her administration would
not survive. Imagine if you were an individual working for the state dealing with welfare for a
citizen. You know that the citizen needs more money than the federal government is giving, but you
can only give out the amount of money that is allowed by the government. Well if one employee
gives out extra money to one citizen and other employee does the same thing than the state will be

Critical Analysis Of Street-Level Bureaucracy
1. Introduction
I have been living in Norway in about three years and I have seen people, especially immigrants and
asylum seekers complaining about the bureaucrats and bureaucratic procedure at the municipality
level. When I was searching for the previous thesis and dissertations for the assignment, I came
across the work of Alf Roger Djupvik. I immediately understood, it is going to broaden my
understanding how policies are implemented at the municipality level and I decided to work on it
without any hesitation. The essay is going to provide a critical analysis of the methodological
framework of the research written by Alf Roger Djupvik. In the first section of the essay, the
methodological part of the doctoral thesis of Djupvik (2012) entitled ... Show more content on
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Street–level bureaucracy is an organization theory that focuses on the front–line workers of the
welfare state and their relationships with their clients (Eriksen, 2001). According to Lipsky (1980),
the street–level bureaucrats are professionals and semi–professionals, found in a variety of
occupations. Street–level bureaucracies are important because they decide what and in what form
clients receive public services. This is linked to the fact that street–level bureaucrats use
administrative and professional methods of discretion in relation to vague public policies (Lipsky,
1980). According to the author, a major aspect of Lipsky's theory is the relationship between the
conditions of work for street–level bureaucrats and their development of coping strategies. The
working conditions are characterized by a problematic resources situation, unclear goals and
strained relationships with clients. In response, street level bureaucrats tend to develop coping
strategies such as rationing of services and modifications of work and clients (Lipsky, 1980). The
consequence of this is that the coping strategies shape the way the street–level bureaucrats work
with their clients and thus implement public

Bureaucratic Discretion In Public Service
Extensive research has discussed the role of street–level bureaucrats in the administration of public
services.
Few people in the public consciously give a name to what front line service providers such as police,
social workers, teachers, public health, legal–aid, city workers, and other public servants
subconsciously perform day in and day out bureaucrat discretion. Many of these public servants
themselves who are doling out bureaucratic discretion have not put a name to it because many times
it is a natural reaction and decided in a moment's response. Author, Michael Lipsky, brought
attention to the phenomenal and verbalized the concept. Since these public servants are literally in
the trenches and on the front line serving the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why it is vitally important when discretionary calls are made it is done with the upmost
ethical conclusion. Human nature is wired to react from their own experiences be they good or bad.
It is important for citizens, all levels of government employees and the institutions they serve to
understand this concept of bureaucratic discretion. With education, nuances of the complexities of
the job, and proper policies and guidelines, when bureaucratic discretion are made by the street–
level worker they need to be balanced with ethics and integrity for the various situations they face.
There is such a broad spectrum of public servants that bureaucratic discretion will also have a very
broad range of definitions. A broad general definition of discretion is a perceived freedom of street–
level bureaucrats to make choices that concern the sort, quantity, and quality sanctions and rewards
that are offer when implementing a policy. The management style of different government entities
can have an adverse or beneficial effect when implementing the same policy because the public
servant(s) (1) possess more knowledge or loopholes on the rules, (2) the agency's operationalize the
policy somewhat differently, (3) employee/manager relationship is what enables them to adjust to
the circumstances, or (4) the personality of the street–level bureaucrat is more rule–following or

The Necessary Use Of Bureaucracy In The United States
When things get done in America most credit goes either to congress, the president, or sometimes
even the courts. While these titles do hold much of the responsibility for change a lot of America's
day to day activities are made possible because of factions of government known as the bureaucracy.
Many citizens associate this with an unnecessary use of big government however, "Bureaucracy
actually means any large, complex organization in which employees have specific job
responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authority" (Janda, et al.). The implementation of
bureaucracy allows for a more efficient work flow. The bureaucratic functions are to aid in the
enforcement and implementation of legislation, to make new rules for the public to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been identified by earlier scholars such as Robert Merton that there are four imperative traits,
which most bureaucrats develop as a result of their work. (Merton; Goodsell 94) One would be a
lack of adaptability in the workforce. This happens due to the fact that each agency is filled with
workers with a specific skill set that would aid them in that job position and make it hard for their
skill to be used in a separate job. The second trait would be that the bureaucrats are sticklers for the
rules. The need for following the rules and guidelines can cause them to loose sight of the big
picture such as the original goal. The third trait would be that due to the fact that most hold their
positions for long periods of time they may become hyper–conscious and attached to it. The Fourth
and final trait Merton mentioned in the article would be that the need to follow the rules causes them
to overlook the fact that they are serving another person. Sometimes they lose sight of the fact that
they are dealing with individuals (Merton; Goodsell

Cops Teachers And Counselors Chapter 2 Summary
HEADER: PAD709 BOOK REVIEW 1
Book Review
Maynard–Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2009). Cops, Teachers, Counselors: Stories from the front
lines of public service.
Riccucci, N. (2005). How management matters: Street–level bureaucrats and welfare reform.
Key Findings Cops, Teachers, Counselors: Stories from the Front Lines of Public Service, by Steven
Maynard–Moody and Michael Musheno, is a fascinating exploration of how street–level bureaucrats
make decisions and provide services to the public. The authors use an engaging narrative analysis to
describe how bureaucrats from various agencies use discretion when making judgments on the
delivery of public services. Stories from teachers, police officers and counselors offer the reader
first–hand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cases documented seemed to be handpicked for narrative color rather than a true representation
of behavior on a day–to–day basis. Freedom to exercise discretion is shown to be an abuse of power
in some cases and heroic altruistic acts in others. The books depict discretion as a license to hunt,
where bureaucrats use ?a strict adherence to law? as an excuse to play God and punish ?the bad.?
Leniency is shown to be a heroic act to help those deemed ?good.?
Contributions to the Field of Public Administration In their books, Riccucci and Maynard–Moody &
Musheno expose the reader to the front–line world of bureaucratic agencies. Through narration, they
provide the reader direct experiences that support theories of discretion, performance management
and the public administration dichotomy. By linking testimonies of real–world, street–level
experiences with theory, they offer a nuanced and humane perspective. The books give managers of
public administration the knowledge to develop strategies that may help link public policy with
bureaucratic practice.

