Air Water Soil Noise Pollution

Air Water Soil Noise Pollution
Pollution
Introduction
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder,
harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the
form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of
pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring,
they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.
Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare
and testing. Then a non–nuclear event, The Great Smog of 1952 in London, killed at least 4000
people.This prompted some of the first major modern environmental ... Show more content on
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Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high
concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a
pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) – similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the
Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.
A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental
degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been
observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long–range transport, bioaccumulate in
human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on
human health and the environment.
Health effects of Air Pollution:
The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly
attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air
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Definition of Air Pollution
1. Definition of air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in
the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1]
Define Air pollutants
Pollutants
Main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected
carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3–butadiene is another
dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. * Particulate matter –
Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of
solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together.
Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally,
originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial
processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic
aerosols–those made by human activities–currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount
of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards
such as heart disease,[3] altered lung function and lung cancer. * Persistent free radicals connected
to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.[4][5] * Toxic metals, such as lead,
cadmium and copper. * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – harmful to the ozone layer emitted from
products currently banned from use. * Ammonia (NH3) – emitted from agricultural processes.
Ammonia is a compound

The Pros And Cons Of DDT
DDT is dichloro–diphenyl–trichloroethane a synthetic insecticide .This insecticide save the lives of
hundreds of millions of people.It also damaged the environment in a way.The short answer is that it
is an insecticide that did good but also had bad effects due to its use.Many people owe their lives to
this insecticide but where it did good it also did its damage.
It was developed as one of the first modern synthetic insecticides in the 1940.It was initially use to
combat insect borne human diseases such as malaria,typhus,and many others in both military and
civilian populations.It was also found to be effective for insect control for crop and livestock
production,institution,homes,and gardens.Due to it quick success as a pesticide and board

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Essay
Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant
Nitrogen can always be a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant depending on the circumstances and the
environment it is in. As a fertilizer, nitrogen can be extremely useful in aiding the growth of many
plants. As a nutrient, nitrogen is essential to many plants growth and survival. As a pollutant,
nitrogen can not only affect the plant at the given time but be very detrimental many years down the
road. No matter where you go nitrogen will always be either a fertilizer, nutrient, or pollutant.
Nitrogen can be considered as both a fertilizer and nutrient under the right constraints. I will use
citrus plants as one of my examples. For citrus growers applying nitrogen to plants ... Show more
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Research has shown that nitrogen deficiencies this severe in oranges will result in considerable yield
losses.
As you can see from this quote nitrogen is not only a needed nutrient but also a valuable fertilizer.
Citrus plants constantly need nitrogen to promote optimal growth and yield. Nitrogen is often
readily available in well or ground water. Nitrogen can also be accessible through organic matter.
You have to be careful though because some organic matter can actually be low in nitrogen.
"Nitrogen stored in the soil or present in organic amendments can substitute for chemical sources.
However, some organic amendments can be sufficiently low in nitrogen (as those derived from yard
waste), that their microbial degradation can actually induce a temporary nitrogen deficiency in a
grove that would otherwise have sufficient nitrogen." There are also several ways nitrogen can be
applied that many people may not think of. When most farmers or people think of fertilizing they
think of a tractor pulling a sprayer with wet fertilizer, or a truck spreading dry fertilizer. But with
citrus plants you can't really pull a sprayer or drive a truck through your crop. You have to use more
non conventional methods of application. The two most commonly used forms of application are by
plane and through there irrigation systems. They apply nitrogen year round because it is such a
useful fertilizer and nutrient and takes such a large amount to keep the

Causes And Remedies Of Water Pollution
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES
ABSTRACT
Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly
available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water
scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that
demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe
various causes and remedies for water pollution.
INTRODUCTION
As stated by Wikipedia, Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,
oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly
discharged into water bodies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport
model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil
characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. A
number of contaminants are responsible for ground water contamination including a wide variety of
chemicals and pathogens. Most these lead to reduction in normal oxygen content in water and hence
make it unfit for consumption.
Many areas of groundwater and surface water are now contaminated with heavy metals, POPs
(persistent organic pollutants), and nutrients that have an adverse affect on health. Water–borne
diseases and water–caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent
management of water resources. Safe water for all can only be assured when access, sustainability,
and equity can be guaranteed. Access can be defined as the number of people who are guaranteed
safe drinking water and sufficient quantities of it. There has to be an effort to sustain it, and there
has to be a fair and equal distribution of water to all segments of the society. Urban areas generally
have a higher coverage of safe water than the rural areas. Even within an area there is variation:
areas that can pay for the services have access to safe water whereas areas that cannot pay for the
services have to make do with water

Toxic : Garbage Island And The Marine Environment
Among the many types of ocean pollution, microplastic in the ocean is also a huge concern not only
for the environment, but also for all marine life. TOXIC: Garbage Island is a documentary that
focuses on microplastic in the ocean. The research team took a seven day voyage to the North
Pacific Gyre which is the ocean's "dump." Most of the trash that sails with the waves in the ocean is
plastic, plastic that never fully disintegrates. Overtime, the plastic will break into individual
polymers less than or equal to five millimeters in diameter (microplastic) that still floats in the
ocean. The problem with this is the pieces of plastic photograde to polymers and can be accidentally
ingested by marine animals. These polymers then make their way up the food chain and eventually
back to us. "Microplastics as vectors for bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the
marine environment: A state–of–the–science review" is a scholarly article that also focuses on the
impact of microplastics on the aquatic life by presenting many laboratory studies. "Props 65 and 67:
Stop profiteering from polluting the Golden State" is an editorial by "Los Angeles Times" that talks
about the ban on plastic bags in the state of California because of the harm to the sea creatures.
"Flotsam and fashion: recycler of 'ghost ' fishing nets makes marine litter trendy" is another article
by "The Guardian" that talks about how fishing nets that are floating in the ocean are turned into
apparel for

