The Importance Of Working In An Office

The Importance Of Working In An Office
Many people work in different environments, for example, at home and in an office. Some people
decide to work at home because they won't have to deal with getting up on time in the morning or
going through morning and afternoon traffic. Working in an office is the best choice due to many
reasons like becoming more collaborative and knowing when the day is over. Other reasons for why
it is better to work in an office is because you get feedback and answers very fast and because there
is not as many interruptions like at home with family. The first reason why working at an office is
better is because people are more collaborative and and innovative when they're together. As it says
in article by Fortune, they believe that "people are more productive when they're alone but they're
more collaborative and innovative when they're together. Some of the best ideas come from pulling
two different ideas together". This demonstrates that whenever you work with someone else, you
have more chance to work together and create a great plan or idea. Maradiaga 2 The next reason to
why working in an office is better than at home is because it's easier to communicate with
colleagues. Some people are anti–socialist so they would do good at home but it's always an
advantage because you get to meet with someone and so you have a better interaction with your co–
partners. According to Work It Daily, when working at home, your boss will send you information
through email and then you would
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The Importance Of Working Capital For A Business
Companies aspire to maintain their cash at a desirable level in order to offset liabilities on maturity
and the availability of production materials required by the business to provide customers' needs,
indicates the importance of working capital. This paper seeks to examine the importance of working
capital to a business. By definition, in order for a business to conduct its daily operations, such as
payment of wages, the purchase of raw materials, it requires funds which are referred to as working
capital which also covers overhead costs. In simple terms, working capital is money available to a
business for its day–to–day operations. Working capital can be sub–divided into two areas, that is,
regular working capital and short–term working capital. For overall business objectives, regular
working capital provides a steady base while with respect to the day–to–day operations short–term
working capital is used. There are various sources of finance for working capital which include but
are not limited to retained earnings, credit from the business' suppliers, as well as long–term loans
from financial institutions or proceeds from sale of the business' assets. We can also look at the
investment in working capital which could be grouped into permanent and variable components.
The part of working capital which sustains the level of sales not affected by "seasonality" is referred
to as permanent investment financed by long term capital while variable working capital, financed

Representation Of The Working Class
Discuss the representation of the working class in Italian cinema from the silent era up to the
neorealist period, using the movies presented in class or mentioned in the assigned readings From
the silent era until the neorealist period, the depiction of the working–class in Italian cinema has
provided an unparalleled insight into the shifting socio–political landscape of pre and post–war Italy.
From Pastrone's depiction of Maciste, the immortal strongman, born to use his 'working class brawn
against evil' (Flanagan 2001: 91) to De Sica's portrayal of the Ricci family's financial post–war
despair in Ladri di Biciclette (1948), the representation of the working–class in Italian cinema
changed considerably during the three decades since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The silent era is predominantly famous for its historical, literary and melodramatic productions.
However, films, which depicted the 'reversal of class roles, that is, the slave who falls in love with
the nobleman, the freedman who saves the day' (Brunetta 2009: 37) also became favourites amongst
film audiences. The slave, Maciste in Pastrone's Cabiria, therefore, presents the audience with one of
the first depictions of the working–class on film. His character 'combined super–human strength and
bravery with a gentleness of manner and an easy–going acceptance of life's vicissitudes' (Mallach
2007: 360) which appealed so greatly to the Italian working–class, that he became a star, whose
character would continue to be depicted well into the 1960s. Notably, the contemporary audience
would have been acutely aware of the fact that Maciste was Bartolomeo Pagano, a longshoreman
from Genoa with no acting experience (Mallach 2007: 360). As a result, his popularity amongst the
working–class is understandable, since this was the first example of a character, who 'was so clearly
one of their own, and with whom they could so readily identify' (Mallach 2007: 360). Arguably,
therefore, Cabiria's success can be attributed to the way in which Maciste was so relatable.
Moreover, his astonishing physical prowess further endeared him to the working–class, given that
'the strongman image was rooted in the cultural

Working Capital Management
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction of study In the present competitive world, every
firm, whether big, medium of small, needs working capital to carry on its operations and to achieve
its targets. Proper management of working capital is an important role of firm's life. Working capital
is essential to maintain the smooth running of business. No business can run successfully without an
adequate amount of working capital. Inadequacy of working capital may lead the firm to insolvency
and excessive working capital implies idle funds, which earns no profits for business. Working
capital management policies of a firm have a great effect on its profitability, liquidity and structural
health of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, working capital management of selected trading firms is most important. 1.5. Chapter outline
Chapter one includes background of the study, research problem, objective, significance, chapter
outline of the study The second chapter consists of the detailed literature survey of the study.
Literature survey of the study describes concepts of working capital, need for working capital,
operating cycle concept, permanent and variable working capital, factors determining working
capital, excess and inadequate working capital, ratio analysis, overtrading The third chapter is
allocated to discuss the methodology and conceptualization of the study in detail. That is research
problem will be conceptualized based on the literature review. Hypotheses are formulated according
to the conceptual model and literature review. Next operationlalization, data collection techniques
and method of analyzing impact of working capital management on the profitability of trading
firms. The fourth chapter presents survey data presentation, which gathered through secondary data
from annual report published by trading firms. Then data analyses are made by correlation analysis,
regression analysis. These data are presented by using tables. The fifth chapter will discuss the
findings of the research based on the presented and analyzed data. The, hypothesis will be tested.
Finally, it indicates conclusion and suggestion for further

Compare The Condition Of Working Classes In Clarland And...
When comparing The Conditions of the Working Class in England and The Environmental
Conditions of the Working Class these both talk about how difficult it was to live there and the
different opinions between Engel's and Clark. After reading through Clark's environmental
conditions these defiantly don't compare to what we live in today. Starting off with something that
people in America don't face is "The condition of human and environmental degradation extended
form the factory to the home. In factories, workers labored in poisoned environment and in ways
that cause innumerable health problems." This is not a problem for us today because we have a lot
of technology/ uniforms that protect us from being poisoned. The one thing I did find interesting
about this article is that Clark states that "conditions of the working class was that those in power,
who profited off of the misery and suffering of workers and who know that these conditions were
the consequence of such a social system, were collectively guilty of murder." In the passage of the
that Engels has written it touches on the three negatives during this time period. One being the slums
and how terrible they are, number two how the upper–class won't help the lower class out and act
like they don't exists and the last one is how no one can get along and help each other out. In today's
society, I feel as though we don't have anything nearly as bad as what they had back in that time
period here in America. I do think that