Essay On The Constitution And Political System
aspects of the constitution and political system
Political authority over the bureaucracy is not in one set of hands, but shared among several
institutions
In a parliament the authority is all in the prime minister
Most of the agencies of the federal government share their functions with related agencies in state
and local governments
The institutions and traditions of American life have contributed to the growth of adversary culture,
which protects the personal rights of people and the expansion of those rights.
Scope of bureaucracy
Little public ownership of industry in the United States
High degree of regulation in the United States of private industries
Western European countries like france have governments that operate and own most ... Show more
y
Size
No large increase in recent years
Many people work for the government indirectly
Power
The power depends on discretionary authority
Power has grown a lot
Congress delegates a lot of work to the bureaucracy which gives the bureaucracy more power
Four Factors that Explain the Behavior of Officials
The manner in which they are recruited and rewarded
Their personal attributes
The nature of their jobs
Constraints on their agency
Recruitment and Retention
Civil service system was made to based on merit not patronage and it has not always been that way
Merit based jobs come after a written examination from the OPM
Agencies usually appoint the most qualified candidate
Many workers are no longer hired through the OPM
Appointments:
Presidential appointments
Schedule C appointments
NEAs are given to high ranking members of the regular competitive service

The Buddy System
Name request: a specific person an agency wants in a position
Tailored job for the person
Firing a Bureaucrat
Most bureaucrats are not fired
Have to give a written 30 day notice
Notice needs reasons and examples of bad performance
The employee can appeal action to the MSPB
The MSPB must grant hearings
The employee can appeal the the court of appeals
The Agency's Point of View
Recruitment and retention need to be good in order to ensure an agency point of view from their
workers
Top tier bureaucrats are experts in their line of work because they generally work for one agency
their entire life
Superiors must

Bureaucracy And Its Effect On Society
Bureaucracy belongs to an important part in administrative science. Because this concept is a
universal concept. Bureaucracy impacts on our society. Though it has a positive impact now–a–days
it becomes more worsened in our country. It has become more red–tape in our country. Moreover it
has many negative externalities such as rigidity, over formality, corruption and so on.
WHAT IS BUREAUCRACY?
Firstly we have to know whatisthe meaning of Bureaucracy.
Bureau = office and cracy = practical usage
That means "try to control everything by office".
Bureaucracy is such a form of social organization which is maintained by strict rules and regulations
and which has the goal of achieving technical superiority over any other social organization.
Paul. H. Appleby, "Bureaucracy is inseparable from the phenomenon of systematic interaction of
many person's associate in common and complex terms".
Prof. Finer; "This civil service is a body of officials permanent, paid and skilled".
ROLE OF BURAEUCRACY IN STATE AND SOCIETY
In a modern country the role of bureaucracy cannot be described in words. To make any country's
policy formulation implementation of legislation and important policy making, bureaucracy is a
must. Without bureaucracy governmental workings is hard. So in the modern world it is a must.
Here the importance of bureaucracy is mentioned
1. Pioneer of social change: In a developing country, bureaucracy plays an important role in the
social, political, economic even

Texas bureaucracy Essay
The state bureaucracy administers/implements the laws of Texas. It is run by executives whose job
is to see that the laws of the state are implemented according to the will and intent of the
Legislature. Ideally, these executive branch officials or bureaucrats are to administer their duties and
implement the laws in a neutral manner, uninfluenced by politics. In reality, state bureaucrats are
important players in not just implementation, but also policy making. In Texas, there is no overall
central governing or controlling authority. Government authority in Texas is very decentralized, and
rests within many independent state agencies.
A bureaucracy is a way of administratively organizing large numbers of people who need to work ...
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The first solution that seems to fix a problem is often the solution picked. When bureaucrats pick the
first expedient it is called a satisfice. Kerwin notes that along the way rules and regulations may
slow the process and possibly prevent organizations from making decisions.
The executive branch consists of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public
Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three–member
Texas Railroad Commission, the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State. Texas has a
plural executive branch system, which limits the power of the Governor. Except for the Secretary of
State, all executive officers are elected independently, making them directly answerable to the public
but not the Governor. The executive branch also includes several boards and commissions that are
made up of a mixture of elections and gubernatorial appointments confirmed by the Senate. In
addition, there are many independent boards, commissions, and agencies that operate independently
of the governor. Power is decentralized among many officials. Although the governor appoints over
3,000 individuals to 285–plus state boards and commissions, he has very limited removal authority
and thus, has little control over the executive branch. Even with the Governor appointing several
members of boards and commissions, the overall effect is a large network of administrative groups
that neither the

Street Level Bureaucracy : The Dilemmas Of The Individual...
Michael Lipsky delivers an enthralling sneak peek into the unofficial politics of public servants in
his book, Street–Level Bureaucracy: The Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. Street–level
bureaucrats are, "public service workers who interact directly with citizens in the course of their
jobs, and who have substantial discretion in the execution of their work (Lipsky, 1980, p. 3).
Teachers, social workers, public defenders, police officers–these are a few of the subjects Lipsky
examines and deems street–level bureaucrats. These agents are not what comes to mind when one
might think of a bureaucrat, but the deeper Lipsky's book explores public servant's impact on day–
to–day implementation and enforcement of public policy, the more the reader begins to understand
the influence these agents have on "the dispensation of benefits [and] the allocation of public
sanctions" (Lipsky, preface). How do these public servants balance their responsibility to policy
objectives with crushing caseloads that demand individualized responses? What techniques are
employed by public servants to better fulfill their duties despite the adverse conditions of their job?
To better explore these questions and more, Lipsky's book is divided into four main parts: street–
level bureaucrat's as the middle–man, conditions of the job, the implication of practices developed
by street–level bureaucrats to deal with the issues discussed in parts one and two, and what the
future holds for street–level

Race Religion And Representative Bureaucracy Literature...
The article Race, Religion, and Representative Bureaucracy (Grissom, Nicholson–Crotty, &
Nicholson–Crotty, 2009) explores the relationship between the minority administrator and the
perception and reality of passive and active bureaucratic representation that benefits citizens of
"similar demographic origins" (Meier 1993b). Generally, the authors contend, actions of citizens and
bureaucrats both in pressures rendered and in the resulting actions that ensue, are largely influenced
by geographic region, yet very little focus has been placed on this relationship. They go on to focus
on reviewing existing literature to reveal that "race salience and racial group identification is higher
in the American South relative to other regions" (Grissom, Nicholson–Crotty, & Nicholson–Crotty,
2009, p.3). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors write, "Specifically, we examine the percentage of black students within a school who
receive out–of–school suspensions and the percentage of black students assigned to Gifted and
Talented programs." (Grissom, Nicholson–Crotty, & Nicholson–Crotty, 2009, p.4–5) and explain
that the recommendations given by teachers is the most common way students obtain access to
advanced educational opportunities. As a second analysis, the authors seek to determine if region of
the bureaucrat is a determining factor "because perceptions of race salience and identification with
racial group interests among black bureaucrats are likely to be higher in the South." (Grissom,
Nicholson–Crotty, & Nicholson–Crotty, 2009, p.