Environmental Pollution
Let have a critical look at our environment as a complex system with many different interaction
between its different components making life possible on earth. Unfortunately, human activities over
the years have adversely affected the chemical, biological, physical and social component of the
natural environment leading to environmental pollution and climatic change. In the United Kingdom
for example, the 'Great Smog of 1952' cannot be forgotten in history when we talk about
environmental pollution and it effect on human. The great smog of 1952 which was formed from
steady smog missed with soot and sulphur dioxide from coal burning occurred killed 12,000 people
in the United Kingdom killed (Fullerton 2016). This in addition to other serious environmental
pollution and their effect on the environment and human has greatly affected policies and control of
emissions into the environment. (Dunnings, ND)
In other to control further pollution to the environment, environmental modelling has been a crucial
tool in predicting the short and long term effects of human activities and pollutant in the
environment. "EPA.gov (2017) define modelling as a simplification of reality that is constructed to
gain insights into select attributes of a physical, biological, economic, or social system. A formal
representation of the behaviour of system processes, often in mathematical or statistical terms. The
basis can also be physical or conceptual."
Scientists have developed quiet a number of

Cause Of Air Pollution Essay
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural
environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletiondue to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat
to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in
the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1]
An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog
results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur
dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions
that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants
that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
 Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the
troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly
known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the
chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high
concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a
pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
 Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) – similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.
Minor air pollutants include:
 A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the
Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.
 A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to

Benzopyrene: A Persistent Organic Pollutant
The most important environmental impact of benzopyrene is its significant accumulation in
organisms exposed to it. Aquatic and marine organisms will also concentrate it. In water,
benzopyrene attaches strongly to sediments and any other solid matter. Then it is released to soils
and tends to bind very strongly to the soils particles, but only small amounts can leach to
groundwaters. Benzopyrene is stable and can remain and move in the environment for a long period
of time. it is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Release of Benzopyrene therefore causes concern
at a global environmental level as well as on a local scale. How might exposure to it affect human
health? Benzopyrene can enter the body by many ways as inhalation of air containing

Chemical Weapons : The Use Of Chemical Weapons In War
Chemical weapons have been used throughout history to gain tactical advantages over enemies in
armed conflicts. There is evidence that civilizations up to thousands of years ago engaged in the
poisoning of water supplies or the use of toxic smoke in sieges. More recently, with the rise of
industrialization and formalized scientific study, chemicals were developed with the intention of
using them in war. The development of chemical weapons was already of international concern in
1899, when a peace conference at The Hague resulted in a treaty prohibiting the use of
"asphyxiating and deleterious gases." The international ban on chemical weapons was disregarded in
World War 1, with various chloride containing compounds being attached to grenades and artillery
shells. While the immediate effects of exposure to many chemical weapons are severe, few chemical
weapons have been used that cause a lasting environmental impact. Nerve agents, for instance, have
the potential to leak into the environment, but low–dose exposure by civilians in areas isolated from
combat is rare. One of the most widely used classes of chemical weapons is a set of herbicides
nicknamed the "Rainbow Herbicides." These herbicides have been shown to have caused
widespread ecological damage, and the health effects of their use can still be measured today. The
US military engaged in Operation Ranch Hand between 1962 and 1971 in an attempt to deprive
Vietnamese fighters of foliage cover and reduce enemy

Environmental Pollution Of The Dandora Municipal Waste...
Introduction to the Dandora Municipal Waste dumping site
Over the last three decades, public health states that there has been a growing global distress that
attributed to environmental pollution, in specific, the global burden disease. This problem is
increasing slowly. According to the World Health Organization about a quarter of the disease facing
mankind today occur due to persistent exposure to environmental pollution. Several of these
environment–related diseases are hard to detect and may have been developed as a child and
progress later in adulthood. One of the main problems that cause environmental pollution and
degradation in many cities, and mainly in developing countries is the improper management of solid
waste. Municipal waste dumping site is entitled places for waste disposal. Depending on a city's
level of waste management, waste can be literally dumped, separated for recycling purposes, or
simply burnt. Poor waste management poses an enormous challenge to the health of city residents,
especially those who live near the dump sites. The waste can potentially pollute water, food sources,
land, air and vegetation. Poorly dumping waste can lead to environmental degradation, destruction
of the ecosystem, and risks to the public health.
Environmental pollution & Impacts of Exposure
Heavy metals are metallic elements that exist in environments both natural and contaminated
environments. In natural environments, they occur at low concentrations, while in

The Biological Effects Of Cellular Respiration On...
Introduction Cellular respiration is a complex but fundamental process of life. This process is vital
to all living organisms, whether they are autotrophs or heterotrophs, plants or animals. All biotic life
requires their food to be converted into energy to carry out their basic functions and processes. Cells
use oxygen to transform a simple sugar like glucose into energy, such as Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP). Glucose is a carbohydrate, which acts as a reactant just like oxygen and water. The products
yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP, which is the opposite for photosynthesis. Cellular respiration
can be divided into three parts: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. Many
pollutants can disrupt this biological process and effect organisms and ecosystems. "Dioxin is a very
toxic compound usually produced as a byproduct from industrial waste sometimes in the form of
pesticides or herbicide, which was used in Vietnam. TCDD is a commonly studied dioxin that is a
mixture of chemicals found in the environment. Studies have found that humans cannot metabolize
this mixture, which causes several different, harmful biological reactions. TCDD is a direct side
product of burning organic materials. It is also a persistent organic pollutant that inhibits the
mitochondria from supplying energy including ATP and NAD(P)H. This organelle is where cellular
respiration is synthesized in animals and humans. These toxins directly affect the electron chain,
which will

Urban Population Of Ethiopia And Its Socio Economic And...
Today's world society is rapidly becoming urbanite and such rapid urbanization comes up with its
multi variant socio economic and environmental consequences. Among many variables
characterizing urbanization in the century, the most prominent one is population growth rate. World
urban growth population rate is about 1.8% where as that of Africa and Ethiopia is 4.4% and 5%
respectively (UN– Habitat 2004/2005; PASDEP 2006).
Though Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries where about 83.8% of population lives in
the rural areas, it is one of the countries where high urbanization process taking place. Currently,
urban population of Ethiopia is about 11.7 million. Studies show that the figure will increase to 17.8
million in 2015 and 22 million by 2020, with annual growth rate of 5% (yewoynishet, 2007;
PASDEP, 2006).
Over the years, rising population has led to unsustainable exploitation of natural resources for the
consumption of environmental good and services. Unplanned economic growth, industrialization
and vehicular emission could also affect urban environment. The effect of these problems might
include degradation and pollution of environment like ground water, soil, river bank, air and other
urban ecosystem (Cobbett, 2006; National Urban Planning Institute of Ethiopia, NUPI, 2003).
Regarding to this, the 1960s were the milestone that marked the birth of the environmental
movement. The publication of the book "silent spring" by Rachel carson in 1962 in the USA took

