Horizontal Debris Problem

Horizontal Debris Problem
Few months after the Cosmos 954 reentry, Skylab reentered over the Atlantic Ocean. As Skylab fell, worldwide concern grew. The chances that
pieces of Skylab would hit a person or cause property damage were extremely small. However, the Cosmos 954 and Skylab reentries increased
awareness that orbiting objects could pose hazards. It propelled the orbital debris research and awareness program.
The framers of the U.N.–sponsored space treaties of 1967 and 1972 were not aware of the hazards to space operations of orbital debris. Nevertheless,
space law experts generally agree that, in the
Absence of international treaties dedicated to regulating orbital debris, these international agreements remain the most pertinent to the orbital debris
problem. On July 13, 1988, S. Neil Hosenball, told the U.S. House Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications that Articles VI, VII, and IX of
the 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of theOuter Space Treaty can be applied to the orbital
debris problem.
The JSC orbital debris team learned of U.S. Air Force plans for the Sol wind ASAT test in July 1985. Shin
–Yi Su, with Lockheed at JSC, modeled the
effects of the test. He determined that debris produced would still be in orbit in the 1990s. It would force NASA to enhance debris shielding for its
planned LEO space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michael A. Michaud stated that Soviet Foreign Minister Edvard Shevardnadze had said in May 1988 that space "pollution" needed to be prevented.
He declared that the State Department saw "space debris as an inherently international issue. Nicholas Johnson then provided an overview of the orbital
debris technical issues. He reported that only 5 percent of the artificial objects in space are operational spacecraft. In the year prior to his testimony, he
stated, seven Soviet spacecraft had undergone high–intensity explosions. Johnson also stated that less than 20 percent of the human–made objects in
space were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Binary Data Analysis
Satellite sensors send bits of binary data to ground stations on Earth for processing into useful meteorological and environmental information enabling
enhanced decision making capabilities. Thereby, preventing injuries and fatalities, preserving assets, and reducing time delays. Binary data are
comprised of zeroes and ones. One bit contains either a "0" or a "1". A single bit, in and of itself, does not have a lot of value until it is used. The
same is true of information. Information does not have value until it is utilized.
Prior attempts to value information have used deterministic methods. However, these methods have been less than successful. There tends to be a level
of uncertainty associated with information, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This framework can be used to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of various types of data sources in relation to other types of data sources. For
instance, how does data from buoys contributes to forecast accuracy versus data ingested from microwave, satellite sensors versus measurements
obtained from radio occultation sensors versus observations from sondes, etc. The framework can be applied at the macro or micro–level. Although
macro–level uses should be considered a rough order of magnitude. It is important when doing comparisons that the data is normalized at the lowest
level possible (ideally bits) is used. Consistent, standardized data is required for this type of analysis.
Dollarizing the results is optional. Pegging the results to a currency will provide a benchmark for accessing the value of meteorological and
environmental information enabling better valuation assessments from source to source and program to program. The pegging can be altered as better
insights are gained from actual results. In this case, the data were pegged to a less volatile digital currency. The currency is less stable than the dollar
(currently), but then information downlinked from satellites is less stable than the words printed in a book. The selected digital currency has been
tested as a valid method for transmitting data and conducting transactions. In addition, pegging to a

The Space Race Continuity And Change
Walking, that's the original mode of transportation. The only things that could be moved are the things that can be carried and the furthest part of
the world was the furthest part a human could walk to. Then came sailboats and wheels and the world was drastically changed forever. Everything
changed. No one could walk on water so sailboats were the first things used to travel the rest of the world. There was more land and more water than
anyone man could walk to. Sailboats helped with that. When someone arrives in those places how is he or she supposed to carry everything? That is
when the wheel became so important. People had carriages and wagons and animals to pull those things which are on wheels. The entire world changed
as transportation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the late 50s and early 60s the United States was falling behind in this race, but it wasn't over. The next task was to be able to send groups of
people into space together on one ship. This initiated the Voskhod and Gemini programs, Voskhod in the Soviet Union and Gemini in the United
States. In the Soviets' case there was not much changed from the Vostok craft except for the fact that they could fit 2 or 3 people on the craft. The
Soviet Union only did two manned flights with the Voskhod program and left it; one flight in '64 and one in '65. The United States had completely
changed from their original Mercury program though. It had a new design and " the new design retained the conical, nickel–alloy walls and fiberglass
ablative heat shield of Mercury, it also made use of new features – such as translations control thrusters to alter orbit, hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells to
generate electricity, a radar system to allow rendezvous with other craft, and avionics that could withstand depressurization"(Universe Today). These
missions whether one manned or not all helped paved the way to the "final lap" in the race to space. The United States and the Soviet Union each
wanted to be the first to put a man on the moon; thus the start of the Soyuz and Apollo programs. For the UNITED States and NASA the Apollo
missions started in 1961, but the first flight was in 1967 after they concluded with all the Gemini missions. The first ever Apollo flight ended in
tragedy with an electrical fire starting and the capsule was destroyed killing the three people on board of the spacecraft. Many unmanned trials went
about until finally the second manned trial by NASA in December 1968 with the Apollo 8 flight. Unlike Apollo 1, Apollo 8 was a huge

Satellite Imagery Based Analysis Of Archaeological Looting
Many horrible and despicable acts have been committed during wartime. However, some of the worst acts committed are not readily known, such as
the destruction and looting of historical areas and heritage sites. Published in Near Eastern Archaeology, an article named "Satellite Imagery–Based
Analysis of Archaeological Looting in Syria" tackles this issue. In it Jesse Casana, the author, explains how his team is using satellite imagery (along
with ground reports) to track the widespread looting across Syria. Casana is currently an Associate Professor at Dartmouth College, in the
Department of Anthropology. He is also directing a survey project in the Diyala River Valley in Iraq. His previous engagement was as director of an
excavation at Tell Qarqur in Syria. His specialization is in the development and implementation of geospatial technology and its use in archaeology. The
combination of his boots on the ground experience in Syria, along with his specialization makes him a perfect candidate to lead the analysis on these
looting sites. There are many reasons that I chose to review this article, the foremost being that it simply sounded fascinating. In addition to that, I
wanted to gather more information as to where, why, and to what extent, looting was occurring. /!/
Since the start of the Syrian War in 2011, archaeologists have run into roadblocks with tracking specific damages and scope of the damage done to
historical sites and artifacts. This destruction takes many forms