Working Poor Essay
The Struggle of the Working Poor
Revised Essay
Sociology 113
Yvonne Barney
October 19, 2012
The Struggle of the Working Poor
Society often describes the impoverished with one word, lazy. Society has taught us that if a person
wants to be financially successful, it is a simple process of education and hard work that will equate
to a successful income. This is the American dream. If the impoverished simply would get a job
instead of being lazy, they would not need to rely on programs like welfare. The impoverished
would succeed if they only would apply themselves. However, in an attempt to present another point
of view, The Working Poor Invisible in America by David K. Shipler (2004) explored multiple
variables this group struggles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter 9, "Dreams," begins with the ambitious professional aspirations of sixth and eighth grade
children from poor families in Washington, DC. Shipler contrasts these aspirations with the
enormous faced problems beyond their control. Chapter 10, "Work Works," is dedicated to the
positive impact that job training and working has had on some poor individuals and families. Job
training programs that teach soft skills as well as hard skills and are successful in instilling
confidence and self–esteem are appreciated by employers. Chapter 11, "Skill and Will," emphasizes
that American society must understand what it can do using the skills and resources it has to combat
poverty. The approach to remedying poverty, Shipler argues, must be holistic, tackling all problems
associated with it at once.
The United States is often described as a place where anyone can "pick themselves up by their
bootstraps" and realize the American dream of a comfortable lifestyle. But, for over 30 million
Americans, this dream is no longer possible. Though we live in the richest and most powerful
country in the world, there are many individuals who are living under or at the poverty level. "While
the United States has enjoyed unprecedented affluence, low–wage employees have been testing the
American doctrine that hard work cures poverty" (Shipler, 2004). The status of poverty translates

Disadvantages Of Flexible Working Systems
Nowadays, for most people, they may prefer choose the life without rigid or fixed usually. Instead,
the balance life should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, places, times,
etc. Consequently work as an important part of people's life, people will be likely to keep the
balance of it. Recently in many countries, the flexible working system is becoming more and more
common in institutions and companies. Some of these countries' governments also support it,
because the system has low time and places requirements, and it is a new approach for employers
which means it has the space for further development. Flexible working has many advantages of it
for employers, meanwhile, the disadvantages are often unavoidable. Firstly, flexible working system
can helps employers save money on the office cost. Secondly, flexible working system help
employers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the one hand, the good effects of flexible working include it can help employers save much
money on office cost and the work efficiency can be improved by using it to motivate employees to
work harder. On the other hand, the disadvantages are it may let workers become lazy and not easy
for employers to manage their companies by this system. In my opinion, flexible working is a new
and wonderful system for both of employers and employees. It can help people keep balance
between work and life whatever you are employer or employee. Comparing the advantages and
disadvantages of flexible working, I think it has more advantages and these flexible manage ways
can make hard workers, and then they can make more money for employers. Although there still are
some disadvantages, we should believe that people can correct them little by little. In the future, the
flexible working has a very strong chance to become really popular system in most companies over
the

The Dispossessed: What Is a Working Class?
What do you think of when you hear "working–class?" One perhaps might think of a specific race,
gender, sexuality or a specific type of lifestyle. In William Deresiewicz's "The
Dispossessed" aims to raise awareness to his audience that people of the working class still exist and
should be recognized. His targeted audience being the educated, younger generations of middle and
upper class. Through the use of logic and building his credibility, Deresiewicz makes a convincing
argument about the way the working class has been neglected and forgotten. The intent of "The
Dispossessed" is to convince the audience that the working class still exists and it should still be
recognized. Deresiewicz is targeting categories of class; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Working class is everywhere in the media and is often portrayed in the same way: with humor.
Deresiewicz provides examples of popular shows such as the Simpsons, Gilmore Girls, and Friends.
This causes more appeal to the audience than if the author were to use shows that were not that
well–known. The audience is most likely familiar with these shows and it would help the reader
understand more about what the writer was trying to say about them. Deresiewicz is making the
assumption that his readers are at least familiar with the presented shows if not a regular viewer.
Deresiewicz also mentions Million Dollar Baby, a recent very successful movie. When Deresiewicz
uses up–to–date, popular media he is establishing his credibility to the younger generations. What is
the importance of the younger generation though? Perhaps it is to make them aware of their
surrounds so they are not ignorant. Another reason might be because they themselves may be
effected by the recession. Even authors leave out the working class. Deresiewicz presents the
audience with several well–known authors that still talk about the working class. Toni Morrison for
example even discusses the fact that the recognition of the working class has depleted. "It was
Morrison, in fact, who provided one of the most telling indications of our loss of the working class
as imaginative category." What Deresiewicz leaves out is that Toni Morrison was the

A Study On Working Capital
Maeghan Gaines 29 November 2014 FINA 150 Semester Project Chapter 14 Executive Summary:
"Working Capital" I chose to research working capital because I did not know the term nor the
significant role it plays in operating a business. I learned that working capital is the requirements for
running normal business operations on a daily basis. It is the necessary amount needed to keep the
doors open and is analyzed for a period of about a year. Working capital is essential for fulfilling
business operating needs. Cash that is spent is not considered working capital because it can no
longer be used by the company to invest. Working capital is the cash surplus within the company
used to make more money. Implementing an effective working ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the level of fixed assets and current assets depends on the expected sales but only the current
assets can be adjusted with fluctuating sales in a diminutive period. Most importantly, time must be
considered when managing fixed assets. Discounting and compounding of time play a major role in
capital budgeting and a minor role in the management of current assets. Ultimately, a business can
survive without appropriate working capital policy, but a firm without working capital has a much
smaller life span than businesses that are well capitalized. Working Capital Policy Introduction:
Working Capital is the single most important component of a business or firm because it has a direct
impact on the cash flows. Working capital is the capital you require for the working functioning of
your business in the short run (BBI). There are two types of working capital; gross working capital
and net working capital. Gross working capital is current assets. Net working capital is the
difference between current assets and current liabilities. Net working capital will be referred to as
simply working capital in this paper. Operating Cash flows arise from normal business operations
and is the difference between cash expenses associated with the manufacturing and sales of products
and the cash collected from the sales. Since cash flow is the main priority for

The Importance Of Memory And Working Memory
The study conducted by Gregory J. Spillers examined the length to which attention control abilities,
secondary memory abilities, or both work in the working memory capacity. Participants were asked
to perform numerous attention control, secondary memory, working memory and fluid intelligence
measures. Conformity factor analysis later suggested that attention control, secondary memory, and
working memory capacity were best represented as three separate yet mutually factors. And each
attention control, secondary memory, and working memory capacity are correlated with fluid
intelligence. Both attention control and secondary memory are viewed for unique variance in the
working memory capacity. Additionally a crucial part of the shared variance between working
memory capacity and fluid intelligence is brought upon attention control and secondary memory
abilities. This is seen through structural equation modeling. The point of the study was to examine
whether the working memory capacity is best interpreted by secondary memory processes, attention
control or both. A latent variable method was used to study the relations with working memory
capacity, attention control, secondary memory, and fluid intelligence. Attention control measures
antisaccade, which is voluntary eye movement when stimulus is presented, this measurement has
shown some spect in which it highy relates to a variation in the working memory capacity. It was
suggested by Pole and Kane(2009) that attention control was