Is Dichlorvos A Pollutant
1– To examine the possibility of Dichlorvos being persistent and undergoing long range transport
across the globe , several physical properties were brought into perspective to make these
conclusions. The vapor pressure for dichlorvos was found to be 0.012 mm Hg (1.6 x 10–3 kPa) at 20
°C.(1) (2) The vapour pressure tells us that Dichlorvos is volatile thus increasing the possibility of it
being a global pollutant. The Octanol water partition coeffcient (log P) was found to be 1.47.(3) The
half–life of dichlorvos in water varies between 20 to 80 hours at pH between 4–9 .(4) (5) Dichlorvos
doesn't accumulate in animals or plants, and almost all of the Dichlorvos applied in greenhouses and
food storage areas is broken down in 3 to 6 hours. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studies conducted showed that Nitrile gloves have showed more resistance to these types of
chemicals than Latex.(11) Bibliography 1– International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some
Halogenated Hydrocarbons. Volume 20. World Health Organization, Lyon. 1979. 2– 2– The Merck
Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th ed. Ed. S. Budavari. Merck and
Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ. 1989. 3– Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).
Toxicological Profile for Dichlorvos. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Atlanta, GA. 1997 4– Howard, P.H. (ed.). 1989. Handbook of Environmental Fate and
Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III: Pesticides. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. 5– The
Pesticide Manual. 8th Ed. Ed. by C.R. Worthing. British Crop Protection Council. 1987. 6–
Monographs.iarc.fr, 'IARC Monographs– Monographs available in PDF format', 2015. [Online].
Available: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol51/. [Accessed: 19– Jul– 2015]. (IARC,

The Pollution Of Water Pollution
Sea Water Pollution
I. Title
Water pollution has many different meanings, in most cases it is when one or more material builds
up in the water causing a problem for people and/ or animals. Water pollution is one of the world's
largest problems that we are facing today. Everyone in this world is affect by the earth's water. Some
are affected differently than others but we are still affected in one way or another. Water pollution
doesn't only threaten humans; it threatens plants and animals as well as sea creatures. Hazardous
dumping of toxins and other dangerous materials is one of the most serious problems of sea
pollution. Pollution of the sea can kill human beings as well as the animals. This paper will analyze
the cause / detection of sea pollution, what methods are used in measuring sea pollution, the areas
that are most affected, some of the most recent and current water pollution activities, and the ways
that water pollution can possibly be eliminated.
II. Background Information
There are many different types of water pollution. These types of pollutants in the rivers and lakes
will kill the fishes and other sea animals. Some types of pollution are Runoffs, Oil pollution,
Sewage, and Organic. Sea pollution is not bad for everyone; the water companies make more money
when there is more pollution in the water. On the other end many corporations depend on unpolluted
water for their fishing industries. Sea water pollution causes many different problems in the world.
In

The Benefits Of An Organic Diet
The Benefits of an Organic Diet In the last 15 years there has been a steady rise in consumer
demand and preference for organic food. Organic foods are now available in nearly three out of four
conventional grocery stores. If you cannot find what you are looking for at a conventional grocery
store, there are also grocery stores that are dedicated primarily to eating an organic diet. The organic
food market has been on a growth trend since 2000. Organic and natural foods are the fastest–
growing sector of the American food marketplace. This growth is evident by the availability of
organic foods in not only grocery stores but also department stores like Target and Walmart. The
organic market makes up over four percent of total food ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bottom line is that more and more consumers perceive organic to be superior to conventional
food.
Defining Organic The difference between "conventional" food and "organic" food comes down to
how the foods are produced. The term Organic is defined as organic produce and other ingredients
that are grown without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, genetically
modified organisms, or ionizing radiation. Animals that produce meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy
products do not take antibiotics or growth hormones ("What Does Organic Mean?").
Regulation
Regulation is handled by the United States Department of Agriculture knows as the USDA. The
USDA determines what can be labeled or defined as Organic. The USDA National Organic Program
(NOP) defines organic as follows: Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of
renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for
future generations. Organic meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products come from animals that are
given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic food is produced without using most conventional
pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing
radiation. Before a product can be labeled "organic," a Government–approved certifier inspects the
farm where the food is

Chemical Pollutants Affecting Marine Mammals
Today there are hundreds of people all over the world whom specialize in marine mammal
toxicology and ecology. These people have devoted their time and efforts towards trying to
determine how humanly integrated chemical pollutants are affecting marine mammals. The issue of
the impact of chemical pollution on marine mammals has not recently surfaced. This issue has been
a big concern to scientists ever since analytical techniques improved and tissue levels of known
highly toxic compounds were found in marine mammal species. The source of these toxins have
been traced back primarily to industrial chemicals and pesticides. Since the mid–1940's large
numbers of these chemicals and pesticides have been released into the environment, all making their
way to their final resting place, the ocean. These toxic pesticides are primarily dispersed through the
environment and into the ocean by rain water. For whenever it rains it washes off chemicals from
not only agricultural farm lands (for instance DDT), but also from human ... Show more content on
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These are complex compounds where once they are integrated into the living food chain many of the
substances can accumulate to ever–higher concentrations in the tissues of the animals that consume
them. Therefore, most marine mammals are affected by these chemicals through the food that they
consume. Methodology In order to determine chemical pollution and its effects on marine mammals
many scientists have collected and reviewed current levels of pollutants all across the world, long–
term trends, and biological effects upon marine mammals at the individual and population level.
Particularly in Australia there have been studies that have been trying to investigate temporal trends
of organochlorine pesticides such as OCPs, aldrin, chlordance, dieldrin, heptachlor,
hexachlorbenzene, DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge. In terms of