The Last Characteristics Of Weber's Bureaucracy
The last characteristic of Weber's Bureaucracy is that official positions exist in their own right and
the job holders have no rights to a particular position. Therefore when an individual applies and
accepts a job in the public service, they can be assigned to anywhere; any area, any position. Persons
can ask to defer, however, ultimately that is your position as assigned by the bureaucracy. For
example, a teacher can be assigned to a school in Trinidad and Tobago regardless of their home
town; a doctor can be assigned to a hospital, once there is a position to be filled. Also, when public
servants are applying for vacation, it does not mean that their application will be accepted, but it is
dependent on their line supervisor and Head of Department to determine if that person can be
released at the time they applied for. According to Weber, the ideal type of bureaucracy possessed
rational grounds for every administrative act, and it rested on equality in the eyes of the law. He
proposed the intended outcomes; allows for precision, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weber argued that bureaucracy is rational in that it involved control based on knowledge, it has
clearly defined spheres of competence, and it operated according to intellectually analysable rules.
All bureaucrats are supposed to be rational, neutral– not one sided, not political and respectful. All
decisions should be based on data and facts rather than emotions and personal relationships. When a
public servant is rational then they can defend without fear or favour, since they have the facts
necessary to back decisions. An example of this can be seen through decision making. If the Line
Supervisor appoints the public servant with a special job, there should not be any biased behaviour,
like choosing a friend to complete it. Then the Line Supervisor must be able to state why he believes
that the public servant is qualified and certified to carry out that

Chinese Bureaucrat Research Paper
The strangest thing happened on the island the other day; I noticed two different vessels had washed
ashore. However, one vessel contained a Japanese samurai, and the other contained a Chinese
bureaucrat. With nothing to do but wait for help, the two men got to know each other fairly well
over the course of their time on the island. The two strangers talked about how they came into their
professions, their everyday life, and what was happening in their respective nations. Both of the
samurai and bureaucrat spoke of training for their respective professions at a very young age.
However, the bureaucrat had much different training required of him than the samurai. The Chinese
bureaucrat explained what the examination system was to the samurai. There are three levels of the
exam system, each one progressing in difficulty, and reaping a better job. One study five Confucian
classical texts, along with four books to prepare for the exams. Technically, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, the Chinese bureaucrat was eager to share his experience with the samurai. While in
China there are different levels of the bureaucracy, like in Japan, this Chinse bureaucrat happened to
have passed the third level of the exam system; he had also been lucky enough to have been chosen
as one of the emperor's advisors. However, the bureaucrat explained that this was no easy task,
especially given the time. The bureaucrat had been an advisor to Emperor Qianlong, who had just
passed away one year ago, in 1799. Qianlong gave the Qing the finest and splendid region of its
reign; he added more territory to China and built up the imperial palace. A large portion of the
bureaucrat's time was devoted to reconstructing classical works. Along with reprinting the classical
works, the bureaucrat informed the advisor of various problems in the nation and wrote official
documents for the

Federal And Local Government Performance
Looking closely to the federal and local governments, some federal departments and city
departments provide quality services to the extent that people trust them more than the critics can
understand. Surprisingly, some Americans trust certain federal departments than the federal
government while at local government level, some people admire certain city programs than they
like the city administration. According to Goodsell (2015), Ann Arbor–based company provided that
in 2010 people showed that they trusted the federal government for its quality service delivery in
some of its departments even though it declined afterward. At local government level. When
measuring the federal government's productivity, The Federal Productivity Index ... Show more
But the recent study of 2004–2005 found the opposite. They discovered that bus systems operated
by municipal and county work more efficiently because managers can handle the incompatible
pressures from different stakeholders (Goodsell, 2015). To some extent, government can save
money through contracting out some of it functions to the private companies. Moreover, there is also
an assumption that bureaucracy is growing larger day–by–day which weakens personal liberty. The
size of growth fluctuates, but the number is increasing at both state and local governments and
decreasing at the federal government.
Strengths of bureaucracy
More trained personnel than contract workers. It has more money to subsidize certain services when
private companies that operated bus systems went out of business. Moreover, most changes are
initiated by the bureaucrats not elected officials (Goodsell, 2015). Most celebrated innovations were
facilitated by bureaucrats. These are signs of their strengths.
Weakness of bureaucracy
Some government programs are poorly designed programs and it takes government some time to
rectify the system like the Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR) due to processing
time which spiked at some stage.
True or false stories about critics
It is untrue that all bureaucrats are arrogant to their clients and want to control them. This is
dispelled by the interviews that Goodsell

Bureaucracy Is The Administrative Heart And Soul Of...
"The bureaucracy is the administrative heart and soul of government" (Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle, and
Ansolabehere, 2014, p.302). Bureaucracy, in administrative states, is the link, medium, and
transitional phase in which policies that have become laws, are passed by elected officials and are
delivered by the bureaucracy to the people. When policies are to be implemented into laws,
Congress, at times, gives vague instructions to the bureaucracy. In doing so, the bureaucracy has the
power to make their own interpretation as to how the policy should be implemented. However,
bureaucrats (the agents) have their own interests and beliefs as well (Lowi et al., 2014). How can the
decisions of bureaucrats, when interpreting and implementing laws, not be affected by their own
personal interests and beliefs? Can the autonomy of the bureaucracy, in these cases, to interpret the
law really be considered a "power"? Multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate how such
components have an effect on organizational performance. Lois Recascino Wise's (2004)
explanation of why bureaucracies vary in the manner in which they perform their organizational
roles is based on sound assumptions and a persuasive causal logic, but his theory does not explain in
depth the uncontrollable factors that have an effect on bureaucratic posture as do the theories of
other researchers. The reasoning for the variations in bureaucratic posture is explained and
developed into what is known as the "Theory of