Essay The Sputnik Launch
The world has experienced very many huge moments, such big moments in which sometimes you don't think it's really happening. October 4, 1957,
was one of those days. Because that was the day the world changed forever and there was no turning back. It was the day of the Sputnik launch.
Sputnik was a Soviet satellite that orbited in the earth's rotation 500 miles above the earth and traveling at about 18,000 mph. It took approximately
98 minutes for it to rotate the earth which meant it passed the United States seven times a day. It looked like it was from a whole another world or out
of a movie or a fantasy story. It consisted of a ball with four stem like structures coming out and pointing down at the ground. The ball like structure...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The launch of the Sputnik had such a big impact on America because "America thought of themselves as the world's technological leaders"
(Richerme 35). Also "the Soviets, after all, were not supposed to be good at technology" (DeGroot 3). This scared America and brought them into a
big crisis or as some call a race. This race was known as the space race and it was a very long and twisted path that it bared on its shoulders. Now that
after America and the Soviet Union where both partaking in the space race they both had suspicions about each other. Eisenhower, on the other hand,
saw satellites as "pointless unless they provided something useful back on Earth" (DeGroot 5). " A spy satellite, on the other hand, could provide
accurate pictures of Soviet military capabilities, thus enabling the United States to spend its defense budget wisely, without wasting huge sums on
challenging phantom forces" (DeGroot 5). America was worried about the Soviets spying on America because of security issues so America wanted
to pursue on building themselves a satellite to "provide accurate pictures of Soviet military capabilities" (DeGroot 5). The only problem was that "
Flying over another nation's territory without permission was, however, illegal under international law. What was not clear was whether the law
applied to satellites" (DeGroot 5). America and the Soviets were in a battle to see which world power could be the best. The

The Physics Of Satellites Orbiting Earth
Satellites orbiting earth will experience external perturbations that can affect the orbit. The primary force acting on the satellite depends on the altitude
of the orbit. The most significant effect is caused by atmospheric drag which affects satellites in low earth orbit. Outside of low earth orbit, satellites
still experience external forces that could change the orbit however unlike atmospheric drag, the orbit altitude will not necessarily decrease. In addition
to atmospheric drag, satellites are subject to thermal drag and gravity perturbations.
Atmospheric Drag: (Author: Emma)
Atmospheric drag effects all spacecraft orbiting earth below 2,000 km, producing both short periodic and slow perturbations. It is the is the largest
source of error in modeling the force on many satellites because it is difficult to predict [2]. Atmospheric drag is caused by the collisions of gas
molecules with the spacecraft. Over time, the collisions start to decay the orbit. Demonstrating a positive feedback effect, where drag decreases the
orbital altitude where the density is greater which produces more drag which then decays quicker. Factors that influence drag are the atmospheric drag
surrounding the spacecraft, as well as the spacecrafts drag coefficient, area, mass and velocity [1].
The atmospheric density is not constant and changes with solar activity. The solar magnetic activity cycle is the periodic change in the sun 's activity that
lasts around 11 years. During solar maximum,

Image Registration Matching Colors By Using Mosaic Image...
Image registration matching colours by using mosaic image for Baghdad city
ABSTRACT
Image registry is an essential question in twinned colours(Matching colours). It includes many influential applications in enrolment twin–prenominal
(Histogram, overlapping lines). It really is a procedure of placing two idols into a habitual coordinate system thus positioning them in mandate to
oversee innovate between environmental damage and problems of overlapping satellite images. Registration algorithms calculate, analysis and assess
of transformations to determine relationship between congruity two satellite images. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of
the existing literature available on image registration methods, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several application areas where image mosaic can be used. Some of them are: Tele–reality application, Robotics, Medical Applications,
Satellite Imaging, geological and archaeological research, ecology studies, environmental damage assessment and detection of temporal changes in
system, GIS. The form claim in an image mosaic are nicety in append the image, the aptitude to rectify colours, the skill to settle colours, the easiness of
method and litheness in its relevancy. The steps in image mosaic are: image registration, feature extraction, homograph computing, image wrapping and
image blending. The main problem of image mosaic is a combination of following problems: Geometric deformations, image registration and
overlapping in image.
A– Geometric Deformation Imagery:
Determines and decides for the images when are merged into a mosaic. This work may be traditional, but very important to a matching to the satellite
image with the map in the main side, and to identify the geometric transformations on the other hand and know it. Such as for example, rigid
transformation, a similarity transformation and projective transformation.
B– Imagery Integration algorithms Compact imagery arrangement is a fundamental task in image processing to overlay two or more. Integration
strategies could be the best options to review image mosaic into following points: 1– Strategies of algorithms that use side points such as

Government Funded Versus Privately Funded Human Life
Introduction to Government Funded Versus Privately Funded Human Spaceflight
Getting into space isn 't easy. It required the world 's largest superpowers and billions of dollars of research and development to create the first
rockets capable of carrying human beings into space. Approximately 60 years later, we find ourselves still struggling to reach LEO (low–Earth Orbit)
without breaking the bank. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the United States has lost its only dedicated vehicle capable sending
astronauts and payloads into orbit. Relying on the Russian Soyuz vehicle for our missions, the price of sending people into space has continued to be
astronomical. America needs a new line of cheaper rockets to fit the demand of future missions, and what role the government should play in this
expensive development process is a complicated debate which affects many people. We 're paying too much to go to space. NASA typically contracts
out launch vehicles from private companies for their launch needs, and historically they have almost always gone to the United Launch Alliance (a
joint venture between Lockheed and Boeing). Up until recently, they have been one of the only organizations capable of sending cargo to both
low–Earth orbit and geosynchronous orbit (an orbit which matches the trajectory of the craft with the rotation of the Earth). As a result, a monopoly
has been created, and the price of sending anything into space costs a ridiculous amount of money.