How has the Great Pacific Garbage Patch affected marine...
Recently, it has been said that an eighth continent has formed, but this is no ordinary landmass,
instead it is made entirely out of manmade trash. In the Pacific Ocean, between the coast of
California and the Hawaiian Islands, lies a so–called "patch" of waste, mainly consisting of plastic
(Transoceanic Trash). It is called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific Trash
Vortex. The patch extends over a vast area in the North Pacific Ocean, its true size today is still
considered undetermined because it estimates vary greatly, no estimates are exact due to the
changing wind and ocean currents, as well as the growing volume of debris (Great Pacific Garbage
Patch). The trash that makes up this mass, comes from all over the ... Show more content on
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These plastic bits are so small it is almost impossible for fish and other marine life to distinguish
them between plankton, which many fish and other larger animals such as whales eat (Great Pacific
Garbage Patch). Many animals are consuming this trash ultimately leading to their death. For
example loggerhead sea turtles it is common for them to mistake plastic grocery bags as their
favorite food, which is jellyfish (Great Pacific Garbage Patch). Many other larger mammals and
water birds have been strangled in plastic rings that holds canned drinks together (Great Pacific
Garbage Patch). Many birds will commonly fly over the Pacific Garbage Patch, including the
albatross, and unfortunately many mistake the garbage as food (The Great Pacific Garbage). A
shocking number of 200,000 to 500,000 chicks that were born died, many of them having trash in
their stomachs, not only plastics but also bottle caps and various items were found (The Great
Pacific Garbage). It has been predicted that about 100,000 marine mammals will die from trash–
related deaths per year, many pieces of plastic and garbage has been found in deceased animals'
digestive systems (Great Pacific Garbage Patch). Rusty Brainard, working for the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric

Polar Bears Research Paper
Polar Bears Polar bears are endangered species in Arctic area's. They are carnivorous bears that are
white and furry. Eight of the nine polar bear populations decreased. Polar bears have black skin
under their fur and have fat that measures to 4.5 inches thick. They have long necks which is
beneficial for them because it helps them swim and when they catch their prey in the tiny holes.
Polar bears are said to be as smart as apes. They usually weigh from 350 to 700 kg. There is an
estimated amount of 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears still living today.
The Great White polar bear is the largest of the world's bear species. Two–thirds of polar bears are
predicted to be extinct by 2050. Polar bears are carnivores. They eat mainly ringed seals and fish.
The amount of humans today in the world are the reason why polar bears are going ... Show more
Which means they are connected to the arctic fox, musk ox, and caibou. The nutrient cycle in the
Arctic Sea contains of carbon and nitrogen. There is more than one way the nutrient cycle works.
One way is the carbon cycle can start off with phytoplankton and algae taking up carbon dioxide
from sea water and transforms it into the organic carbon of their tissue. Even the consumers prey in
the ecosystem that "converts their prey's carbon into their own tissue oro into shrinking fecal
pellets". Decomposers return the nutrients back into the soil in the arctic, but the consumers capable
of helping put carbon back into the ecosystem by breathing or respiring. The nitrogen makes up 79
percent of the atmosphere so when there is snowfall in the tundra, the snow of the nitrogen is rich
and eventually deposits back into the soil. Animals are only able to benefit from the nitrogen after
the plants use it to make more proteins and nucleic acid. It starts with algae and then moves onto
shrimp, cod fish, seals, and polar

Environmental Effects Of Organic Pollution And Its Effects...
Organic pollutants normally originate from numerous human activities which include
manufacturing, managing storing, and disposal of chemicals. Industrial places are a contributor of
the contaminations that besiege our environment and this does not stop there as the oil refineries on
their own in some countries cause unquantifiable damages to their land and water bodies.
Agricultural activities which involve use of pesticides and insecticide also contribute, not to talk of
households generally.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
This is another instance within the feel, commonly due to the fact their waste is known to pollute
waste streams. In real sense, the waste discharge from chemical industry at the moment are
adequately managed and treated earlier than being launched into the environment. There were no
facilities to effect this treatment in the past and so there is a considerable level of damages which
has already struck the water bodies due to this waste disposal by industries. Even though efforts
have commenced to beat to the barest minimum this sort of pollutants, its impact continues have not
totally vanished.
HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
There are release of substances which are products of chemical organics that not only affects the
environment but takes decades for it to decompose. We use most of these products in our
environment and though not many know the harms it because they are largely disastrous to the
environment. There are massive campaigns against the use of polythene bags as well as pet bottles
because of the harms which their accumulation causes to the water bodies and animals in the sea.
Chemical substances which contaminate the environment would not out rightly present themselves
as contaminants because some are useful environ to man. This leads to the detergent we use in our
laundry, the constituent of this detergents are not only beneficial but they are also in turn return
devastating characteristics to land. An examination of the labels of a detergent will present to us the
ingredient which is typically unsafe chemical compounds.
TYPES OF ORGANIC POLLUTION
**DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT, is an insecticide that acts as soon as extensively used on
agricultural vegetation to tackle bugs

Electronic Waste
Don't Be Haste to E–Waste
Electronic–waste (e–waste) has emerged as a critical global environmental health issue in both
developed and developing nations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) refers to e–waste
as "electronic products that are discarded by consumers." More specifically, e–waste is a generic
term that encompasses various forms of electrical and electronic equipment that may be old, might
have reached end–of–life and most importantly cease to be of any value to their present owners.
These electronics include computers, printers, television sets, mobile phones, video game consoles,
and VCR and DVD players, among other products. As the demand for newer, more effective and
efficient technology increases, the life span of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact, throughout the course of my own life, I have owned a total of eleven phones.
From phones breaking, to wanting newer models, I, like most people in the US, did not think twice
about the consequences that result from such carelessness. In fact, the average cell phone can
contain up to or more than forty elements from the periodic table (UNEP 2009), which when
disposed of cause harm to the environment. Overall, current consumption patterns are unsustainable
and inequitable. Change is needed to fix this disaster.
Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of e–waste in present day, it is up to individual consumers
to begin to realize that their actions have consequences to them. However it is not just up to
consumers to be responsible, but it is also up to producers to provide some extended responsibility.
That is, people seldom have any incentive to do good in that environmentally conscious owners who
want to do the right thing in disposing of their outdate electronics usually must reach into their own
pockets to make sure that these machines either find new homes or are recycled properly. Therefore,
companies should engage in what Leonard calls, "Producer Takeback," in which a product and waste
management system is created to take responsibility for the safe management of their products when
they are no longer useful or discarded. Since the companies have made the product, it should be
their responsibility to