Bureaucrats Vs Political Parties
The Constitution contains a self–contradictory structure that monopolist government bureaucrats
and the police have been ignoring for many decades. In fact, it is the very Constitutionally mandated
monopolies that bureaucrats illegitimately have that violate our God–given rights. A century of
government central planning has created generations of shortsighted, irresponsible rulers in
America. With rule by emotion and not reason, we have police, legislative and court bureaucrats
who do not seem able to see things form the point of view of an individual being criminally
victimized by agents of the State. This immediately violates the individual's right to establish
voluntary contracts with others. Contracts among individuals are the only business of the parties to
such contracts, and not the business of government bureaucrats. My philosophy is that if it's none of
the neighbors' business, it's none of the government's business. ... Show more content on
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A lot of effort probably went into the preparation of those documents (and a lot of money, if you
hired a lawyer to draft them). You probably don't want to start over from scratch. Unfortunately, for
most people it's a good idea to get a new set of documents that clearly meet your new state's legal
requirements. The good news is that you've already done the heavy lifting–you've decided which
documents you want and the key things you want them to accomplish for your family. It shouldn't be
difficult to get new documents that reflect the wishes you've settled

Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats Essay
Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats
Americans depend on government bureaucracies to accomplish most of what we expect from
government, and we are oftentimes critical of a bureaucracy's handling of its responsibilities.
Bureaucracy is essential for carrying out the tasks of government. As government bureaucracies
grew in the twentieth century, new management techniques sought to promote greater efficiency.
The reorganization of the government to create the Department of Homeland Security and the Bush
administration's simultaneous push to contract out jobs to private employers raises the question as to
whether the government or the private sector can best manage our national security. Ironically, the
criticism of the bureaucracy may be a product ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress has delegated a significant amount of authority to the federal bureaucracy by granting the
agencies the power to draft federal regulations (rule making) and to adjudicate conflicts over these
regulations.
Presidents use the rule–making power of bureaucracies to shape policy.
Before 1883, bureaucrats were political appointees–the product of the spoils system.
The Civil Service Act of 1883 created the merit system by requiring that appointees to public office
be qualified for the job, thereby ending the spoils system.
The Organization of the Executive Branch
I. What are the agencies that make up the Executive Branch?
The federal bureaucracy consists of the Cabinet departments, independent agencies, government
corporations, and independent regulatory commissions.
The Cabinet departments are usually headed by a secretary (the Department of Justice is headed by
the Attorney General), but it is the bureau level that has the responsibility for interacting with the
public.
Independent agencies exist outside the structure of the Cabinet departments and carry out functions
that are too costly for the private sector such as NASA.
Government corporations (the U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak) are designed to run like a business
and, we hope, generate a profit.
Independent regulatory commissions regulate some aspect

The Wisdom Of Whores-Bureaucrats Chapter Summary
Elizabeth Pisani's The Wisdom of Whores – Bureaucrats, Brothels and the Business of AIDS is a
great book (along with a great website). Elizabeth Pisani is an epidemiologist with years of
experience working on HIV/AIDS (or sex and drugs, as she puts, which sounds a lot, well, sexier) at
a variety of agencies, including UNAIDS. The book is the story of her frustrations at the way the
international community, national governments, NGOS and AIDS activists have dealt with the
epidemics, as well as her hopes in some of the progress made. To me, precisely because the book is
data–driven, it was not controversial. My reaction was more, "well, if that's what the data show, so
be it." But also, I think, the book was billed as controversial ... Show more content on
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The writer on the contrary points out that the initiatives have not achieved the required target
because some of them advocate for things which are not practical. Instead, she proposes that
emphasis should be laid on educating people about safe sex and not trying to restrict and control
individual liberty supposedly for the greater good. She believes the disease is not about poverty and
gender related issues, it is behavior change. Many people in African countries get the virus because
of having unsafe sex with multiple partners. This is why the rates of infection are not declining
despite the billions being spent. The honesty box tries to bring out hidden facts behind the myths
told by various researchers concerning HIV/AIDS. Some of these myths are based on the data
presented which are usually inflated to favor funding and to act as a precautionary measure that
AIDS exists everywhere. The book opens the 'honesty box' on drawbacks of medical research within
the tropics. Pisani tackles highly contentious issues with zest, including the possible public health
shortcoming of antiretroviral treatment, in addition to the benefits of mandatory HIV/AIDS testing.
The author also presents data to show that if couples living in Thailand were to have further
premarital sex, then their men would be the least likely to use commercial sex workers and the

The Japanese Political System
From the Meiji Restoration era, democratization efforts were undertaken to modernize Japan. A
bicameral system of legislature as well as local, though unelected assemblies were created in the
image of the Prussian model (Haddad, 2012, p. 50) and a Constitution placing absolute power with
the monarch was formed. Although the main intention of the oligarchs behind the Constitution was
to have the national Diet as an advisory body, they "created a series of 'transcendental cabinets'
which answered to the Emperor" (Haddad, 2012, p. 50), Bureaucrats were important tools during
this period as they were the people with the knowledge necessary to enable the country to function.
.... This importance placed in them stemmed .... As a large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One of the smallest and most efficient = implementing policies ––> "As a result, policy making
became highly segmented as particular bureaus and bureaucrats became more specialized" (Haddad,
2012, p. 60)
large role in politics = policy making, allocation of resources, distribution of power
"Since SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) – McArthur – held the real policy–
making power during the Occupation, politicians exercised their influence in large part as a
mediating influence rather than as policy makers. "
High point – Japanese Miracle of 50s to 70s
prestegious, civil service exam, on–job training, professionals – lifetime
politicians were also mainly lifers, and initially had expertise in the ministry they were placed in, but
then moved up to the committees – Zokus
Zoku (Tribe) – Back when a noob is first elected and is assigned to a ministry as a parliamentary
secretary, he becomes specialized in that field and so as a member of the transportation zoku for
example, you can influence the construction of a road or railway system in your district o Jobs =
Money = re–election
"Politicians reign, but bureaucrats rule" – Chalmers Johnson
Bureaucrats' relations with the private sector grew stronger as "catch–up" and "growth first" policy
goals gained dominance within the administration and society
It helps that the elites within the bureaucracy and business came from similar backgrounds and
universities and this tended to

Street Level Bureaucrats Essay
Introduction
Articles 15, 40, and 54 from the classic literature gives us an overview of how the US public
administration is established. Public administration as we know it involves organizations to make
every effort to be a good corporate citizen of the community. Organizations must conduct their
business to be in a fair, ethical and professional manner with customers, governments, suppliers,
community neighborhoods, and the general public.
Article 15: Government is Different
In the United States, the government is a system where it takes into account of all the needs and
actions of citizens. There are many positions in the public service which some might be interested in
working for the government while others have little interest in working for the government or might
not be qualified for it. Those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Street–level bureaucrats has some sort of degree of discretion and interact with the public because
they work in a public sector environment. These public service workers impact citizen's lives
because they are responsible for maneuvering most of the activities of public agencies, from
determining program eligibility to dividing benefits and managing the service citizens acquired.
Since citizens expect the government to provide them with security and public safety, the scope of
responsibility of public workers have increased and this creates conflict over the scope and
substance of public services. Since street–level bureaucrats decisions and actions symbolize the
policies of the public agencies they work for, they will encounter some sort of confrontation with
citizens. For example, clients of street–level bureaucrats might be frustrated that they cannot receive
services with a specific public agency or view certain agencies as an injustice placed that does not
care about its people. The role of a street–level bureaucrats can be challenging because they are
operators of social