Land Development Essay
Construction/Job Site Inspections
Land Development
Another great use for drones in field of land development is for conceptual site plans. Too often we find ourselves trying to decipher a pixelated
Google Earth map that hasn't been updated in the last couple of years. This is especially handy when looking at redeveloping sites, since there is
often not much original design information available from the seller or local jurisdictions. The two images below are aerial shots taken above the
same site. The image on the left is from Google Earth, and the image on the right is from a drone with a 12 MP camera. It is much easier to spot the
true current condition of the lot from the drone image, and from that we can get a better understanding of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rotary–wing DRONEs are adding a new dimension by being able to offer a different perspective for these inspections. These DRONEs can hover and
operate below the conductor on the tower. High–definition, image–stabilized cameras that provide details of hardware, insulators and mounting
assemblies are now available, but before DRONEs, this could only be seen by someone climbing the structure. If LiDAR equipment is added to the
payload, the transmission line inspection also can include 3–D imaging from many different angles never before available. This is invaluable for tasks
such as vegetation management and clearance compliance.
Transmission providers are not the only energy providers using DRONEs; the generation side of the business has found many applications for these
remarkable devices, as has the renewable energy sector. A power plant has many areas requiring inspection to determine what maintenance needs to be
performed, ranging from the inside of boilers to the maze of piping found in plants. Wind and solar farms also require a great deal of inspection for
maintenance. Turbines are complex, and technicians cover everything from the tip of the turbine blade to the tower that supports the nacelles.
By using a DRONE for these inspections, there is no need to place personnel in dangerous positions requiring high–lift buckets, slings

The Effects Of Space Debris
Since the early years of the space age in 1957, scientists have immensely contributed to our understanding of the Solar System and beyond by
conducting numerous space missions. However, with Earth's atmosphere encircled by debris from defunct space crafts, the future of the space
exploration may be at great risk. Space debris, or "space junk" is the waste byproduct of non–functioning spacecraft and spacecraft fragments in Earth's
orbit (NASA 2017). This paper examines the origin of space debris, how debris threatens the future of spaceflight, and possible measures to mitigate
the effects of space debris.
Debris origin
A–Mission related debris. Space scientists sometimes overlook the amount of debris ejected into space during the satellite launch process. In fact,
satellite launches are responsible for approximately 12 percent of the current space debris in Earth's orbit (International Academy of Astronautics
2005). During the launch process, satellites eject debris of varying sizes into space. Some of the debris stays in space much longer than others. For
example, the upper stage of the satellite's launch vehicle has pyrotechnic fasteners, usually explosive bolts or nuts, that separate violently during the
launch of the satellite. This type of debris, which can vary widely in size, may roam around the Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) – an orbit around Earth with
an altitude of 2,000 kilometers or less – for nearly two weeks before they return to Earth's atmosphere (Dunn 2008).

Save Baby Girl
"Daughter is the knot that ties the family together". "A baby girl..one of the most beautiful miracles in life, one of the greatest joys we can ever
know,& one of the reasons why there is a extra sunshine, laughter and happiness in our life today." In many traditional cultures, fathers and
mothers would pray for a boy who would be able to help in the field. In these cultures, the value of daughter was not understood. A father has a special
relationship with his daughter as she will judge all men by his standard. A mother's task is to show her daughter the complex task of growing into a
woman. We no longer live in an agricultural society and woman are free to accomplish intellectually and occupationally what they couldn't in the past. A
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Man is God's best creation. His intelligence and thirst for knowledge has led him to explore even the impossible. The exploration of space by man
is an example of his thirst for knowledge and desire for adventure. This is also one of the greatest achievements of man. Space contains the whole
universe including all the planets, the sun, the moon and the stars. The limit where the earth's atmosphere ends is called outer space. Yuri Gagarin of
Russia in 1961, became the first man to go into space. He circled the earth in 108 minutes and returned safely. Later, in 1963, Valentina Tereshkova
became the first women to go into space. She stayed in orbit for 5 days and returned safely to the earth. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin of
America became the first men to land on the moon. They reached the moon on board the spaceship Apollo–11 and spent 21 hours on its surface. They
collected rock and soil samples and returned safely to the earth. As time went on, many successful attempts were undertaken. Rakesh Sharma was the
first Indian to be sent to space. Satellites and spacecrafts have been launched for various purposes. The atmosphere in space is used for television
programmes, radio broadcasts, telecommunication, etc. Satellites provide advanced disaster warning and help to forecast the weather. Distance
educational programmes, natural resources management, etc. are controlled by satellites. Space research can help us to find the origin of the

A Study On Radarsat 1
RADARSAT–1 was a satellite launched by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) in 1995 that incorporated a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor
operating in the C–band (frequency of 5.3 GHz). RADARSAT–1 stopped transmitting because of a technical problem in March 2013. The
RADARSAT–1 images were ordered from the Alaska Satellite Facility website (www.asf.alaska.edu). The RADARSAT satellite was designed with
seven SAR imaging beam modes. Each beam mode offers a different areal coverage (from ~50 km x 50 km/scene to ~500 km x 500 km/scene) and
resolution (from 8 m to 100 m). The RADARSAT instrument also offers a range of incidence angles from 10В°– 59В° allowing us to choose from a
selection of beam positions within each beam mode. RADARSAT–1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RADARSAT–1 was also implemented to provide data products for commercial applications such as shipping, oil exploration, offshore oil drilling, and
resource management. RADARSAT–1 has been used to collect substantial and significant science data sets of Antarctica and Arctic sea ice. For this
study the 'Standard Mode' was used and the SAR images have a swath width of 100km and a spatial resolution of about 25–30 m. For this research,
images were selected in beam modes 1, 2, 3, and 5 (where the S denotes 'Standard Mode'), that provided lower incident angles between 20 – 42o in
descending mode.
For this research, nine RADARSAT–1 SAR images were acquired over the Ward Farm SCAN region during summer period of 2007 while twenty one
RADARSAT–1 SAR images were acquired over the Nenana SCAN region during summer period of 2006. The choice for chosen the RADARSAT–1
images was due to availability of the in–situ liquid water content, which allowed us to calibrate and validate using the EA–IEM algorithm. Table 1
shows the main characteristics of the RADARSAT–1 SAR images used in this study.
B.MEASURED LIQUID WATER CONTENT OBSERVATIONS
In–situ liquid water content observations are necessary to investigate both active microwave remotely sensed and modelled liquid water content. The
in–situ liquid water content measurements that were used for this study are freely available on the Internet from

Death By Falling Trash Essay
Death By Falling Trash Scientists are warning people about the dangers of the space junk orbiting around the Earth. There is so many issues with
the trash is space, but no one has tried to solve the problem. Many people believe that something needs to be done about it because it is a huge
problem. On the other hand, some people believe that it is not a big deal and people need to stop worrying about it. Trash is clustering in space, and
could potentially be dangerous to the people on Earth. According to DOGOnews, "NASA scientists estimate that there is currently over 500,000
particles of marble–size and even larger debris." This statistic is proof that space junk is out there everywhere. To begin with, some people believe
that something needs to be done about the debris in space. This trash is space is dangerous to Earth and has already been a threat. According to
DOGOnews, "The biggest threat came in July 2011 when scientists noticed American satellite UARS hurtling down. Fortunately, the minivan–sized
debris landed in a remote region and caused no harm." If the debris would've landed in a different area, it could've caused a lot of damage and harm
to people, as well as homes, buildings, cars, etc. People think that something needs to be done about this problem. There has been many ideas and
attempts to design a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earth is in a dangerous spot with the debris in it's orbit. According to NEWSELA, "The estimated tally of tiny objects is now around 150 million. The
smaller debris can harm or damage spacecraft in the event of a collision and are hard to track." Eliminating all the debris would be a difficult and
expensive task, but a step in the right direction. Many dangers and harms come from this. In my opinion, if something doesn't get taken care of soon, a
terrible catastrophe will take place. Take a stand on what you believe, and band together with people to make something