Organochlorines
Effects of Organochlorines on Dolphins Organochlorines (OC) are made of chlorine components
and synthetic compounds to form a pesticide; they are highly lipophilic and remain in the
environment for long periods of time. Organochlorines come in an array of different forms:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) among many more.
Studies that have been done show that areas where concentration levels were taken vary even if they
are within close range of each other. All of the chemicals can be predominantly found in the adipose
tissue (blubber) of the dolphins with PCB at times having the highest concentration among the
organochlorines. The presence of the chemicals causes the dolphins to have harmful health effects
that range and vary by age and sex of the dolphin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated earlier these pollutants are highly lipophilic due to the chlorines and carbons having a
strong chemical attraction. Due to them being in a state of hydrophobic the OCs are highly attracted
to the blubber of the dolphins which ensues a rate of high bioaccumulation through it for the
dolphins. In a study done by Aguilar et al (1994) they found that in the Mediterranean Sea the
striped dolphin (Stenella coeuleoalba) had accumulated higher levels of organochlorines compared
to other dolphins in the area. The accumulation of the pesticides comes from consumption of food
(all articles?). PCBs are among the most commonly found in dolphins due its high presence in the
environment and its capacity to harm dolphins' immune systems (Aguilar et. All 1994). This
chemical is predominantly found in the blubber of the dolphins at high concentrations, but at times
they exceed the threshold levels and are then categorized under state of toxicological hazard
(Storelli et al 2012). Once this chemical has been accumulated by the dolphin it causes great

Bisphenol A
The risk of some toxic substances is that they do not biodegrade once more into the ecosystem.
Although, there are many modern pesticides that are now made to degrade into their original
elements and molecules so that they are no longer toxic, but other substances such as plastics and
other manmade chemicals do not biodegrade. These nonbiodegradable compounds are called
persistent organic pollutants (POPs), for example, Bisphenol A (BPA); as such compounds can cause
long–term effects to the environment due to their longevity (Spooner, 2012). The degradability of
any organic compound depends on the elemental characteristics of that compound and the
environmental properties of the ecosystem receiving the compound. Strategies that monitor the ...
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Some organisms may react to the pollutants more than others and some could be exposed to the
pollutants in higher doses, for example, fish in areas of polluted water (Spooner, 2012). Pollution
has many forms, for example, air, soil, water, noise and light. Water pollution is a result of industrial
waste products being released into rivers, lakes and other water bodies and as a result of this it has
made some marine environments no longer habitable. Acid rain, fertilisers and polluted water can
result in soil pollution and as a result, for example, this can lead to bad crops. Soil pollution occurs
when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage and this releases heavy
contaminants into the soil, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons and pesticides. Air pollution is one
of the most harmful types of pollution to the environment. Air pollution is caused by harmful smoke
that is produced by vehicles and factories. Evidence of an increase in air pollution is seen in lung
cancer, asthma and allergies, along with serious and irreparable damage to fauna and flora. Also, this
has affected the migratory pattern of birds as severe air pollution can prevent them from reaching
their seasonal metropolitan destinations of centuries (UCCEE, 2006). The impact that pollutants
have on the environment is vast and detrimental, as excessive levels of pollution can cause a great
amount of damage to the

The Negative Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants
As newly synthesized chemicals are constantly being created, whether for pharmaceutical purposes,
agricultural growth or just for the use of commercial products, their adverse effects on the
environment, especially in remote places, are often overlooked. Such has been seen with the
production of persistent organic pollutants in the mid 1900s, a series of chemicals that were
commonly manufactured for the intended uses in agriculture, yet have been found to negatively
affect many other sectors in both nature and human health (EPA, 2009). Due to the 'grasshopping'
effect, the past production of persistent organic pollutants in North America, Europe and Asia have
contributed to adverse health effects and biomagnification present in the Arctic regions today.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that resist degradation and continue to
persist in the environment. Such chemicals pose a threat to humans, biodiversity and the
environment due to their ability to bio–accumulate in organisms as well as biologically magnify
through levels of the food chain (UNIDO, n.d.). POPs are also classified as long–range transport
pollutants as they are able to travel far distances from the source of contamination by natural means
such as water, wind and atmospheric cycles. For this reason, such pollutants are being found in the
Arctic, despite these regions not being the source of producing such chemical contaminants (Ma, et
al, 2011). As listed by the Stockholm Convention,

The Environmental Legacy of Rachel Carson Essay
Every year millions of American's purchase chemicals intended to clean their home, remove weeds
from lawns, and promise to eradicate various insects and other household pests. It is a deadly love
affair with scientific advancements to create larger crops, more appealing food items and the
promise of cleaner environments. Yet until recent years and the noticeable focus on organic and
natural foods, very few have questioned these advancements. Rachel Carson was one of the people
who had the courage and determination to stand up and question just how healthy these new
advancements truly were for living creatures. Mrs. Carson's effort to bring these things to light in
her most well–known book, Silver Spring, a book that exposed just how ... Show more content on
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Rachel Carson's love of nature, determination to expose the truth would eventually pay off. Her life
however was not easy, and her pursuit of a higher education was hampered in many ways; primarily
her family's financial instability. Her incredible scholastic performance earned Carson a $100
scholarship to her tuition at Pennsylvania College for Women and through the college dean Cora
Helen Coolidge was granted the kindness of benefactors who were impressed by her abilities. She
finished her freshman year, with honors, something that only 1/10 students accomplish. During her
sophomore year, Carson switched her major into a science major from a writing major; after being
influenced by one of the professors that other students avoided, Mary Scott Skinker. Skinker is
attributed to changing the course of Rachel's life, shared a love of nature and later throughout her
educational career would be her support system and encouragement. Maria Carson's support of her
daughter was paramount to her education and fully expected that as parents, she and her husband
would take on the burden of her education so she could focus on her studies; insisting that Carson
not work while in college (Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, 1997). Surely without the
multiple women who played active roles in Carson's life, she would not have completed even her