Bribing Corrupt Bureaucrats Might Not Be a Terrible Idea...
This is an excellent way to show that as a human race we are constantly looking for a mode of
perfection but that mode is never there because we can never find it. What we can do is to get as
close as possible to the ideal situation. This ideal situation should mean that there is some form of
Pareto efficiency in the system and most people stand to benefit. If the value system allows for the
existence of some classes to gain more than others this will create inequality. In such a case the
government will always try to change policies to make the shift. But then the problem is that sooner
of later another class will prevail of the current ruling classes will continue to hold some positions of
power that will allow them to keep their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exposition of the IT is also a contributor towards this. The Gandhian morality of not showcasing
your wealth no longer holds true when a certain business man in Mumbai builds a 27 storied
building for a family of 5. The economic prowess of the nation is hence showcased by such
successful entrepreneurs. The height of the positives of economic reforms took place when India can
acheievd a growth rate of 9% in 2007 . Today India is known as among the 10 largest economies of
the world.
But having stated all this, it needed to note that India still stands poorly in world social parameters.
We still are amongst the pooter nations of the world. Poverty ranks are still high. We are one of the
most corrupt nations in the world and indexes do not rank us well. Socially our parameter are not
high. This will sooner or later reflect upon our economics as well. This will be demonstrated in the
rest of the essay. Corruption is considered bad and after the several scams that have hit India over
the apst 4–5 years we have clearly not changed things. But there are studies that suggest otherwise.
The 2005 paper suggests that bribing bureaucrats might not be such a bad idea. This is because the
corrupt bureaucrats can force the government into talking helpful measures. The need for these
measures might be a result of the demands from the bribers who expects some changes from the
corrupt bureaucrats. The economy could benefit

The Core Of Ackoff And Rovin 's The Book
The core of Ackoff and Rovin's the book consists of a series of short stories about battles with
bureaucrats. Part I describes through crowd sourced examples why systems need to be beaten,
understanding systems and creativity, while parts II and III offer stories about people who have beat
systems, a summary of why the system should have crumbled under the pressure of a system beater
and finally "Rules of Thumb" (Ackoff and Rovin, 2004, p. 139) for the reader to vanquish the very
systems reported on in part II. The book ends with a short chapter of summary advice on beating the
bureaucrats and another, for bureaucrats, on how to design the system so that it does not need to be
beaten. According to the authors of Beating the System: Using ... Show more content on
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Goodsell's book "The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic" is composed on the
contrary. Goodsell makes several arguments in favor of the fundamental soundness of American
bureaucracy. His thoughts are derived from a core belief: the quality of public service in the United
States is vastly underrated (p. xi). His polemic is such that the flaws and the faults of bureaucracy in
America are far fewer on a proportionate basis than is generally thought. The argument of this book
is that a wide gap exists between bureaucracy's repopulation and its record. Despite endless ranting
to the contrary, American bureaucracy does work – in fact, quite well (p. 4). According to Goodsell
criticisms of government bureaucracy are based more on myth than reality. Goodsell argues that
government agencies actually play a valuable and indispensable role in making our society a better
place to live. For instance Goodsell examines studies that show what he argues is evidence of public
satisfaction with bureaucracy. His arguments are based on such statistics as "most" citizens believing
that police do not accept bribes (p. 27) or that "only" a quarter of welfare recipients waited a half
hour or more for service (p. 35). In addressing direct performance evaluation, Goodsell shows that
public bureaucracy has witnessed overall growth in productivity from 1967 through 1990. He
acknowledges, however, that this cannot be fairly compared to private industry's experience over the

Similarities Between Han China And Imperial Rome
Imperial Rome and Han China were two of the biggest empires during the Classical period. They
shared many of the same qualities, yet they had little to no contact with one another. Imperial Rome
and Han China were similar because they used ideologies to control their citizens rather than
religion, and they were different because Han China had an extensive educated bureaucracy as
opposed to Rome's authoritarian government based on military power.
Han China and Imperial Rome used ideologies to shape their society. In Han China, Confucianism
was used as a basis to control its bureaucrats and citizens. This ideology, created by Confucius,
encouraged moral and cultural unity. It encouraged respect towards authority, and set guidelines for
how an individual should act towards people above their social class and people below their social
class. Han rulers created one of the first civil service tests, requiring applicants to have an
understanding of Confucianism and other early writings to become a bureaucrat. This resulted in a ...
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During this period, China had an extensive educated bureaucracy composed of citizens from any
class. The bureaucrats were educated with principles of Confucianism, and Chinese literature. This
was the governing class. The bureaucrats were respected by members of the lower classes and
controlled the local areas. The emperor ruled through the instructions given to the bureaucracy.
Imperial Rome had a single authoritarian ruler who was in control of the country because of the
power of his military. The tyrant ruled through laws imposed on the citizens. Local governments in
the Roman Empire had more autonomy than its Chinese counterparts. Aristocrats were trusted to
control their regions. China ruled through its bureaucrats enforcing Confucian values while Rome
established laws for the country, but allowed local aristocrats to enforce

Bureaucracy In The Military
The military is not a bureaucracy in and of itself, but contains bureaucracy. In fact, it is around 90%
bureaucracy, by pure manpower numbers. Let me come back to that.
A simpler way to think of what is a bureaucracy is to think of what is a bureaucrat: a bureaucrat is
any person in a secondary or tertiary function within an organization. For example, in an
architectural firm, you have principal architects, staff architects, intern architects, accountants, and
administrators (I am ignoring the CA and PM functions for this example). All of the architects
primarily do design work, that is the function of the firm. The principals also do some marketing,
which is really a secondary function, so they are part bureaucrat and part functionary. The ... Show
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We want people to enforce rules set up by the laws created by congress, and we want them to be
objective, so we set up hiring rules, you can't just hire your brother, cousin, friend, whomever, you
must go through a strict process. We want a bureaucracy that is essentially a–political, specifically
NOT beholden to the ruling party (everyone has political preferences, but we do not want the
bureaucracy to be politically motivated). We want the rules to be followed objectively, so you can't
tell food processing plant A that their process is unsafe or unhealthy, but plant B can use that process
just because your brother, cousin, friend, or whomever, works there. And that is just the tip of the
iceberg. We live in a democracy, where the government must answer to the people. This means
someone has to sit down and make reports about how money is being spent, or how effective a
program is; we want oversight and audits to ensure the money is spent the way it is being reported,
that programs are being administered objectively; we want to ensure that no one bureaucrat has too
much power. All these things mean we have to hire people whose job is something other than the
primary function of government, so we have layers of bureaucracy providing oversight, buffers,
checks, and