We Can Put A Man On The Moon, But Why Can 't We Make...
We Can Put a Man on the Moon, but Why Can't We Make Killer Robot Police?
In the recent past, NASA has been doing excellent and outstanding things in the outer space. The media has hyped the show and depicted NASA as a
genius (Frederick). Most people would say that the operations of NASA are exhilarating, but in my opinion, I am left flabbergasted! Could the skills
used to put a man on the moon be duplicated to improve the state of life for humans? Can't they decide to invent robots that will play an essential role to
curb the rising insecurities? NASA commitments and objectives just boil my blood. Personally, I am not moved by NASA creativity and innovation
because I would want to see better things from NASA. I imply that the government could support NASA to land a man on the moon; however, we can't
make a deadly robot police that will protect people from theft, terrorism, drug trafficking, or any other illegal activities. What type of concerns are we
putting ahead in such a nation? In this paper, I will address our concerns regarding why we have the capability of putting a man on the moon, but we
can't make killer robot police.
Lately, newspapers articles have been talking about the problem of truancy among high school students. This has affected their academic performance
because teachers and parents are yet to find the best solution to this problem. Nonetheless, I obtained information in the New York Times Newspaper
that the United States government has an expenditure

Methods Of Observation A Surface Measurements
II. Methods of observation
A. Surface Measurements
Rain gauge observations dating back to 1986 have been used to estimate precipitation rates. Figure 1 shows the distribution of rain gauges around the
globe. Precipitation is measured in terms of the total depth of a flat surface area, assuming no water vapor is lost by melting or evaporation. Precipitation
depth is measured in inches in the United States and in millimeters for research purposes and most other countries. Frozen precipitation is melted and
added to the total amount of rainfall (i.e. liquid water equivalent). Precipitation measurements may utilize either touched (mechanical gauges)
instruments, such as standard rain gauges and tipping buckets, or untouched instruments (remote sensing gauges). Untouched measurements may use
disdrometer or remote sensing by radar.
A standard rain gauge consists of four components: a large outer container, a measuring tube, a collector funnel, and a measuring stick. Disdrometers
measure the drop size distribution and the resulting velocity of falling hydrometeors, which in combination can be used to estimate the precipitation
rate. The size distribution can be used to measure radar reflectivity.
Surface measurements may contain several errors due to potential losses of evaporation/runoff and the melting of frozen precipitation. Surface
contamination may occur as wind, soil, and vegetation must be accounted for. Other factors may include the diameter or height of the gauge

The Cold War Era Essay example
The Cold War Era
Works Cited Missing
The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the biggest technological effect on society. This era,
The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of
space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race.
On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched
Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government organizations had been
working on the idea of space flight. These organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became developing
technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space.
The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi Germany launched its first successful V–2 rocket
in October 1942. The V–2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4]
With the disastrous ability of the V–2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very
prevalent part of American society. Families built bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non–perishable goods to help them sustain
life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung
heavily in the air causing such historical events as the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear
of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious effect of technology on the society of the times.
The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fear

Nasa Announced The End Of The Shuttle Program
Introduction On April 28, 2001, the Russian Soyuz rocket blasted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in central Kazakhstan carrying its cargo and
crew to the International Space Station. Unlike any previous mission, this time there was a new crew member on board. Dennis Tito, a wealthy
American businessman, was the first private citizen to go to space. He paid approximately $20 million to the Russian space program for a seat to the
ISS and back. This signaled to the world that commercial spaceflight was a viable business, and there are people out there that are willing to pay to
experience it. NASA announced the end of the shuttle program in 2011, and in 2012 it launched the final Space Shuttle mission. Commercial space
flight took off soon after that as private companies started up and began to fill the void left by the program. This is a rather new industry focused
mainly on transporting cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS) but also on sending astronauts and civilian travelers to space and putting
satellites and other objects into orbit. Currently there are 39 companies in this industry in the United States and these companies are not publicly
traded. Each of these companies are at different stages of development as they strive to overcome the obstacles that in the way of commercial
spaceflight. In recent years there has been many advancement in the industry as each company focuses on different areas in this industry and applies
different

Future Human Space Exploration And Operations
Asteroids will provide the means to transform future human space exploration and operations in to large scale activities. They will first provide a rich
source of minerals and material for initial economic expansion and concurrently providing platforms for operations and manufacturing. Eventually,
asteroids could be used as space vehicles to move humans across and possibly beyond the solar system effectively becoming mobile bases of operations
and even space colonies. The only significant limitations for this future growth are technological capability and legal ambiguity for large scale human
space activity. For any space activity to overcome its limitations and get off the ground, the activity must generate a great deal of interest.
Asteroids have long been of high interest to the scientific community to help answer many early solar system mysteries. However, industrialists such as
Deep Space Industries have taken an interest in these objects as well1. They are already creating companies to attempt mining some of these objects.
Upon close inspection the composition of asteroids relative to Earth something amazing appears. Asteroids contain as much or orders of magnitude
more than the Earth critical materials needed to create a thriving economy2. This explains the interest in space industrialists particularly when
considering our current capability for creating spacecraft.
Current space launches can be prohibitively expensive and dangerous. The cost per pound has always been