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Waste
The microorganisms are most essential part of the soil and also works as the indicators of the soil
quality as their presence highly affected by the any contamination to the soil (Andreni et al., 2004;
Abd Elsalam et al., 2006). Microorganisms play very important roles in maintain soil fertility and
primary production through organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. E–waste contains
the harmful pollutants and chemicals that amended to the soil and generates harmful effects to the
microbes living in soil. Elevated concentrations of the toxic metals and compounds are known to
affect soil microbial populations and their associated activities. It is generally accepted that
accumulated heavy metals reduce the amount of soil microbial ... Show more content on
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The complete combustion of e–waste takes place here and residue left in the form of ash that can be
disposed easily. Therefore incineration process has advantage in reduction of waste volume with the
utilization of combustible waste that also supports in burning in incinerators. The main disadvantage
of this process is the emissions generated during incinerations that are the most harmful pollutants
like furons and dioxins. Besides this, incineration process do not degrade the metals present in the
e–waste which are emitted into the atmosphere and are transferred into slag and exhaust gas residues
which can re enter the environment on

Halogenated Organic Compounds Used as Flame Retardants
Among all the different types of flame retardants, halogenated organic compounds are most
commonly used in flame retardant industry. These halogenated organic compounds contain bromine
or chlorine attached to their carbon atoms. Major uses of theses flame retardants by volume in
United States are():
 Electronics
 Building Insulation
 Polyurethane Foam
 Wires and Cables
Out of all the flame retardants, the brominated flame retardants are used extensively used in the
market because of their high performance efficiency and low cost(). There are 75 different types of
brominated flame retardants which are recognized commercially. On the basis of highest production
volume, the five major brominated flame retardants with their properties are classified as:
A) Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) Chemical Structure:
It is mainly used as a reactive in products such as printed circuit boards, but could be also found as
an reactive in several polymers. It is highly lipophilic and therefore has a low water solubility. Most
of the Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) is excreted in bile with little retained in tissues().
Health effects of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA):
 The oral lethal dose LD50 is approximately 5g/kg in rats and therefore it has low acute toxicity().
 It inhibits the activation of T cells which directly affects immune system. Therefore, it is
considered as immunotoxic.
 It is hepatotoxic as it destroys mitochondria by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
Additionally,

Chemical Pollution In New York And Arkansas: An...
Currently, the environmental pollution is becoming a significant issue which caused by factories
waste and nuclear waste. This pollution has increased around the world since the wide application of
nuclear energy in 20th century. The harmful substances in factories wastes like toxic materials can
dissolve easily in water and this leads to negative effects on lives. There are many resources of these
substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which contain hydrogen, carbon and
chlorine, pesticides, ammonium and dioxins. According to Mole (2015) many researchers found that
ammonium and iodide have high levels in many waste water sample in the New York and Arkansas.
The most popular process used to remove toxic metals from wastewater

The United Nations Forum On Forests
8. What is the UNFF? UNFF is the United Nations Forum on Forests. The UN Economic and Social
Council created the UNFF in 2000 with the goal to promote "the management, conservation and
sustainable development of the world's forests, and to strengthen long–term political commitment to
this end" Basically, the idea was to get the worlds to agree to a long term plan to help preserve the
world's forests. Unfortunately, the first talks tanked and discussion of a forests convention really did
not resume until UNFF5 in 2005. Many of the proponents for a global convention already conceded
it was probably not possible to get all the world's nations to agree on this matter. Canada, the EU
and Malaysia played the role of lead states during the negotiations, while developing countries were
split as to the need for an international convention, but united in a call for industrialized countries to
implement financial assistance and technology transfer. In the end it was recognized no treaty was
possible without the support of two key players in the veto coalition – the US (largest timber
industry) and Brazil (largest tropical forest). It wasn't until UNFF6 that the UN finally secured the
next step in regime strengthening by developing a voluntary instrument to be followed. Here,
delegates agreed on four global objectives on forests; reversing the loss of forest cover and
increasing efforts to prevent forest degradation, enhancing forest benefits and their contribution to
international

Research Paper On Polar Bears
Polars bears are top predators in the Arctic and are therefore exposed to high levels of pollutants
through their food. The popular belief that polar bears live in a pure frozen wilderness is a fantasy.
The food chain in the Arctic contains high levels of toxic chemicals. Bears who have high levels of
persistent organic pollutants have low levels of vitamin A, Thyroid hormones, and some antibodies.
These are important for a wide range of biological functions, such as growth, reproduction, and the
ability to fight off diseases (2016, WWF). Female polar bears with partially–developed male sexual
organs have be seen in around 1.5% of the polar bears observed in Svalbard in recent years, it is
believed this could be the result of long–range pollutants

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Aops
In most of the AOPs a combination of these oxidation effects occur. In Fenton´s reagent for
example; Fe(II) is used as a catalyst, in the process Fe(II) is brought to the other oxidation state of
Fe(III), in this process OH* radicals are formed that are able to completely mineralize organic
compounds. It is clear from the standard redox potential data that hydroxyl radical is the strongest
known oxidant (2.06 V), second to fluorine (2.23 V) (Table 1). Therefore, the complete
mineralization of most of the organic matters is possible, when the hydroxyl radicals are the main
oxidizing species in the solution. This is one of the major advantages of AOPs, since other chemical
oxidation processes mostly lead to partial oxidation of the target compounds, ant thus, the
generation of new hazardous compounds is possible. The other advantage of AOPs is the generation
of neglible amounts of residues and their applicability, in case of very low ... Show more content on
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The use of ultrasound technology is shown to be very promising for the degradation of persistent
organic compounds in wastewater as it is proven to be an effective method for degrading organic
effluent into less toxic compounds. The advantages of this technology include potential chemical–
free and simultaneous oxidation, thermolysis, shear degradation, enhanced mass–transfer processes
together etc. Overall, sonochemical oxidation uses ultrasound to produce cavitation phenomena,
which is defined as the phenomena of the formation, growth and subsequent collapse of
microbubbles, releasing large magnitude of energy, and induces localized extreme conditions. The
sonochemical destruction of pollutants in aqueous phase generally involves several reaction
pathways such as pyrolysis inside the bubble and hydroxyl radical–mediated reactions at the
bubble–liquid interface and/or in the liquid