A Brief Note On The Civil Service System
Civil service systems are designed to hire and promote members of the bureaucracy on the basis of
merit. The merit principle is the idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion
ratings to reward qualified individuals to produce an administration of skilled and talented people.
All civil servant applicants must pass an exam that measures skills related to the particular civil
service position they hope to fill. Some civil service exams are general and apply to a wide range of
jobs, whereas others are focused on a particular type of job. I do not see how a "merit exam" can
truly show how successful a potential civil servant would be performing in a particular position. An
exam may be able to measure the extent of their paper knowledge on the position, but does not
reflect how well a civil servant would be able to apply their knowledge to their job. Standardized
tests are often frowned upon in public schools, with some politicians and scholars arguing that
standardized tests measure how well a student can take the test, and does not measure how much he
or she has learned. The same applies to these merit exams. I do not believe that a potential
bureaucrat should earn their government position through entrance exams. The exam does not
measure how successful a bureaucrat would be at performing their job, but rather measures their
test–taking abilities. I believe that a potential bureaucrat should have to partake in a two–year–long
paid internship in their

Pros And Cons Of The Iron Triangle
Q1) An iron–triangle is a three–way alliance among a set of interest groups, a portion of the federal
bureaucracy, and a congressional committee. The three sides of the triangle reinforce one another
with mutual, protective influence. The iron triangles in Washington have been broadly successful in
shielding their program areas against drastic change. The strong alliance built between the three
parties on the three points of the triangle creates almost impenetrable fortresses that can control
policies on various issues. The interest groups often lobby members of the congress for favorable
policy. The members of congress often listen as well because they are depended on the interest
groups for political advertising and campaigning during the

What Means Can Bureaucrats And Bureaucracies Be Held...
By whom and what means can bureaucrats and bureaucracies be held accountable for in public
policy? Bureaucrats and bureaucracies are held accountable by the people, the President and
congress. The courts review actions of legislative branches to ensure they are constitutional and
legal. If a bureaucracy performance fall short of expectations, congress and the president can
threaten to revamp, decrease or eliminate funding. (James E. Anderson, Public Policymaking 8th
edition, p.
2. What is public policy making? Public policy is a combination of problem identification where a
public problem is defined and articulated. Agenda setting, to achieve agenda status a public problem
must be converted into an issue, or a matter requiring governmental attention. Formulation, policy
formulation involves developing pertinent and acceptable proposed courses of action called
alternatives, proposals or options. Budgeting, once a policy or program has been legislatively
authorized proper funding is needed at levels sufficient to guarantee satisfactory attainment of its
goals.
Implementation, executive agencies carry out or implement policy.
Evaluation, actors evaluate the impact of policies, to see if they are solving the problems identified
and accomplishing their goals.
3. How can the three branches hold each other accountable when implementing policy? ... Show
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Thus, Article I provides that "all legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States...Article II states that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
Unites States of America. "In turn, Article III declares that "the judicial Power of the United States,
shall be vested in one supreme court and such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and

Case Study Analysis: Public Finance And Budgeting
Nazarzoda Parviz
ID 1B6048
Course: Public Finance and Budgeting Homework III
Q1) Explain Niskansen's characterization of bureaucrats as budget maximizing, as well as critiques
of that view, in the contexts of your home country's bureaucracy. How have changes in the current
economy and modern public management practices altered the budget behavior of bureaucrats in
your home country? (300 words)
Niskanen (1971) analyzes the activities of bureaucratic structures from cost and benefit analysis
point of view. In this regard, he pays attention to such traditional issues as:
The output and its volume, the costs of its production;
If conditions change, how does it affect costs and output?
With reference to the bureau, this meant a balance between ... Show more content on
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For example, compare a line–item with a performance format in terms of contributing to citizen
understanding about government budgeting and services. (300 words)
According to Lim (2017), there is five budget formats: Lump–sum, Line item, Program,
Performance and Zero–based (p. 4). Each of these formats has its advantages and disadvantages.
Line–item budgeting. It is good for government to use this format, because Line–item format
remains a popular and useful format, because of its easiness of control and clear reports. To the
advantages of line–item possible to attribute strict control over the activities of state organs.
The disadvantages include the complexity of comparison with goals. In this type of budget, it is also
difficult to compare results with costs.
Performance format also has clear objectives, i.e. strategic plan, not only activities are measured by
this format. Performance format comes from flexible execution. It is only then, when a state agency
or organ, has showed a good performance, may request more budget. It has good reporting,
benchmarks – when it is necessary to set the target. It has performance data with goals and means,
i.e. performance

The Case For Bureaucracy : A Public Administration Polemic...
"To the extent that US bureaucracy succeeds, it is due not just to the competent work inside
individual organization but the competent interactions among them." (Goodsell 2008) This quote
from Goodsell's book sums up the book perfectly for me when it comes to the tasks that society puts
on bureaucrats. Before reading Charles Goodsell's, The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public
Administration Polemic, I did not appreciate the United States Government and what is
accomplishes on a daily basis. Goodsell's book examines how essential the United States' public
service institutions are, even when though they are often heavily criticized. Goodsell showcases the
research he's conducted and survey evidence that shows how that bureaucracy is effective in
accomplishing tasks that are free of corruption and staffed with employees who are passionate about
their work. He discusses criticism and misconceptions of the United States system of government
and argues against that. Overall, Goodsell's book has reinforced and fully convinced me that
bureaucracy at all levels in the government is both effective and efficient. The thesis of the book is
to describe the larger difference between bureaucracy's reputation and its actual record. Goodsell
discusses issues of bureaucracy, over expectations of bureaucracy, and why bureaucracy is so
important. Common misconceptions
Why Bureaucracies have a negative connotation
When reading Goodsell's book, I couldn't help but wonder why bureaucracy is disliked