The Evolution and Importance of Reconnaissance Satellites...
After the U–2 incident of 1960, more emphasis was placed on safer methods of acquiring reconnaissance imagery. The first photographic
reconnaissance satellite program was the codenamed Discovery. These first satellites could see objects as small as 35–40 feet and once they ejected
their film capsule, the satellites were forced to reenter and burn up in the atmosphere. The latest declassified satellite is from the late 1970s and can
focus on objects as small as 5.5 inches. Instead of using a film canister, the KH–11 series of satellites uses a digital sensor and communications
satellites. Because of the classified nature of these satellites, little is known about the latest generations of satellites. However, from what the public does
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CORONA, the codename for program for the first generations of satellites, allowed the United States to have relatively recent imagery of any place
on the globe. From 1960 to 1972, some form of the CORONA system was in orbit. In 1962, the fourth generation was given the name KH–4 (Key
Hole, like looking through to see), and the previous generations were retroactively given the preceding numbers. KH–1 through KH–4B flew 144
missions, returning usable film 102 times. The retrieval method was one that we would call unorthodox today, but without a way to transmit the data
easily back to earth a different system would need to be developed. After the several thousand foot roll of film was shot, it was ejected from the
satellite in a reentry vehicle. The capsule would reenter the atmosphere and deploy a parachute. This would then ideally be caught by a special plane.
If the plane was unable to recover the capsule, a military ship was waiting to retrieve it. The next generation of satellites would start to bring the
military and intelligence community the high quality imagery it desired. This series was codenamed GAMBIT. The first, KH–7 was essentially the
same as CORONA, but with a better a camera. It featured the same single capsule ejection/recovery system. The great leap forward was when an
improved version of this camera was paired with a new satellite design. The KH–8 featured two or three return capsules, solar panels, and more fuel.
This allowed these

The Current Methods Used For Extra Terrestrial Intelligence
DISCUSS THE CURRENT METHODS USED TO SEARCH FOR EXTRA–TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE, SUCH AS RADIOTELESCOPES
AND SPACE PROBES. GIVE YOUR OPINION ON HOW LIKELY IT IS THAT LIFE WILL BE DISCOVERED AND GIVE EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
WHAT IS EXTRA–TELESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Extra–terrestrial Intelligence can be abbreviated to ETI, which asks the question; 'Are we alone in this universe?' ETI is life discovered beyond Earth,
not organisms that humans sent to space. Scientifically, extra–terrestrial life may be titled; xenobiology, exobiology or astrobiology.
SATELLITES
Satellites are objects placed into orbit around celestial objects such as, planets or stars. Artificial satellites collect information about a terrestrial object
and send it to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows communication satellites to remain in the same position in relation to the ground.
–Inclined orbit: An inclined satellite passes over a different part of the planet each orbit.
–Polar orbit: A polar orbit passes over the north and south poles each orbit crossing various places in the equator each orbit.
–Elliptical orbit: An elliptical orbit has no specific speed or distance, it depends on the apogee (furthest distance away) and perigee (closest to the
surface).
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, and satellites have continued to be launched since 1957. Sputnik 1 was a small aluminium ball with four
antennas attached, although modern ETI's have more complex bodies they are still designed following the same basic structure. With experimentation,
these bodies have been designed to be as strong and light as possible with the same essential uses. There is a platform named a bus inside satellites
which has; antennas, solar arrays and payload instruments attached. It also contains batteries, computers and thrusters. Satellites have large panels
attached as they have to charge themselves, these arrays can be tilted to allow for the most amount of sunlight possible. If the satellite drifts into shade
rechargeable batteries become the new power source.
SPACE PROBES
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that exits Earth to explore space. Probes

Economic Impact Of The Space Race
Economic Impacts of the Space Race By: Kimia
The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred during the Cold War. They competed for dominance in
space technology and spaceflight, which spurred many significant inventions and events. Some of these inventions and events include the first–ever
landing on the moon, the first artificial satellite to be launched into the Earth's orbit, the establishment of NASA, the invention of the microprocessor
computer, the invention of satellite communication technology, and other direct and indirect impacts. Each of the different events and inventions that
spawned from the space race have had significant impacts on the United States economy.
After the end of World War II on September 2, 1945, a new era called theCold War began. The Cold War was a non–violent state of political and
military tension between the democratic and capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union: two of the biggest powers of the world at the
time. However, they were drastically different in both economy and politics, allowing rivalry to build up. They both wanted to become the most
powerful nation of the world, and both feared that the other nation would rise up to become the most powerful nation of the world.
Throughout the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union, the USSR, tried to outspend and outdo each other. They looked for any advantage they could
get to achieve more attainments than the

Space Debri Research Paper
Name: Yuhao Ren
Date: 10/20/2016
Class: ESS 102
Space Debris
There are kinds of materials, always floating around in the space. When astronauts are doing the space traveling, it is the worst thing to come across
with these materials. Some people may be not familiar with these materials; however, the one I was talking about is called space debris in the term of
space science.
Space debris is made up with both natural particles and artificial particles, which are called as meteoroids and man–made products. Natural particles
are always in the track around the sun; however, most of the artificial particles are in the orbit about the earth. So we may call these as orbital debris,
which are always in the orbit of stars. (Space Debris and Human Spacecraft, 2013)
According to the prediction, there are more than 21,000 pieces of orbital debris which are larger than 10 centimeters and half a million bits of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can rely on some basic methods to eliminate debris. Grabbing debris directly from the machine and throwing them into a part of space where can
burn up rapidly. Furthermore, laser work as well, which use the power from the photon. It can slow them down till to the atmosphere of the earth.
(Incredible Technology: How to Clean Up Dangerous Space Jun, 2013)
Cited Sources:
"Space Debris and Human Spacecraft." NASA. NASA, 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
@NolaTRedd. "Space Junk: Tracking & Removing Orbital Debris."Space.com. N.p., 8 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
"Space Debris FAQs." The Aerospace Corporation. N.p., 2016. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
By Default, If the Menu Opens on the Right, We. "How We Can Prevent Space Junk: The Dangers of Space Debris." Bright Hub. N.p., 23 Jan. 2012.
Web. 21 Oct. 2016.
@mirikramer. "Incredible Technology: How to Clean Up Dangerous Space Junk." Space.com. N.p., 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Oct.

Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
4.
Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
In Monsoon–2004, severe flood situations in the States of Assam and Bihar caused major devastation. Many district head quarters got totally cut–off
from the State head quarter and neighboring districts due to submerged telephone exchanges or damaged cables and disrupted roads and railways
communication. In the worst affected districts the need for relief and rescue operation could not be communicated to the State head quarters. Realizing
this, State
Government requested National Disaster Management Division of the Government of India to immediately send the emergency coordination kits
containing satellite phones to establish communication links among the severely affected districts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may lead to severe losses in terms of human lives, livestock and property. The prime communication networks of Government of India. NIC:
National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a premiere Science & Technology organization of the Government of India in this field. It functions through a
nationwide information and communication technology (ICT) network called NICNET.
29
BSNL: The Department of Telephone Operations, Government of India became a corporation on October 1, 2000 and was christened Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Limited (BSNL). Today, BSNL is a leading telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India. It has a network of
over 45 million lines covering 5000 towns with over 35 million telephone connections. Its responsibilities include improvement of the quality of
telecom services, expansion of telecom network, introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers.
Modes for Emergency Communication RADIO COMMUNICATIONS In the scenario where normal telephone and mobile phone network is
disrupted or such services have never existed in the disaster affected area, we need to find out other reliable means of communicating urgent messages
from the site to shorter and longer distances. The first obvious choice is to establish a wireless radio

How Do Tawny Owls Evolve
Tawny Owls have evolved On this week discussion, I would like to explain how the Tawny Owls have evolve. Nowadays, our global climate change
as affected many animal species, and the Tawny Owls are not the exception. The tawny owl has two different type of feather grey and reddish–brown
colours. The tawny owls are evolving in response to climate change. In the past, our winter season it used to be longer, and the predominant colour was
gray, but this has change gradually to the point that they grey is almost extinguish. The shorter winter and the highest temperature have cause that
gradually the feather of the tawny owl turns brown. The tawny owl darker pigmentation affects them in the past, especially in the winter, also they
were, and

Pros And Cons Of Space Race
Do We Need Another Space Race? The possibility of a second space race has grown stronger than ever recently. After the launch of the most
affordable and the second most powerful rocket of all time, the Falcon Heavy by SpaceX, the subject has been given new life. Following the
successful launch, Elon Musk, the head of SpaceX, stated that he wants to start a second space race. Already, his wish has started coming true. After
only a week after the first launch, many other companies have already stated their own plans for rocket launches and development. However,
throughout all the excitement and speculations, people are forgetting to ask an important question: do we even need another space race? The original
space race took place from the estimated years of 1957 all the way through 1975, starting with the launch of the first man made satellite, the Sputnik I,
and ending with the Apollo–Soyuz mission, which contained a Soviet cosmonaut and an American astronaut shaking hands in outer space, closing off
the space race with a rather symbolic ending. During the space race, the United States and the Soviet Union, who were the strongest nations in the world
at the time, both competed to make the most scientific and technological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a few downsides scattered around that are either entirely unavoidable or just simply need to be worked out. The biggest problem that
would most likely form is the increased amount of pollution that would result from a higher launch rate for rockets and other space fairing vehicles.
The Falcon Heavy rocket used around 970,034 pounds of fuel during the test flight from February of 2018. SpaceX also plans on launching another
rocket every two weeks sometime in the future, which would unfortunately cause major environmental damage unless a new, less damaging fuel type
or more efficient propulsion method could be developed, or if SpaceX would change their plans to be a little less

U.s. National Security : The World 's Largest Country Essay
With the focus on terror–based groups and the Middle East over the last fifteen years, many in the United States (US) are unfamiliar with the threat
more conventional nation–states pose to the country's national security. China, Iran, and Russia are seen as the three biggest threats to U.S. national
security. AlthoughRussia does not dominate the intelligence disciplines of HUMINT, OSINT, and cyber, its strengths in SIGINT, IMINT, and MASINT
make it the biggest threat to the US.
HUMINT
Russia's HUMINT program is slightly behind China's, but slightly ahead of Iran's. China encourages its citizens to bring back information when they
travel abroad. As the world's largest country, this gives them an almost unlimited supply of sources to bring back information to the motherland. China
also sees non–native Chinese as still owing allegiance to China and draws on people's ethnic ties as another means to recruit sources and gather
intelligence (Pike n.d.). Although exact numbers of HUMINT operatives for Russia and China are unknown, Russia likely possesses fewer human
assets than China. Along with having fewer people to work with, Russia uses standard HUMINT tactics to recruit sources and gather information.
These tactics include paying for intelligence or using blackmail to force people into giving Russia secrets (Pike 2012). Despite several high–profile
discoveries of Chinese and Russian agents in the US over the past 30 years, both China and Russia remain highly proficient of

My Sci Fi Of The Earth Of A Space
Hao–Lin Yang
0834238
My sci–fi paper will be something along the lines of "A day in the life of a space garbageman" set a few decades in the future when an orbital
spaceship has been developed that can track down and remove space debris from orbit. The article will explain in detail the technologies that will
make such a spaceship possible such as electric or tether propulsion, life support, and garbage collecting means. It will also explain the various
hazards of prolonged stays in orbit such as space weather and effect of microgravity on a human.
Space Debris
Space debris is any particle, whether natural or man–made, floating around in space[1]. This paper will focus on man–made space debris in orbit
around earth. First, will define ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orbital debris come from a variety of human activity in orbital space. One major source of orbital debris comes from launched rockets and man–made
satellites[1]. When a rocket is launched, the upper stage booster that gives a spacecraft its final boost into orbit is often left in orbit[2]. These boosters
may stay in orbit for decades and if there is still fuel remaining inside them they may explode and create a cloud of debris[2]. One example was
when a Chinese Long March 4 exploded on March 11, 2000 [3]. The payloads of the rocket often contribute greatly to the amount of orbital debris
as well. In 2009, two satellites smashed into each other and created a cloud of debris with over a 1,000 pieces longer than 10 centimeters [4]. While
collisions between debris do not add to the total mass of debris in orbit, they do add to the number of smaller pieces and increase the chances of
further collisions in the future[4]. There were even cases where debris was created from intentional destruction of satellites in order to test anti–satellite
weapons[5]. The amount of debris is increasing with human activity in space.
The growing number of orbital debris inconveniences and even endangers future space missions. Low mass particles often impact the solar panels of
spacecraft in orbit[6]. This creates a

Geckos Research Paper
Two pairs of sticky feet, a round body and some inspiration by geckos, the amazing lizards that can climb easily on walls, were enough for NASA
to create a next generation climbing robot to help the engineers carry repair work on the ISS (International Space Station). After that and the NASA's
news rocket design to get us to Mars, you'll believe that everything is possible. GECKOS? Geckos, according to the Wikipedia are lizards living in
warm climates and their size ranges from 0.62 to 23.6 inches. Their toes have an adaptation that allow them to adhere to most surfaces using their
spatula–shaped setae on their footpads. That was the concept that Aaron Parness and his colleagues from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
California used and