Plastic Pollution Essay
Background
The overuse of plastics in today's society has become major environmental issue for our oceans.
Plastic pollution is the dumping, littering, or disposing of any type of man–made plastic that has
been produced and has ended up in our ocean and has not been recycled.
History of Plastic
"Plastic" entered the world through chemistry in 1909 and was originally coined to describe
Bakelite, the first fully synthetic resin. What make's plastic so unique is when it is heated it can be
molded but it retained its shape when cooled (Reddy, 2010). The modern plastic bag was not
possible until the accidental discovery of the first industrially practical method of polyethylene
synthesis in 1933. Fast forward to today, the use and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Web. 28 Mar 2012.
overwhelmed by excessive rain, then those floating objects can float right out to sea. This is
precisely what happened on the New York and New Jersey beaches in 1988, when medical waste
was floating up onshore. That year had a extremely dry spring, as litter began accumulating on the
streets and in storm sewers, heavy rains arrived in mid–summer and overloaded the sewer system.
After floating out to sea, the debris was blown back onto the shores from tides and currents.
Effects on Marine Animals
These seals often play with fragments of plastic netting or packing straps, and end up catching their
necks in the webbing. The plastic harness can constrict the seal's movements, killing the seal
through starvation, exhaustion, or infection from deep wounds caused by the tightening material.
While diving for food, both seals and whales can get caught in transparent nets and drown. In the
fall of 1982, a humpback whale was tangled in 50 to 100 feet of net and washed up on a Cape Cod
beach. (Wohi, 1994) It was starving and its ribs were showing, the whale died within a couple of
hours. Along Florida's coasts, brown pelicans diving for fish sometimes dive for the bait on a
fisherman's line. Cutting the bird loose only makes the problem worse, as the pelican gets its wings
and feet tangled in "Plastics in Our Oceans." Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1994): n.pag.
Web. 28 Mar 2012.
the line, or gets snagged onto a tree. Plastic soda rings,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioremediation?
Abstract:
Bioremediation is the technology which is used to clean up the environmental pollutants.
Bioremediation can be introduced as an efficient and cost effective method for the cleanup of
contaminated waste water. Waste water contains heavy metals like Cadmium,Chromium, Nickel,
Lead, Selenium,Arsenic, and Zinc.These metals are poisonous to the human body system. These
metals can be removed using this technique. Currently microorganisms are widely used in
Bioremediation process, generally in waste water treatments. Microorganisms are used for
bioremediation process because they synthesize enzymes to use environmental contaminations as
foods. Also microorganisms are very small so they are able to contact contaminations
easily.Microbial bioremediation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages of Bioremediation Bioremediation will produce high mobile toxic bi products by
breaking down the organic contaminants ,if the process is controlled .The toxicity level and the
environmental conditions in the ground are sensitive to bioremediation e.g.–these conditions are
useful for microbial activities ,by considering the factors like temperature , alkalinity ,pH
It is advised that field monitoring to break the rate of biodegradation of organic contaminants. It will
be difficult to control the volatile organic compounds (VOC s), if the process is used in an ex–situ
condition. This treatment time is longer than other remediation technologies. Only the biodegradable
compounds are used to treat effectively in the range of contaminants. Leaves residual levels that can
be highly toxic and persistent .because there is not defined level of "clean site" it is difficult for the
performance evaluations. So they have performance criteria regulations.
.Conclusion:
Bio remediation is a low cost, less hardworking, massively applicable process that is able to remove
toxic and unnecessary chemicals, organisms from the environment for the benefit of mankind. This
is applicable for the use of both animals and plants. But, it's main advantage is for human. Also,
there is a need of having a short treatment time to reduce

Organic Farming : The Eco System Super Hero
Organic Farming: The Eco System Super Hero
The agriculture farming industry needs to wake up and see the harm that conventional farming is
doing to our beloved planet earth and realize that organic farming could be our planets superhero.
Conventional farming uses a high level of nitrogen to help crops grow in mass production. These
fertilizers sometimes get into the normal irrigation and eventually end up in rivers and oceans. A
2004 United Nations article estimated that "most of the 160 million tons of nitrogen used as
fertilizer annually ends up in the sea"("Conventional Farming"). Why is this bad? The fertilizer that
ends up in the ocean creates algal blooms which have neurotoxins in them that suck the oxygen out
of the water, creating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pyrethrin is also used because it is biodegradable and can quickly be metabolized by birds and most
mammals. The Organic Trade Association notes that if every farmer in the U.S. converted to organic
production, we could eliminate 500 million pounds of persistent and harmful pesticides from
entering the environment annually. Some of these harmful pesticides are called POPs short for
Persistent Organic Pollutants. These pollutants are not only harming the planet, but they are also
harmful to consumers. POPs are organic compounds that are able to survive in any form of the
environment by living in other organisms. One of these pollutants is called Chlordane. In an article
written by Dr. Edward Group titled "Health Dangers of Chlordane," he explains how the chemical
Chlordane is a man–made chemical that was used as a pesticide in the late 1940s and later banned in
the late 1980s. The pesticide that conventional farmers in the U.S. we're using on crops was also
being used to control termites in houses. This pesticide, even though banned over 20 years ago, is
still a problem in today's society. Geological surveys have found that this pesticide is still in soil
samples located in Yosemite National Park. This affects the fish and wildlife that live in these areas
because they drink or live in the water that has the contaminated soil. Once the wildlife in the area is
contaminated and migrates, they spread the pesticide to other animals that may eat them.