Stereotypes Of The Working Class
Stereotypes of the working class There are many different types of jobs in the world; some of which
people feel are better than others. Factors like the amount of money and amount of education affect
the stereotypical perception about certain jobs. There are two different types of work, blue–collar
and white–collar. Blue–collar jobs are seen as the "working class". The "Working class" refers to
low–wage workers that are void of a college education, who struggle to get by economically. It is
also perceived that the "Working class" is lazy, unproductive failures who have limited upward
mobility, or relics of earlier era of industrialization. It's important that people realize the amount of
skill level it takes to do different types of jobs, and although pay may not reflect the effort or the soft
and technical skills needed, or physicality that is respective for those jobs; these jobs should be
viewed respectfully. Jobs like cashiers and waitressing have a bad reputation, but they take a certain
skill level that people have to develop just like any other white–collar job. People skills, public
speaking, ability to sell items on the menu, multi–tasking, and so much more are necessary to be a
success in this type of career choice or job. Matthew Crawford talks about this in his book, along
with Mike Rose, on how there is a lack of appreciation and respect for the skill set it takes to do blue
collar jobs, and how the stereotypically stigma couldn't be further than the

The Working Poor Analysis
The society is in such a way that it falls into categories of people who belong to different social
classes and this creates a difference in the way individuals lead their lifestyle, and in the way
individuals interact with each other. The working poor refer to a social group which develops as a
result of the social inequalities which exist in the society. The population comprises of individuals
who put a lot of effort in their activities but still fail to witness growth and development in their
socio–economic being. It is normally wrong to categorize such persons as being lazy, and instead,
one may argue that nature dictates the fate of these beings.
The essay provides vital information about the social distinctions in the society but readers may
disagree with the idea that the working poor may never get the opportunity to advance their lives,
regardless of the effort they put. It is only right to argue that the working poor remain in the
impoverished condition because their undertakings do not generate enough income to help them get
out of the unfriendly situation. The working poor, however, may emerge to be ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The author, for example, states on page 379 in paragraph six that "If time is the most precious thing,
wasting time must the major prodigality as Richard says. Lost time is never recovered and time is
never sufficient. Let us get up and engage ourselves in a variety of activities with less perplexity.
Every person should strive to wake up early because laziness cases poverty. Poor Richard says that
early to bed and early to rise makes one wealthy and wise". The paragraph is ironical in nature
because the speaker is a pauper yet he knows what it takes to be successful. The statement means
that the working poor may not advance their status regardless of their knowledge on how to become

EFFECT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON PROFITABILITY OF FIRMS IN
MALAYSIA
( M. A., Zariyawati a, M. N., Annuar b and A.S., Abdul Rahim c a ,b & c Univeristi Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia.
ABSTRACT Working capital management is important part in firm financial management decision.
An optimal working capital management is expected to contribute positively to the creation of firm
value. To reach optimal working capital management firm manager should control the trade off
between profitability and liquidity accurately. The purpose of this study is to investigate the
relationship between working capital management and firm profitability. Cash conversion cycle is
used as measure of working capital management. This study is used panel data ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Working capital management and its effects on profitability is focused in this study. Specific
objectives are to examine a relationship between working capital management and profitability over
a 11 years period, to establish a relationship between the two objectives of liquidity and profitability
of the firms and to investigate the relationship between debt used by the a firm and its profitability
Most previous study focus on develop market (Peel & Wilson, 1996; Shin & Soenon, 1998 and
Deloof, 2003). Thus investigating this issue could provide additional insights and perhaps different
evidence on the working capital management in emerging capital market. This will surely enrich the
finance literature on this issue. Additionally, the results of this study would provide firm managers
better insights on how to create efficient working capital management that have ability to maximize
firm's value. As a result, it will build up confidence in investor to invest in that firm. Further, the
confidence of investors to invest in Malaysia will influence the growth of economic. The results of
this study would also assist policy–makers to implement new sets of policies regarding the working
capital market in Malaysia to ensure continuous economic growth.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In intention to discover the relationship between efficient working capital management and firm's
profitability(Shin & Soenen, 1998) used net–trade cycle (NTC) as a measure of working capital

Evaluate the Working Memory Model
Evaluate the Working Memory
Introduction
Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would
argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images,
ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the
mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of
memory systems and can be divided into subclasses.
The first model of the human memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. They
introduced two different memory systems first, named after their capacity: Short Term Memory and
Long Term Memory. Soon after they added a third memory store and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His study on word length effect comprised that participants had to read out as many words as they
could than recall it.
On the other hand the visuo–spatial sketchpad displays visulal and spatial information. All three
elements has limited capacity, therfore if two tasks are from the same elements – like reading a
paper and trying to have a conversation at the same time – (phonological loop) are used they cannot
be carried out properly. But if the tasks are form different elements it could be performed together.
The forth element is the episodic buffer that again controlled by the central executive; holds a
combination of different information from the phonological loop, the visuo–spatial sketchpad and
the Long Term Memory.
Disease in the Working Memory Store
Working memory has been significant in mental work, and thinking. Baddeley (1996) carried out an
experiment on patients with Alzheimer disease, as his suggestions included that aging and
distributing information has a huge role in the central executive. His participants were given
numerous digit–span trials, numbers as digits, and were asked to put a cross in each of the boxes
positioned in an irregular pattern (dual task). Patients with Alzheimer disease proved a noticeable
reduction in the mixed condition, but none in the normal tasks. M. C. McDonald (1998) suggested
using different tasks and different materials in her study on individuals with Alzheimer disease. her
patients had to undergo

Working Memory Analysis
Summary
Past work has found that forgetting what one was doing prior to interruption is an every day
problems (Morgan, Patrick, Waldron, King, & Patrick, 2009). A recent hypothesis (Gray, Sims, Fu,
& Schoelles, 2006) emphasizes the strategic adaptation of information processing strategy to the
task environment. For instance, load theory predicts that concurrent working memory; load impairs
selective attention and increases distractor interference (Park, Kim, & Chun, 2007). The type of
concurrent working memory load determines whether load impairs selective attention or not.
Working memory load was paired with a same/different–matching task that required focusing on
targets while ignoring distractors. The main focus is distractors in the two articles even when the
time available to refresh memory traces is kept constant, increasing the processing time still results
in poorer recall, confirming that time–related decay is the source of forgetting within working
memory (Portrat, Barrouillet, & Camos, 2008).
According to the time–based resource–sharing model (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004), the
cognitive load a given task involves is a function of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies that find no forgetting as a function of retention–interval duration tend to use sequential
presentation of memory items, while studies that find forgetting as a function of retention–interval
duration tend to use simultaneous presentation of memory items (Ricker, & Cowan, 2014). This
raises the question as to whether the disuse, which accompanies lapse of time, is effective in causing
loss of retention (Twining,