The Negative Impact Of Confucianism On Ancient China
Introduction
Confucius and Confucianism made drastic impacts on Ancient China in many different ways.
Confucius was born in the state of Lu in 551B.C. he was a bureaucrat and a teacher who taught his
philosophy Confucianism. Confucianism was a social and ethical philosophy believing in social
order, respect to your ancestors and reformist idealistic and spiritual values. The following
statements will explore Confucius and his life as a teacher and a bureaucrat and how Confucianism
affected Ancient China.
Confucianism and Its Impact on Ancient China
Confucianism had major impacts on Ancient China. Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy
that focuses on family kindness and values reformist, idealistic and spiritual ideas. It stated that
everyone had a place in society and should behave according to that role. Confucianism impacted
Ancient China both positively and negatively.The positive impacts were that Confucianism brought
stability to Ancient China and used it as a perfect example for society, but the negative impacts were
it stated that women were subordinate to men and that the hierarchy system was unfair.
Confucianism has affected modern Asian countries as well, countries in east Asia have bureaucratic
cultures that trace back to Confucian teachings To summarise ... Show more content on
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Confucius was a teacher in the spring and autumn period of Chinese history. Confucius spent many
years of his life travelling from one state to another to express his ideas, said that humans were
essential alike by nature and difference occur in the environment people were up in and their
education. Confucius built a school that taught young boys the way of Confucianism and
Calligraphy so many of the boys grew up to be scholars to further teach the Chinese people. To
summarise Confucius and his life as a teacher made a major impact in Ancient China because he set
up a school of learning to teach young boys the ways of

Bureaucracy : Bureaucracy And Bureaucracy Essay
Bureaucracy role in everyday business
People working together in compatible ways by defining everyone's roles within a hierarchy
organizations is a definition of bureaucracy. In examination of bureaucracy the author will find the
definition, the advantages and disadvantages and will use the Police Departments in America as an
example of bureaucracy and will display its characteristics of bureaucracy. It can be argued that
there's more disadvantages then advantage to using bureaucracy. Research indicates that
bureaucracy can lead to powerless, unsatisfied and unhappy employees. Research indicated that
bureaucracy is a way of directorially establishing big numbers of people who need to work together.
Organizations in the public and private sector, including universities and governments, rely on
bureaucracies to function. The term bureaucracy literally means "rule by desks or offices," a
definition that highlights the often–impersonal character of bureaucracies. Even though
bureaucracies sometimes seem inefficient or uneconomical, setting up a bureaucracy helps ensure
that thousands of people work together in likeminded ways by defining everyone's roles within a
hierarchy. Government bureaucrats perform a large variety of tasks. We often think of bureaucrats as
paper–pushing desk clerks, but bureaucrats teach, and monitor how federal candidates raise money,
among other activities. The job of a bureaucrat is to apply government policy, to take the laws and
decisions

Why Do Bureaucrats Have Too Much Discretion?
In my opinion, I don't think bureaucrats have too much discretion when it comes to interpreting and
implementing legislation. First of all, the bureaucrats are the people who working for the
government as a group of agencies, departments, and other institutions which is belongs to the
executive branch of government that develop and implement public policy. They may not make right
decisions all the time, but so far, they doing great job for this country.
I believe the government is controlled by bureaucrats, and the power of this country may controlled
by the bureaucrats right now. Nonetheless, I still believe bureaucratic discretion is a good way to
carry out all the policies and rules with the correct technical experienced expertise. One

How Did Friedrich And Finer Protect Against The Bureaucracy
Taking place in 1940, the Friedrich–Finer debate featured the themes of how much discretion to give
to bureaucrats, what accountability measures should be in place against bureaucratic incompetence,
and if the other branches of government are capable of protecting against the bureaucracy. In
debating these, Friedrich and Finer have shaped the conversation around the bureaucracy in the
many decades since. When it comes to bureaucratic discretion, Friedrich believed that bureaucrats
needed to almost complete discretion about their work. If bureaucrats are experts at their work, then
they should be allowed to use their expertise to maximize their work outputs. Yet, as Finer pointed
out, bureaucrats may not always want to maximize their work ... Show more content on
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This culture of professionalism will prevent bureaucrats from becoming lazy or malicious in their
intents; the other bureaucrats won't allow such behavior to be tolerated. This culture will act as in
inner check against any potential wrongdoing by the bureaucracy. Thus, checks by the other
government branches is completely unnecessary. When combined with the other branches inability
to be experts in all of the bureaucracy's activities, it is also only risks the other branches decreasing
the efficiency of the bureaucracy. On the other hand, Finer argued that those checks by the other
branches is what prevented the bureaucrats from giving into their poor human nature. Additionally,
these checks act to give some democratic control over an otherwise completely undemocratic branch
of government. In a democracy, that is completely unacceptable; the judicial branch's final say in
how laws are interpreted, congress' ability to appropriate agencies' budgets and approve nominees,
and the president's ability to nominate those nominees is necessary for the bureaucracy to maintain
legitimacy with the American public. Whatever lack of expertise the other branches may have about
the bureaucracy's work is well worth this legitimacy. With that said, Finer's argument about the
bureaucracy, and what to do about, is the more accurate

Informed Decision-Making Process Analysis
Informed decision–making is an important aspect for working in the government. According to
Milakovich and Gordon, provide some examples of how information technology can be used to
assist bureaucrats in decision–making? In this society today technology plays an important role
because it's a communication channel. Many of people across this world use technology as a form of
communication. Technology is the easiest way to converse with someone through different websites
and smartphones. Technology is one of the most popular things that man created. Information
technology can be helpful in many of ways to bureaucrats in making decisions. It can assist the
bureaucrats by viewing the last year budget such as comparing and contrasting. Bureaucrats can
conduct different task by keeping an account of the budget, distribute resource, and analyze the
budget results. . (Milakovich &Gordon, 2014). Even create reports, spreadsheets in excel, and
download different things to help the bureaucrats make good decisions. Information technology is a
good source ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People in this world rely on the resource that technology provides in general. This source helps
many to connect across the world. It's provides network system, hardware, software or multimedia.
Information technology (Wikipedia). It really benefits bureaucrats by accessing information on the
computer about budgeting the money that the government spends each fiscal year. (Milakovich
&Gordon, 2014). Technology enhances the government in many different ways. It enhances the
government by reducing cost, approve satisfaction to citizen, and increase efficiency for the work
process in the government. (Milakovich &Gordon, 2014). Technology allowed government to
provide efficient documents online to review. The faster service online is a great way for
government to get a positive image instead of