A Pilot Study Of Polybrominated Flame Retardents On...
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a pilot study of polybrominated flame retardents in household dust
collected for a small sample of households in Plymouth. It finds significant levels of pentaBDE
especially in bedrooms. The most likely cause is the continued use of pentaBDE within
polyurethane foam in mattresses and other bedroom furniture, in spite of the ban by the European
Court of Justice in 2004. Further work is called for in order to examine whether this reflects the
widespread continued use of mattresses and furniture bought before 2004. A larger sample size is
envisaged, including more detail on the nature and age of furniture and upholstery in households.
Introduction
The indoor environment is where human beings spend most of their time, whether at home or at
work, resulting in a high level of exposure to dust. Dust is a heterogeneous assortment of particles
derived from differing sources which include trace metals and chemical congeners. In 2004
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) pentaBDE and octaBDE were banned by the European
court of Justice. Although decaBDE is still used in the North American market in residential
upholstered furniture and mattresses. (Chao, et. al. 2014) Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs)
have been extensively used as flame retardants for highly flammable consumer goods throughout
homes, cars and workplaces. (Webster, et. al. 2015) PBDEs are a class of brominated flame
retardants that have been found in humans and wildlife

Organic Farming The Eco System Super Hero
Organic Farming the Eco System Super Hero The agriculture farming industry needs to wake up and
see the harm that conventional farming is doing to our beloved planet earth and realize that organic
farming could be our planets superhero. Conventional farming uses a high level of nitrogen to help
crops grow in mass production. These fertilizers sometimes get into the normal irrigation and
eventually end up in rivers and oceans. A 2004 United Nations article estimated that "most of the
160 million tons of nitrogen used as fertilizer annually ends up in the sea"(Conventional Farming...).
Why is this bad? The fertilizer that ends up in the ocean creates algal blooms which have
neurotoxins in them that suck the oxygen out of the water creating dead zones. These are places in
the ocean where no animal or plant can survive due to the lack of oxygen. This is why society needs
to move away from conventional farming and start focusing on organic farming because it can
reduce the negative effects that our food choices have on the planets health; ultimately organic
farming helps by creating a healthier environment for the planet to keep surviving. One of the ways
that organic farming helps the planet is by lowering the pesticides that are being used on crops. One
of the organic compounds that is used in organic farming is pyrethrin. Pyrethrin is a natural
occurring effect that comes from daisy like flowers called Chrysanthemum flowers. Pyrethrin is
considered to be an organic

Water Pollution Is the Contamination of Water Bodies
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater).
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases
the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural
biological communities.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Water pollution categories o 2.1 Point source pollution o 2.2 Non–point source pollution
3 Groundwater pollution
4 Causes of water pollution o 4.1 Pathogens o 4.2 Chemical and other contaminants o 4.3 Thermal
pollution
5 Transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However where such water is not channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non–point source.
[edit] Groundwater pollution
See also: Hydrogeology
Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater
pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface
water pollution.[7] By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from
sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non–point
source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into
soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non–point source
pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume. The movement of the
plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transport model or Groundwater model.
Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology,
hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.
[edit] Causes of water pollution
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals,
pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While
many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium,
sodium, iron, manganese,

Studies on the Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Dump Sites...
An Epidemiological approach in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of OD (Doctor
of Optometry).
By Nwogwugwu Chioma Peace
Mat. No.: 04/8131
Department of Optometry,
Imo state University, Owerri.
Supervised by: Dr. Onome Okereke
December, 2009
Table Of content
Page
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 About The study 4
3.0 The Owerri municipal waste dumping site 6
4.0 Environmental pollution and impact of exposure 7
5.0 The study findings 9
6.0 Conclusion 10
7.0 References 11
1. Introduction
Over the last three decades there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts
attributed to environmental pollution, in particular, the global burden of disease. ... Show more
The Owerri Municipal Waste Dumping Site

The Ekeonuwa market waste dumping site is located right in front of it, along Douglas Road, in
Owerri, Imo state. It is the main dumping site for most of the solid waste generated from the market
and its environs.
Surrounding the dump are traders, school children, passerby, bus drivers and its occupants, road side
hawkers just by the dump, etc.
Over 10 Tonnes of waste is generated from the

Chemical Contamination In Marine Mammals
Abstract Dating back to the 1970s when people began to realize the toxic effects pollutants like
PCBs and DDT were having on all kinds of organisms, marine mammals came into focus as
particularly vulnerable and at risk for adverse health effects with exposure to these contaminants.
Since then researchers have worked to determine exactly what harm these animals are succumbing
to. The chemical properties of persistent organic pollutants along with the biomagnification of
organochlorines through the trophic levels and the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the
blubber of marine mammals, explain why these animals are significantly affected by these
hazardous chemicals. Bioaccumulation can also explain important trends in PCBs and DDT
concentrations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marine mammals can live for decades and have large blubber layers that attract and store fat soluble
chemicals. They also feed at the top levels of long food chains and therefore act as and end point for
much of the accumulation in food webs (O'Shea, 1999). This concept encompasses two major
principles of contamination in marine mammals: bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The latter
is described as the tendency of organochlorines to concentrate as they are moved up the trophic
levels (O'Shea, 1999). An evaluation of the chemical contaminants found in marine mammals from
Washington state found that PCB concentrations in seal blubber were 110 times higher than levels
found in their fish prey in the Puget Sound, and 56 times higher than their fish prey in Hood Canal
(Calambokidis et al., 1984). Calambokidis et al. (1984) concludes there was a significant percentage
of organochlorines in fish prey being absorbed and stored by adult male seals. Biomagnification
relates to the various diets of marine mammals at different levels in a food chain. Odontocetes and
pinnipeds who feed on higher trophic levels such as fish, invertebrates, squid, and other marine
mammals, tend to have higher organochlorine concentrations than Mysticetes or low trophic level
feeders (O'Shea, 1999). A prime example of this is comparing two eco–types of Orcinus orca,
transient and resident, from the Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, AK region (Ylitalo et al.,
2001). Although there are many distinctions between these two groups such as habitat use, the main
one is that transient killer whales are marine mammal eaters and resident killer whales are fish
eaters. This difference causes much higher concentrations of organochlorines in transient killer
whales than in resident groups, indicating species who feed in higher trophic levels collect more
organochlorines (Ylitalo et al., 2001). O'Shea (1999) had

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