Hard Working Poor
How many of you believe or have heard "The poor just need to work hard and they won't be poor"?
I completely disagree and see that as a superiority complex. The poor people I've met are some of
the hardest working people you'll ever meet. My mom has been working two or three jobs my whole
life, the only time i can think of that's different is when she was on workman's comp and even then
she illegally still worked and they took what she earned off our rent rather than giving her a
paycheck.
I see moms in poverty as some of the most hard working people you will ever meet although
sometimes you'll have a guy who does, but I see more mom's without baby daddys'. I believe the
truth to getting out of poverty is either luck or connections sometimes you get both. I know people
who have gone from broke to bathing in money in a few years due to MMA, Cheer Coaching, ...
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Even me and my mom; we've had help from 7 families off the top of my head. From giving us a
place to stay when he were legally homeless to saving my life. All this has made me realize there is
so much working against poor people, including themselves. Sometimes people don't have the
energy or time to take the opportunity to succeed. But it means they are stuck in the loop of the
ghetto; even Tupac has realized his luck and the loop of poverty within his song "Brenda's got a
Baby", He brings up how she can't read above a fourth grade level it's sad to think there are people
in today's world who still are born and never will be able to read just because their parents don't
have the ability to let it happen. Walmart, a place some of you know as trashy, horrible, and cheap,
my grandmother has worked there and she worked with a girl who didn't pass 3rd grade, where i
grew up i can remember a solid amount of people who failed 3rd or 4th

A Working Class Hero
A Working Class Hero Though Allen Jackson and John Lennon both celebrate the working class
hero, their songs differ exceedingly when it comes to the respect they receive by society as well as
the scales they play that affect the listener's emotions.
For one thing, Alan Jackson and John Lennon's songs about the "Working Class Hero" may leave
the reader with the idea that they are very different songs. Without looking at them closer, the reader
may never know that their main points are the same: working class hero's should be celebrated.
During Jackson's version of the song, it is a bit easier to grasp this point. He bases his song off of a
hard working father that has worked hard all of his life to provide for his family. He explains that ...
At first listen of Lennon's depressing song, I believed that his statement that "A working class hero
is something to be" came out a bit sarcastic. After a thorough reading of his lyrics, the answer
followed. His statement of the working class hero wasn't meant to be a joke but rather a message for
all of the working class hero's to hear. With the pursuit of money and a flawless life being an eden–
like dream for nearly all humans in our society, Lennon was the start of an anomaly. John sings that
though people "...make you feel small...hurt you at home...hit you at school...hate you if you're
clever and they despise a fool...Then they expect you to pick a career...A working class hero is
something to be." Not everyone wants to be a working class citizen, but if that is where life has
brought them, John Lennon believes that it is okay to be a working class citizen. They are
"...something to be."
Although Jackson and Lennon both support working class heros, their songs differ tremendously
when it comes to the regard these heros receive by society. Throughout Alan Jackson's song, he
never sings that the working class heros are treated with disrespect. He simply states that they do not
receive any physical rewards other than love from their families for the tough deeds they do. There
is no line in the song where he has been mistreated

Working Memory
Summary of Research Question and Outcome
My Research Project question came about from being intrigued at how each individual has their
own Memory Retention Rate (MRR). Investigating further, I discovered the cognitive function
responsible for MRR is Working Memory (WM). As I'd never heard of WM, I decided to dig deeper.
When observing websites, the majority had subheadings of "Working Memory Capacity" (WMC)
and "How to improve Working Memory". It became apparent that WM can be enhanced. I gathered
that it wouldn't hurt to understand how my WM could be improved to assist me in future. This lead
to the formation of my question; "What are the most effective methods to improve working memory
in children aged 5–10?" A variety of research processes used include online research, published texts
and primary contact. I discovered that WM primarily develops through childhood, however, it
continues to be developed through adulthood. These findings were presented in a magazine format.
Evaluation
To broaden my knowledge and understanding of 'Working Memory', I analysed several online
articles. In order to ensure that the information I was interpreting was reliable, background research
was conducted on the authors and their credentials. By doing this, it was established that some of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I came across Ted Talks, which had several on working memory. Peter Doolittle is an Educational
Psychologist and as mentioned prior, Torkel Klingberg is a professor of cognitive neuroscience.
Both Peter and Torkel provided quantitative and qualitative information as in their videos on
working memory, they elaborated on surveys and research that they had conducted themselves. This
increased the range of sources and information in my outcome which was beneficial in
strengthening my argument as to which methods are best for improving working memory in children
aged five to

Working Capital Simulation
WORKING CAPITAL SIMULATION
LT10 – B
PHASE 1:
SELECTION CRITERIA:
In selecting what option to select the team came up with the following criteria: 1.) Selected option
should lead to a reduction in working capital requirement and reduce short term debt in the process.
2.) Selected option should reduce the Cash Conversion Cycle. 3.) Selected option should free up
locked capital in receivables and inventories. 4.) Selected option should lead to a zero working
capital policy in the long run.
SELECTED OPTIONS:
We decided to tighten accounts receivable and drop poorly selling products because they yielded a
percentage decrease in working capital requirement larger than their percentage drop in sales. Also
these 2 options fit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Combined they show a significant increase in EBIT with a lower increase in WCR. Although we
foresee a significant increase in WCR we feel that the credit line we have and the amount of capital
we freed from phase would be sufficient to reduce the impact of the additional WCR.
FINANCIAL RESULTS AND LEARNINGS:
Our choices led to a constant increase in net income over the three years. Short term debt increase
by approximately 100% percent but steadily reduced over the next three years. We were happy with
the positive growth of the company and the fact that we were able to pay off most of the initial short
term funding required by the increase in working capital requirement. Overall the current situation
of the company in 2018 is good, although the total value created is less than 20% of that created in
phase 1. From this we learned that the value of the firm can be significantly increased more through
a reduction in working capital requirement than through increasing the firm's sales and net income.
PHASE 3:
SELECTION CRITERIA:
For this phase we decided to continue with the selection criteria from phase 1, and continue to try to
increase sales with the minimum working capital requirement. We also decided to minimize risk and
not go with options that have, however small, a chance of creating net losses for the company.
SELECTION OPTIONS:
Based on our analysis we felt that renegotiation of supplier credit