Max Weber 's Theory Of Bureaucracy Essay
The word bureaucracy derived from "bureau" and "cracy". The word "bureau" means office or desk
and "cracy"means power or rule. Thus bureaucracy means desk government.
Bureaucracy is ahierarchical organization which follows strict rules and regulations in achieving
desired goals and which has tendency to gain supremacy over other organizations. Famous German
sociologist theorized ideal– type of bureaucracy. Max Weber thought bureaucracy is the highest
efficient organization which falls under legal rational authority. Soon after the theory came out, like
other theory, ideal–type bureaucracy theory encountered severe criticisms.Alvin Gouldner, Robert
Merton, Phillip Selznick, Peter Blau are some of them who criticized the ideal–type of bureaucracy.
With the creation of new states and the intervention of government in everyday life of citizens
necessitated the need for ideal–type of bureaucracy. Everywhere whether in developed or
developing nations, bureaucratic structure is a common phenomenon.
The environment and the state of affairs in which Max Weber developed the theory of bureaucracy
were different from the present welfare states. Modern states are complex and difficult to maintain
thus the validity of bureaucracy is questioned in the face of these challenges.
The Development of a country to a large extent depends on how the bureaucracy of that country
functions. As bureaucracy gives input in policy making, implements those and evaluate outcome of
an implemented policy,

Parents Not Bureaucrats Should Decide What Kids Eat Summary
Should the government control what children eat or don't eat, or should parents step up to the plate
and decide what their own children should eat. The two articles, "Parents, not bureaucrats, should
decide what kids eat" by Daren Bakst, and "First lady's fight for healthier food needs broad support"
by William Rice both take a turn on the national issue of healthy eating. Daren Bakst states that it
should be parents that instruct their children on how they should eat and the government should not
interfere with this decision, even at school. But on the other hand William Rice explains that the
obesity rate is rising steadily each year and that we cannot afford not to put a plan into action. Even
with these differences both articles use the same tactics to share information throughout. "Parents,
not bureaucrats, should decide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Parents, not bureaucrats, should decide what kids eat" Darren Bakst initiates a strong argument
by describing what would happen if the government had control over what children eat, for
example, "School boards cannot ignore the higher costs and operational issues created by the rigid
mandates of the Health, Hunger– Free Kids Act"(Bakst 12). But on the other hand, author of "First
lady's fight for healthier food needs broad support", William Rice combats the argument of Darren
Bakst by stating, "Organizations that work most intensively to promote good nutrition, such as the
Food Research and Action Center, and most closely, with students, such as the National Education
Association, wholeheartedly support the meal standards and are fighting efforts to water them
down"(Rice 12).This shows that these two articles are contrary of each other; however, they both
use strong evidence and wording to prove their

Economic Development Office For The State Of Texas
The summer of 2014, I interned at the Economic Development Office for the state of Texas. The
office was tasked with preparing relocation incentives for companies in order to create jobs. The
office was split into different departments totaling about 45 people. The office worked strictly under
the Governor. One would answer the phone, "Office of the Governor, Economic Development..."
Economic Development offices around the country came under repetitive criticism for behaving as
governors' slush funds. Essentially there are "clear lines of imperative control from" superior offices.
The office was responsible for overseeing the economic development of the whole state. In other
ways, the office directly contrasted Weber's definition. Since the office was able to distribute funds
and abate taxes, it made incredible financial decisions for companies and the taxpayers of the state.
Awards could not be given out based on a specific set of rules. There was careful consideration into
a companies intentions, how they were prepared for the future, and if they fit the new model of
businesses Texas wanted to attract. In this regard, the office did not always make systematic
decisions. Those promoted were the best performing, most ambitious, and took initiative; only
residue of a seniority system remained. A meritocracy, in direct opposition to a tenured hierarchy,
opened a dichotomy between the older and younger generations. Under–performers were let go
regardless of tenure. On a

New Is Always Better : The Movement Of Old And New Public...
New Is Always Better: The Movement of Old to New Public Administration
The transition from old to new Public administration is the largest transition in governmental public
administration. From municipalities to nationally run organizations like the Environmental
Protection Agency, the transition from the highly structured Weberian hierarchy to a more open,
communicative environment is clearly apparent from old to new public administration. Further, the
transition from measuring output and efficiency to working with people and the adoption of vulgar
ethics clearly shape American history from Jacksonian era politics and gilded era spoils system to
the reformation of federal government towards more merit–based policies. Throughout this
transition, some civil servants began to be viewed more positively overall. Originally, old public
administration was based on political theory and very basic social sciences that provided a very rigid
idea of a basic public administration. Weber and Frederick Taylor were the social scientists behind
classical or "old" public administration. They both believed in a very rigid structure for public
administration, hierarchy and a paper trail were both important for improving efficiency and
accountability. Frederick Taylor focused on creating methods to determine the most efficient ways
of performing tasks, and consequently measured efficiency by looking solely at the output produced
by factory workers. Additionally, the success of government

Analysis Of Terry Gilliam 's ' The Season Of This...
Tis the season in this dystopia, controlled by pitiless bureaucrats and synergetic police. Terry
Gilliam's Brazil depicts a retro–futuristic setting dominated by a relentless totalitarian system. The
setting of Brazil takes place during Christmas in an urban region that is never characterized by name
but by its contents. The civilization presented in the film is distasteful, naive, lifeless, and overseen.
Uninspiring infrastructure, apathetic socializations, and lack of sanctuaries illustrates this society
and it seems to be an intended tactic by its government. Bulky grey ducts surround the environment,
which could be a representation of inadequate innovation of technology and culture or are a
reminding factor that the micromanaging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Observation can be made on a macro and micro scale, as behavior of a large group can affect the
behavior of individuals (Merton, 1938). In Brazil, society is regulated and positioned a certain way
that satisfies its government. Reaching a desirable achieved status seems hard to accomplish and
only possible if conformed to the Ministry's regime. Sam, however, was offered a promotion by the
master status himself, Mr. Helpmann. Seemingly, Sam's promotion offer was possible because of his
ascribed status being the son of Mr. Helpmann's former co–worker and his power–hungry mother's
connection with the Ministry. The social institution in the world of Brazil is centralized to abide the
Ministry, who targets society to be uniformed and consumers. Considering the "Consumers for
Christ" signs and the girls who wishes to Santa for her own "credit card", there is an encompassing
feeling of consumerism that citizens believe as holy. Displays of Tönnies' Gesellschaft are frequent,
as social control must rest on more formal techniques, such as laws and legally defined punishments
(Schaefer, 2013). Behaviors of the people are carried with the subconscious awareness of the
Ministry, hence the lack of individualism and expectation of carrying out usual social roles and
norms. Any employee of the Ministry of Information is ironically given a badge, similar to law
enforcement which speaks to the amount of

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