Analysis Of The Film Gravity
I want to start by recognizing that in my earlier film papers I have made the mistake of summarizing all of the science in each of the films from start
to finish. By doing so my paper essentially became a summary of the film rather than an explanation of the science found within it. To avoid repeating
these mistakes I would like to focus on a few scientific concepts that I found interesting in this film, Gravity. The first, and likely most obvious is the
concept of surviving in space. Second, the concept of floating freely in space. Third, the concept of decomposition in the zero–gravity atmosphere of
space. And fourth, the part of the movie where lieutenant Kowalski propels himself with a fire extinguisher. I believe thatIsaac Newton's three laws can
help me to explain these concepts. Gravity was a thrilling film that showed a situation in which astronauts were stranded in space without a spacecraft
or any means of communication. The surviving astronauts had to fight for their lives in theoretically hardly survivable and unlivable conditions. The
main dilemma, and theme of the entire film, was the destruction of the International Space Station (ISS) and most of the astronauts on board. Russia
launched a missile into space to destroy one of their satellites. This turned into a problem when the launch was successful, but the target was missed
and the mission failed. Debris was left spiraling through space at a rapid pace. Dr. Ryan Stone survived the destruction along with

The Space Race Essay
The years after World War II was a time of great scientific and technological advancements. With these advancements came great tension and rivalry
between the United States and the former Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR). The biggest rivalry between the two superpowers was the
advancement in space technology. In 1952, the International Geophysical Year (IGY) was established in which scientists stated that in the time
between July 1, 1957 and December 31, 1958, solar activity would be at a high point. The IGY made it so that both the US and the USSR became
determined to be the first to reach space, and so the space race was born. During the space race, the USSR made many launches that were very
advanced and superior to the US.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This launch was extraordinary because it put the first living mammal into space. "This satellite was much heavier than Sputnik 1, having two cabins,
one for the equipment and controls and another for Laika, the dog. Laika's cabin provided her with oxygen, food, water and allowed the dog enough
room to lie down and stand"(Siddiqi). It was predicted that Laika would live for ten days, but due to thermal problems inside the satellite she only
survived for about two. At the time of Sputnik 2, there was no mention of the US even trying to send any living organism into space because they were
still having trouble with regular satellite launches. This launch not only further emphasized the Soviet Union's superiority to the United States, but it
also provided scientists with the first data of a living organism in space and foreshadowed the future in human space travel. By the anniversary of
Sputnik 1, it seemed like the United States were catching up to the Soviet Union in terms of satellites launched. The US had now launched three
Explorers and one Vanguard while the USSR had launched three Sputniks. Although the US had launched more satellite than the USSR, Sputnik 1
weighed more than all four of the US satellites combined and Sputnik 3 weighed and astonishing 2,950 pounds. The three US launches couldn't
compare to the Soviet Union's launches because the Sputnik launches were so much more technologically advanced, once

The Space Of Space Exploration
Introduction Since the beginning of the Space Race between the US and USSR, human civilization began to step forward into a new era of space
exploration. Numerous artificial objects were sent onto the earth orbits for various purposes. Their existence brought human race a broader vision and
deeper understanding upon the outer space. However, many of them and parts remain in space. Some were retired and deserted, and some shattered into
pieces. More and more have realized that,these out–of–control objects, are nowadays a big concern we cannot ignore for planning our future space
missions. This research paper will focus on the facts concerning the population and danger due to the existence of space debris. Also, it will also
introduce the current methods of taking surveillance over these space junk and the effort made to reduce their number. Condition and Growth of
Current Space Debris Population NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office posted an estimation on its website that 95%[ http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov
/photogallery/beehives.html (cited 1/15/2015)] of the tracked earth orbit objects are space debris. They are out–numbered and threatening our
functioning spacecrafts and satellites in a way of taking space on earth orbits, limiting our space projects in an invasive way. One of NASA's report
indicates that the population of the orbital debris estimated by NASA on LEO(Low Earth Orbit) has exceeded 300,000. Over 19,000 of them were
tracked by Department of Defense's

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Geospatial Satellite Imagery
Over the past decade, the ability of large financial institutions to accurately predict changes in the price of financial securities by using advanced
technology has increased exponentially (Bloomberg). Specifically, the introduction of affordable geospatial satellite imagery has enabled investment
managers to estimate crop yields, oil supply, and livestock quantities with low margins of error. This information is used to inform trading decisions,
which often result in large profits (Woyke). While extremely useful, this technology is only available to a select number of institutions, as they have
signed exclusivity and pricing agreements with the technology firms providing the data. These agreements prevent small investment funds and... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One salesperson from Planet Labs offered one million square miles of daily corn imagery for a $300,000 per month subscription (McDonald). A
second salesperson from Descartes Labs offered all U.S. corn and soy imagery for $500,000 per month (Smith). For a multi–billion–dollar or
multi–trillion–dollar institution, this cost is negligible when compared with the potential returns. However, smaller firms and retail investors have
been priced out of the market entirely according to Tian Nan from Almitas Capital, a $150 million hedge fund in Southern California. The
salesperson from Descartes Labs told Nan that he was not authorized to sell data any cheaper due to pricing agreements with their 'main client'.
Furthermore, he disclosed that even if someone is willing to pay the market price for data, it would be delayed 24 hours due to terms in the
agreement. In most cases, after 24 hours, the data is useless for trading purposes; it is simply too late to make a profitable decision. Phone
conversations with representatives from TellusLabs, Orbital Insight, and Quandl revealed the same findings as Descartes Labs. Clearly, the larger
institutions have a distinct advantage and the power to block others from trading profitably in the commodities markets. If only large institutions have
access to superior information, smaller

Difference Between Climate, Weather And Meteorology
Alejandro Delapena
Atmospheric Sciences 100
May 11, 2016
Austin Harris
Meteorology Essay
Part one: Explain the difference between Climate, Weather and Meteorology.
Despite the fact that weather, climate and meteorology are correlated; all three topics differ from each other. With this out of the way, meteorology is
defined as the study of both the atmosphere's climate and weather. The main difference in between climate and weather is that they are determined by
time; meaning that weather is known as the conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time, while climate is the average conditions recorded
of the atmosphere's weather over a long period of time.
For instance, when we talk about "climate change" we are talking about how the atmosphere's average behavior has changed over time based on the
current weather. Weather is reported daily through current measured aspects of the atmosphere like temperature, wind speed and direction, dew point,
pressure and precipitation. Over time, these daily weather variables help meteorologists determine the climate for the given region they are analyzing.
By determining the climate of the region, meteorologists are able to roughly predict the weather for the future.
In summary, with the help of science and technology, meteorologists are able to accurately predict what the weather of a region will be for the next
few days. While, knowing the climate of the given region, they are able to make rough predictions on what the