Flexible Working In Australia
A flexible working environment is detrimental to the workforce of today's society. Society exists in
an ever changing, fast and evolving world in which the fluid nature and culture of employees, needs
to be considered. Employers who embrace a flexible working environment for their employees will
see double the returns in productivity, initiative and drive to succeed in achieving company goals.
Today's workforce is a changing workforce due to the economic stance on Australian citizens as
well as the window of opportunity is changing. Entering the workforce are no longer school leavers,
the middle aged and seniors but now we are seeing a trend of inclusion of working mothers, part
time parents, shared care arrangements, semi retirees and a push in paid / unpaid internships. Due to
the rising costs of literally everything in Australia, more and more Australians are being forced to
return to work and in doing so, having to work around other arrangements or commitments as well.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benefits arising from embracing a changing workforce would develop a positive impact in turn
developing a changing work culture. Attributes of employees who feel supported by their employer
would be more than likely to deliver more than set KPIs of the business. In allowing flexible hours,
flexible work space and work place, employees attitude to 'work' would change. The freedom for not
only the Businesses in Australia but the freedom of individuals to self develop, implement and self
manage therefore developing the individual in working in a myriad of environments, with a range of
stakeholders would expand the attributes of the individual leading to an increase in innovative ideas
and networking opportunities inside and outside the

The Working Memory Model
The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 as an alternative to
Atkinson & Shiffrin's multi–store model of memory. They argued that the short–term memory was
not a passive, temporary store used to transfer information to the long–term memory. Instead, they
suggested that it should instead be regarded as an active store which holds information as it is being
worked on. It is described by Cohen (1990) as the 'focus of consciousness', holding the information
that is being thought about currently. The model has four components: the central executive, the
phonological loop, the visuo–spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.
The central executive is the key, supervisory component of working memory, directing the
subsidiary systems. It decides which incoming information will be allocated attention, as well as
coordinating the activity needed to carry out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is relevant to both traditional STM tasks and activities such as verbal reasoning,
comprehension, and mental arithmetic.
An advantage of the working memory model is that it explains certain neurological results in a way
that the multi–store model cannot. For example, Patient KF (Warrington & Shallice, 1974) had
verbal difficulties, however his short–term memory for visual information and meaningful sounds
(such as a phone ringing) were unaffected. The model explains these results. An impaired
phonological loop can account for the verbal impairment, and the fact that his memory for visual
information works well can be explained by an intact visuo–spatial sketchpad.
A disadvantage of the working memory model is that, although it is a major improvement on the
multi–store model, it is oversimplified. There are several other types of information that are
processed and briefly stored, however the model does not represent

Working Class Underachievement
Contemporary views are that class is still the most significant social factor for accounting for
differences in educational achievement. It seems that middle class children tend to do better than
working class children. Most sociologists believe that in every social class there is the same range of
ability, this means that class differences in educational attainment are not due to class differences in
intelligence, but due to other circumstances such as the home and socialization. However some
sociologists would argue that attainment in classes results from sifting, sorting and assessment of
pupils in terms of teacher's perceptions of class, ability and conduct. Throughout this essay, the view
that working class underachievers in school is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory states that those at the bottom of the class system are deprived of important values,
attitudes, experiences and skills which are essential for educational success. Their home life lacks
the kind of stimulation needed for high attainment, for example, the absence of books and
educational toys. Basil Bernstein identified two forms of speech pattern, the restricted code and the
elaborate code. The restricted code is a kind of shorthand speech. In comparison, in the elaborated
code, meanings are made explicit, explanations are provided and details are spelt out. According to
Bernstein, most middle class children have been socialised in both the restricted and elaborated
codes whereas many working class children are limited to the restricted code. As teachers use the
elaborated code, working class children have an immediate disadvantage and may be criticised for
misunderstanding. Working class children learn this language code at home, therefore being another
reason for underachievement in school being related to home circumstances. Further more, the
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu starts from the idea that there is a dominant culture in society.
Children born into the middle class have a built in advantage. Their culture is closer to the culture of
the school so they will be more likely to succeed, their language is closer to that of the teachers so
they will be more likely to

working memory
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REVISED PAGES
CHAPTER
Working
Memory
6
Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves
1. Using Working Memory
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working
Memory
2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory:
A Brief History
2.1. William James: Primary Memory,
Secondary Memory, and
Consciousness
2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of
Short–Term Memory
2.2.1. Brevity of Duration
2.2.2. Ready Accessibility
2.3. The Atkinson–Shiffrin Model: The
Relationship of Short–Term and LongTerm Memory
2.4. The Baddeley–Hitch Model: Working
Memory
3. Understanding the Working Memory Model
3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn't
3.2. The Visuospatial Scratchpad
3.3. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These short–term mental storage and manipulation operations are collectively called working

memory. Think of working memory as involving a mental blackboard–that is, as a workspace that
provides a temporary holding store so that relevant information is highly accessible and available for
inspection and computation. When cognitive tasks are accomplished, the information can be easily
erased, and the process can begin again with other information.
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
The computer, so useful a metaphor in cognitive psychology, offers an intuitively appealing model
for thinking about the nature and structure of working memory.
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REVISED PAGES
1. Using Working Memory
Simplifying the workings of a computer, there are two means by which information is stored, the
hard disk and random–access memory (RAM). The hard disk is the means by which information is
stored permanently in a stable and reliable form; all software programs, data files, and the operating
system of the computer are stored on the hard disk. To use this stored information you must retrieve
it from the hard disk and load it into RAM. Now for the analogy: the information stored in the hard
disk is like long–term memory, RAM corresponds to working memory. The notion of working
memory as a temporary workspace

Flexible Working
Module Code: FC512 Class/Group: Group 3 Module Title: Skills for Study Assessment Title: Report
Assignment Title: Analysing the feasibility of SMEs in the UK introducing flexibile working
arrangements. Tutor Name: Debora Brito Student ID Number: 2253710 Date of Submission:
Monday 9th May 2016 before 2 pm Content 1.1 Introduction––––––––––––––––––––––––––3 1.2
Background––––––––––––––––––––––––––3 1.3 Presentation of
requirements–––––––––––––––––––4 * 1.3.1 Effects on employees–––––––––––––––––––––4 * ...
1.3 Presentation of requirements In the following article will analysis the advantage and
disadvantage of flexible working arrangements for employees and employers. In addition also
analysis flexible working arrangements in small and medium–sized enterprises. 1.3.1 Effects on
employees For employees, a total of 7337000 people work in flexible working arrangement in 2015
April to June(ONS,2016). Therefore, flexible working for these employees have a lot of effects.
1.3.2 Effects on employers Most employers (96%) offer some form of flexible working , flexible
working has brought many benefits to employers and also improve their company's interests. The
most commonly offered form is part–time job, which occupy 88% in all form of flexible
working(CIPD,2012). 1.3.2 Flexible working in SMEs Small and medium–sized firms (SMEs) have
the fact that 94 per cent of all private sector firms in the UK have less than 250 employees. These
company's also use flexible working arrangements to recruit employees.(PSI,2006). 2.0 Analysis 2.1
Analysis of

Sociology Working Women
In another study, "The Working Wife: Differences in Perception among Negro and White Males" the
results showed that "the white male less inclined to believe a wife should work outside the home, he
was more likely than the Negro male (w = 66.5 percent; N = 53.7 percent) to define the wife's
employment as having a potentially detrimental effect on school–age children." (Axelson 458)
Therefore, the outcomes of this study have shown that it is possible for there to be differences in
opinion based on race on the working mother. In addition, since the respondents are from the United
States each country has their own laws about paid leaves for new mothers. The United States does
not have paid leaves for new mothers unlike other industrialized countries. For example, "Sweden
offers nearly a year and a half of 80% paid leave for mothers and fathers while breastfeeding rates
there far exceed those in the United States (In the United Kingdom, many women are eligible for up
to 52 weeks leave at 90% pay." (Turner 398) Therefore, paid ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I am using a data file from the 2012 GSS SPSS file from the NORC website
(http://www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/) in SPSS format. The General Social Survey (GSS) "gathers
data on contemporary American society in order to monitor and explain trends and constants in
attitudes, behaviors, and attributes." (GSS) I looked to make sure that the independent and
dependent variables work with the question I am asking. The independent variables are class and
race while the dependent variable is people's opinions of working mothers. The variable class is
defined as someone's socioeconomic class in society while the variable race is self–reported and can
be White, Black or Other. The dependent variables names in GSS are fechld (Mother working does
not hurt children) and the independent variables are class (Subjective class identification) and race
(Race of

The Working Class
The working class: This class of people have minimum education and are primarily involved in
"manual labor". They are technically classifies as "Working poor" who perform tasks such as maids,
waitresses, road repair or farm work. They get base minimum wage as stipulated by U.S
government. They have very little scope for advancing in their career. The next level of workers in
this class are plumbers, electricians, carpenters and fitters who are called "Blue collar" Workers.
Naturally they are paid more than the "Working poor" . But they jobs are labor intensive and can be
dangerous sometimes.
The middle Class: This class of people perform white collar jobs. There are two categories under
this– The Upper Middle and the Lower middle. The Upper

Working Class In England
Later on, in 1844, we have Fredrick Engels who wrote the book, The Condition of the Working
Class in England, in which he argues that the industrial revolution left workers far worse than
before. This was a period of mass immigration into cities, it was a period of people wanting work,
and also a period of new machines. Many people came to cities looking for new jobs in factories but
in reality, came to cities filled with thousands of people and brand new machines who were doing
the jobs once done by humans. Engels first talks about spinning and weaving before machinery and
how the whole house hold would help in creating clothes. He explains that a man could get on fairly
well with their wages because there was no competition really. Then Engels ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Brownson, a labor reformer from the 1840's. Brownson argued that slave labor was more of a
blessing than free labor. Most people would say that being a slave is awful and Brownson agreed,
but he looks at it through the lense of labor and believes slaves are much better off than a freed man
looking for work. Brownson states, "It is no pleasant thing to go days without food; to lie idle for
weeks, seeking work and finding none; to rise in the morning with a wife and children you love, and
know not where to procure them a breakfast" (Brownson pg. 1). In this sentence, he explains how
hard it is for a free man to find a job and how horrible it is knowing you cannot provide food for
yourself and your family. He then argues, "And yet there is a man who employs them to make shirts,
trousers, etc., and grows rich on their labors" (Brownson, pg.1) here he says, even if a man or
women manage to find a job, they are working for the man who hired them and to him is where their
proceeds go. This in a sense is an awful business because these women try to work but most of their
wages go to some rich white man who thinks he has power because he has money is in a higher
estate of society. Brownson also argues that letting slaves out into free labor they would not be cared
for or taken care of so the right thing to do is let them stay

Working-Class Representation
Literature, as a crucial part of culture, functions as the reflection of reality. According to Marx, "the
mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political and
spiritual processes of life" (Williams 266). Superstructure, as the product of men's spiritual
processes, containing various ideological forms one of which is literature, is not determined by "the
consciousness of men", but by "the social existence" (266). Concerning working–class literature, it
follows this rule as well–"the whole class produces and shapes these out of its material foundation
and out of the corresponding social conditions" (267). Thus, working–class literature is created upon
the contemporary status quo of the class ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, Gaskell is able to make her readers have a graphic and convincing experience of
working–class life through the eyes of an insider, which at the same time renders authenticity to the
novel. Meanwhile, Gaskell prevents her readers from simply emotionally engaging in the story. She
often comments on it from her own viewpoint during the narration. Her commentary interrupts the
natural flow of the story, which stops readers from emotionally indulging into the novel too much,
but forces them to reflect rationally upon the hard circumstances of working class people displayed
in the book and stirs them to take action in reality. With clear awareness of readership, Gaskell takes
control of the shift between narration and commentary throughout the whole novel and intentionally
connects the fictional story with reality so as to impose sense of responsibility to readers. Gaskell
asks middle class, the "oppressor", to examine themselves and make a difference on what they have
done and are doing to working class, the "victim". By reading this novel, middle class may concern
over the contemporary social hierarchy and the unfair treatment toward working class. Although
working class people are

Working Time
People now are getting used to excessive work hours as the globalization accelerates. In order to
survive, a large number of enterprises urge their staff to finish more work with higher quality or they
are in danger of getting fired. Therefore, it is not so surprising when we get the fact that people work
more hours nowadays. Workaholism, which is used by scholars, to describe the phenomenon, brings
about a huge revolution in the way people work. The change of work pattern leads to personal
problems. There were quite a few divorces caused by the complaints made by one partner on the
other partner's too heavy work load and pressure. There also are workaholic fathers who have never
seen his baby awake because of the busy work. Even some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Working late occupies the sleeping time which leads to many health problems. Insomnia is one of
them which means sleep disturbance. People who suffer from it may become the cause of work
accident and inefficient (Quick et al, 2004, p426). In terms of mental health, Hamilton &
Denniss(2005, p88) argue that workaholism is responsible for certain mental disorder, such as
depression, anxiety. People under tough working condition are easily to "burn out". That is why
there are more psychological clinics these days. According to some statistics, Hamilton & Denniss
(2005, p88) state "preterm birth for woman" is related to workaholism, and career women who
spend too much time on working are likely to have low weight babies. There is no doubt that
workaholism brings work and family imbalance. Because one's time and energy are limited and
cannot be separated too much on family if one are working to his limits. Scientific research shows
that if one partner of a couple experiences work and family conflict, the other partner will be
affected, and more parental problems come from family suffering from work and family conflicts
(Quick et al, 2004, p426). Juvenile delinquency and violence are more likely to happen in those
families. For those who do not have much time for family, they usually think their salaries can
ensure his family a stable relationship, however, 75% interviewees say that the time spending with

The American Working Class
1945 was a pivotal year for the American working class. The middle class rose to power as the new
standard for the average American worker. Meanwhile the government debated over how much
involvement they should have in the economy and the in the lives of Americans. As in, is it "our
job" to give citizens cradle to grave benefits like other European countries? This paper will discuss
what has happened to the American working class since 1945 and why. It will also touch on postwar
developments and long–term trends that most of society believes is responsible for the situation of
middle class American workers today. In 1945 General Motors was booming. They were responsible
for manufacturing one–eighth of all the metal goods that Americans used in the war. Walter Reuther
seeing the opportunity of a boom after the war, went to GM to negotiate an ambitious contract for
the workers. His goal was to secure a 30% raise and a pledge from them to keep prices frozen
(Greenhouse pg 72.) While not exactly what he wanted, Reuther got GM to an 11% raise over two
years, an annual cost–of–living adjustment to help workers keep up with inflation, and an additional
2% per year raise to help workers profit from the company's productivity (Greenhouse 73). This win
for union workers set the stage for other companies to follow. Companies nationwide who opposed
the formation of unions, were compelled to now up their provisions and investment in their workers.
Some saw this as a way to keep their

Working with
Multi–Line Industry
Conglomerates Family Firms
In GCC Countries
Abstract:
An efficient Working Capital Management (WCM) has a significant effect toward the creation of a
firm's value. It is a fact that financial managers in the firms used to give concentration on managing
long–term financial decisions, specially capital structure, investment decisions, company valuation
& dividends decisions. Only little attention was given to managing the short–term assets and
liabilities, managers began to realize the importance of investigating those short–term assets and
liabilities since the working capital management has an important role for the firm's profitability &
risk and the overall value ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The share of this industry was negligible, but after the huge efforts of the government, the share of
Agriculture and Food Industry improved to 3.4% between 1984 and 1985 and rose to 7% in 1995.
Literature Review
Some earlier work by Gupta (1969) and Gupta & Huefner (1972) and some other researches studies
the financial ratios as part of studying the working capital, but only few researchers studies the
policies adopted by firms in managing their working capital.
In the year 1998, a research was conducted by Herbert J. Weinraub and Sue Vischer on the polices
of a cross–section of ten different industries over ten years period. The results showed that industries
do follow significantly different aggressive/conservative working capital policies, and they remain
stable relative to each other over extended periods.
An interesting research by Nunnm Kenneth (1981) examined why firms use different levels of
working capital. His paper dealt with the strategic determinants of working capital (cash, short–term
securities, accounts receivables, and inventory) on a product line basis.
In a study conducted by Sathyamoorthi (2002), h focused on effective management of business
assets and corporate governance, he concluded that emphasis was given to long term fixed assets
whereas working capital has been given only very little attention. Analyzing some selected firms in
Botswana between 1993 – 1997, his conclusion was that

The Working Poor
The working poor are those people that work the hardest for their dollar, work the hardest to get
their paychecks, work the hardest to survive. Most of the working poor live paycheck to paycheck
and like the saying goes, "robbing from Peter to pay Paul." There is a way out of poverty, and there
is a way for these struggling individuals to escape the perils of their life in poverty. It is not an easy
road out, but it is possible. It is important for those that are born into this lifestyle to know that this
is not a destination; there is hope that they will live a so called "better" life.
Who are the Working Poor? Before we describe who the working poor are, let's describe what
poverty is. "There are two general methods of defining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gabourey Sidibe and Jennifer Hudson are a few stars that are heard about as going from nothing to
everything. You do not have to be a star to be able to escape from poverty though. There are many
programs that are available to individuals to assist them in finding employment and assistance to get
out of poverty. The programs that are available are reliant on the presidents and law makers that are
lobbied. "The Bush administration had been wildly criticized for not being responsive to the needs
of the poorest Americans," (Burger, 2008, p. 20). At times an individual just needs help in getting
shown the right direction. "Isolated in the projects, many like Camellia lack the encouragement and
connections to find decent work until a helping hand gives a push or opens a door," (Shipler, 2004,
p. 123). To be able to break out of poverty an individual must not be afraid to leave.
Personal reaction & conclusion Poverty is not something that effects just a certain population; it is
non–discriminative. The working poor are the heart of America. They are people that we see every
day. For those that are living this way, it is important to know that there is a way out. In Shipler
(2004) book The Working Poor, he states, "George W. Bush gave voice to the myth when he was
asked whether he meant to send a message with the inclusion of two blacks, a Hispanic, and two
women in the first senior

Essay on Working in College
Working in College
Executive Summary
Students are increasingly likely to work while in college. Since 1984, the fraction of college
students aged 16 to 24 who also work full– or part–time has increased from 49 to 57 percent. Not
only are students more likely to work today, but they are more likely to work full–time: the share of
students working full–time while going to school full–time has nearly doubled, rising from 5.6
percent in 1985 to 10.4 percent in 2000.
In 2000, 828,000 full–time students worked full–time, compared to 366,000 in 1985.
Working students can be categorized into two groups: those who primarily identify themselves as
students but who work in order to pay the bills, and those who are first and foremost ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2000, nearly 830,000 full–time college students worked full–time. Because of the adverse effects
of such full–time work, tens of thousands of these college students are likely to drop out of school
and fail to receive a college degree.
Working a limited number of hours (e.g., 10 hours a week) at an on–campus job appears to have
positive impacts on student performance, while working a significant
2
number of hours (e.g., 35 hours or more per week) has adverse consequences. It is unclear at what
point student employment moves from being beneficial to being counterproductive. But the
difference between graduating from college and not graduating from college may involve a change
in work schedules that would have a modest impact on student earnings relative to the lifetime gains
from completing college. For example, reducing hours worked by 10 hours (from 35 hours per week
to 25 hours per week) would reduce a student's annual earnings during the school year by roughly
$2,250. Such potential earnings pale in comparison to the lifetime gains from completing college.
Since full–time work appears to have negative effects on student enrollment rates and perhaps also
on academic performance, it is therefore of particular concern that fulltime work among full–time
college students has risen sharply over the past 15

Disadvantages Of Flexible Working
In the world , the lifestyle of modern social work is rapidly changing , and people's rhythm of life is
becoming faster and faster. People always complain that the work lifestyle is breaking their daily life
and they think there must be more flexible ways of working to arouse their enthusiasm for work ,
and help them to adjust the most suitable time schedule to ensure enough time for rest which make
them minds keep highly awake so that the employers can get higher benefit . In this way ,many
companies discuss a system which called "Flexible working ".Flexible working is ways of working
hours that suit the needs of employees and often increasing their work–life balance. It is more than
just working from home. It's about working from wherever you need to be. (Peter Boucher, 2013) It
can help working around different industries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, during the projects, the system can have the advantages and disadvantages. For the aspect
of advantages , for example, flexible working can reduce the employee rate of absenteeism and late.
What's more , flexible working can improve employee's productivity . In addition , it can reduce the
overtime pay. However, the flexible working also bring the difficulties to the managers for they
cannot guide the work for staff. Overall, flexible working system has much more advantages than
disadvantages. Flexible working system can reduce the costing by reducing the employee rate of
absenteeism or late and also attract young workers in order to greatly improve the economic
benefits. According to many studies that suggest about 60% and 70% employees don't want to work
in a day, which is due to their personal reasons, they think flexible working system can bring a lot of
advantages to them.(Plowman,2010) For example, flexible

Working Conditions In The 1800s
During the industrial revolution in Britain, the usage of child labourers dramatically increased as it
became a cheap and easy form of labour. This lead to the continued abuse of many children in textile
factories. In 1833, the Factory Act of 1833 was put forth which dictated that no children under the
age of nine would work. Children ages nine to thirteen wouldn't work more than nine hours a day
and children ages thirteen to eighteen wouldn't work more than twelve hours a day. In addition it
introduced the circulation of four factory inspectors who were to enforce the new legislation. They
were to certify whether children had received their compulsory education of two hours each day and
report conditions to the government. This act brought forth attention and sparked debates from the
public which made stronger note of the working conditions for children.
In the mid–1800's there was unmistakable decrease of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"for the strong dislike to the Act, which existed among a large number of the most respectable mill–
owners, has greatly subsided". Most factory owners have complied with the Factory Act and shown
understanding that the legislation was necessary. The statement shows that a major change was
invoked by the Factory Act in the textile industry. In addition the diligence of factory inspectors
were effective and a permanent advancement in industrial governing. The Act introduced a
mandated form of regulation and records of the conditions in factories and their workers. Following
the Act, the governance of factories is evident through the general increase in convictions and
decrease of offenders (see Table 1 in the Appendix). This demonstrates a boost in regulating
offenders but also a drop in owners committing the offense. Due to this we can infer that the Factory
Act had improved the regulation and decline of children

Working Memory
Working Memory
● Working memory enables us to keep things in mind for short periods (215 seconds) as we think,
e.g. while reading, making a list etc.
● It 's related to but different to short–term–memory (STM) and long–term–memory (LTM).
● Chapter focuses on Baddley 's (1986) model of phonological working memory, vocabulary
acquisition and computational modelling of working–memory.
● The concept of 'span ' means how many items from a briefly presented set can be remembered,
e.g. 'word span ' is the number of words that can be recalled if reading a list of say 20 words. Digit
span, operation span, reading span etc. are similar tests.
Models of working memory evolved over time:
Atkinson & Shiffrin
(1971)
Baddeley & Hitch
(1974) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
■ However he tested normally for long–term learning and memory, and had no problems
understanding normal speech, so spared LTM.
■ This suggests STM and LTM are distinct and normal STM is not required for LTM to function
normally.
● Garden path sentences show we do retain words in memory as we process them (building up and
interpreting sentences) but there are competing theories:
○ Just and Carpenter (1992) claimed individual ability to hold multiple interpretations depends on
working memory capacity;
○ Caplan and Waters (1999) argued working memory isn't involved as comprehension is done by a
separate system.
5.1.3 Working memory as more than STM
● Baddeley and Hitch (1974) investigated whether STM acts as working memory:
○ They used a dualtask paradigm (if two tasks interfere with each other they may be competing for
the same limited resource):

■ Participants simultaneously did an STM test, remembering and repeating a sixdigit sequence,
along with one of three cognitive tasks: reasoning, language comprehension or list learning;
○ They found:
■ load in the STM task adversely affected cognitive performance, although a small number of items
could be remembered without affecting the main task much, suggesting that information might be
transiently stored and processed simultaneously by working memory, and that there may be two
systems involved, one for storage and one for
processing;

Working Memory Experiment
Working memory is defined as memory that is involved in our everyday tasks. It is "the active and
temporary representation of information that is maintained for the short term in one's mind to help
decide what to do next" (Gluck, 344). Working memory is a very pivotal part of our lives, because it
is this memory that helps us stay on our feets. Working memory works in different ways with every
individual. It has its own processes and there are significant working memory differences in every
age group from younger adults to older adults. This memory can also be called short term memory.
This paper will investigate the differences of working memory between younger and older adults,
use articles to show how various experiments explain the deficits of working memory in older
adults, and show how working memory is strongly needed in mathematical tasks with
schoolchildren. Let's start with some background information about working memory and how it is
utilized in everyday life. "Working memory refers to a brain system, or mental workspace,
responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information. It is different from short–term
memory, where information is stored and recalled in the same ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There was an associative deficit for older adults in the short–term and long–term intervals. Using
only short–term intervals, experiment 2 utilized mixed and blocked test designs to examine the
effect of test event salience. Blocking the test did not attenuate the age–related associative deficit
seen in the mixed test blocks. Finally, an age–related associative deficit was found in Exp. 3, under
both sequential and simultaneous presentation conditions. Even while accounting for some
methodological issues, the associative deficit of older adults is evident in short–term/working
memory."

The Working Class Essay
The Industrial Revolution consisted of scientific innovations, a vast increase in industrial
production, and a rapid growth of urban populations which consequently shaped a new social
structure in the European continent. Initially in the late eighteenth century, the new industrialization
period produced dominant bourgeoisie employers and a united men, women, and children workers.
The continued increase of factories coupled with a need for employees made the Proletariats within
a short period of time a large, underprivileged, hungry, and desperate for money. Meanwhile, their
bourgeoisie employers grew authoritative and wealthy as production and profit soared. Despite the
common ties between proletariat workers upon the outbreak of the ... Show more content on
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Thus, it was believed that conflicting classes existed because individuals developed an appropriate
sense of class–consciousness (Buckler 740). This consciousness is very obvious when looking at the
mindset of the middle–class owners. They were primarily focused on production and gave little
thought to the environment of their workers. As a result, most early factories contained extremely
unpleasant work conditions. Mills and factories were dangerously loud, and they were sweltering
hot in the summer while poorly heated in the winter. Work days consisted of endlessly long hours
and holidays were rarely granted. Furthermore, no laws or unions stood protecting the early urban
proletariat workers. Despite these horrid conditions, the proletariat workers were desperate for jobs
and were entirely dependant on their employers. Also, because of class–consciousness, they came to
accept their positions in society as grueling factory workers. On top of terrible work conditions, the
Proletariats' living conditions were less than satisfactory due to the rapid population increase in
urban cities. Until the Industrial Revolution, most of the continent's population was rural. However,
by mid–nineteenth century, half of all Europeans lived in cities and worked in the new industrial
factories instead of farms. This transformation of Europe from a rural to urbanized society depressed
the living standards of workers to horrendous levels. In doing so, however, it

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