The Growing Threat Of Space Debris Elimination Through...
The Growing Threat: Space Debris Elimination through Robotics
An over statement of the importance of the use of the Earth's orbital space is not possible. It is very apparent that we as the human race, while broken
up into many different countries, have grown accustom to the comforts, knowledge, and safety provided by the technology we launch into space.
Examples of the benefits are cellphones, GPS for direction, environmental studies, weather forecasting, defense, and much more. However, with every
placement of advanced technology into orbit the continuation of the ability to launch additional assets are at risk. The thousands of articles left
behind following the launch of spacecraft or vehicles generate that risk. Over the past fifty plus years, the risk has increased exponentially. Donald
Kessler, a NASA astrophysicist, shared his perception of such risk in 1978 (LaVone, 2014). Mr. Kessler theorized a self
–sufficient event capable of
eradicating viable assets within the condensed orbital space encompassing Earth. Mr. Kessler noted that the collision of defunct satellites or other
objects left behind in space are capable of ensuing a chain reaction of epic magnitude. The focus of Kessler's theory projected beyond the larger size
debris but "emphasized the imminent danger of small debris in orbit" (LaVone, 2014). At the time only theory, but now more than likely possible. The
preservation and continuation of space exploration have compelled other agencies,

The Space Of Space Exploration
Space exploration has opened up so many new aspects to what is really out there and we have accomplished many things in terms of discovery and
proof. There are issues involved with space exploration, though, such as space debris, astronaut safety, and the theory of space exploration really
being a mission to find an alternative livable space if Earth ever becomes uninhabitable. Understanding the real reasons why we are going to such great
lengths to find life in space could change the outlook on our future. For a long time, our endeavors in space exploration were based purely in the name
of science. When we made our first accomplishments, we made history. One of our most historical accomplishments was NASA's mission to the moon.
Buzz Aldrin was a lunar module pilot on the spaceflight Apollo 11 in 1969. He went alongside Neil Armstrong as the second man in history to step
foot on the moon. In his 2013 article in Astronomy, Buzz states, "Looking at Earth from that perspective, everything I knew and loved lay suspended
overhead, residing on a small, fragile, bright blue sphere engulfed by the blackness of space" (p.24). This sight that he explained not only changed his
perspective, but brought unspeakable awe to humanity's front door and changed our entire view of Earth. From that moment when these men landed
on the moon, and we saw our home from that distance, history was made. The successful outcome of this mission opened up a whole new set of
possibilities into the

One Giant Lie for Mankind: Was the Moon Landing a Hoax?
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," is one of the most recognized quotes by Neil Armstrong as he was taking the first human
steps on the moon. But was he actually on the moon? Some would say that on July 20, 1969, man did not make it to the moon and Neil Armstrong and
Edwin Aldrin never touched the lunar surface of the moon. The explanation is that the government faked the landing and moon walk somehow. Why
fake the moon landing though? This was a momentous time in American history and it could be a lie. If it is a lie there are many questions that could
be asked such as why lie about it, what proof is there that says there was not a moon landing, and how would the travel in space and landing have been
faked? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NASA created Project Mercury which was a small space capsule and rocket. Only astronauts less than 5' 11" could ride in these capsules and it was
still a tight fit. Astronauts said that the "Mercury capsule was not something you climbed into– it was something you put on," that is how small they
were." The Mercury rockets were not very safe, only having 40 percent of the launched rockets get into orbit but they later improved. These rockets
improved enough to send a chimpanzee named Ham into orbit. More improvements came along and Project Mercury later had Alan B. Shepard
make, "a short suborbital flight in a Mercury capsule and became the first American astronaut to enter space," on May 5, 1961. There were problems
before the launch that delayed it a couple hours but during it Shepard peed in his pants! Sending Shepard to space was a great jump for America but
Russia, one month before, sent Yuri Gagarin to space to be the first person to orbit the Earth one time. Even though America sent the second man to
space, it showed that they were catching up to Russia. A couple weeks after Shepard landed back on Earth, President John F. Kennedy gave a speech
saying:
"Now it is time to take longer strides– time for a great new American enterprise– time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement
which in many ways may hold the key to our future on earth... I believe that

Johannes Kepler 's A Perfect World
Johannes Kepler was a modern individual and he believed that God would have created a perfect world and in that world everything was
geometrically perfect. In Banville's book about Kepler it says, "The search for knowledge everywhere encounters geometrical relations in nature, which
God, in creating the world, laid out (Banville 1981, p.145)." As he pursued the answer to planetary motion, he assumed that the planets orbited the sun
in a perfect circle. He tried to seek order in his chaotic life through science and rational thought. While pursuing his research on planetary orbit, he
struggled to keep his three worlds; rational, emotional, and social; in order. Kendura says that a novel provides knowledge of life as lived by
individuals (Kendura 1988). Kepler's life definitely represents the hassles a normal person's life is like. In his rational world he could logically
come up with a reason for different phenomenas. He spends his life researching planetary orbit and astronomical tables. Dealing with his rational
world is somewhat easier than dealing with his emotional and social worlds because the rational world is based on research, facts, and evidence. For
Toulmin planetary orbit is just a physical law of nature, which according to the Cartesian Dichotomy would fall under the body and not the mind.
Kepler also follows the dichotomy in many ways, so he would probably agree with Toulmin.
His emotional life is probably the messiest of his three worlds. In his emotional

Low Earth Orbit Essay
Thomas Kern
ESS102
Research Paper
Space Debris in Low Earth Orbit
An unfortunate consequence of man exploring off planet has been the steady growth of junk from derelict and unused spacecraft. According to NASA
there are over half a million pieces of junk in low earth orbit. Because these pieces of junk travel at orbital speeds of around 17,500 miles per hour,
they posses tremendous amounts of energy and are capable of doing substantial damage (NASA). Most of the dangerous hard to track debris comes
from collisions (NASA). When old satellites are allowed to orbit on a collision free path they are relatively easy to track, and avoid. However,
problems arise once these satellites are involved in collisions. Collisions can break apart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A variety of techniques are being developed to try and put this principle into use, for constructing all sorts of things in low earth orbit. A proposed
method of recycling satellites is to tow old satellites out to mars where the materials could be used by future colonies. Tom Markusic CEO of
startup firefly systems, has a plan to do just that (Howell). Firefly systems plans to use solar powered craft to slowly and efficiently move things
from earths orbit to mars. Once there they could be broken down by colonists in orbit for their nuts bolts and various other components (Howell).
This could actually create a much needed market for supplies if space travel becomes commercialized. If part is needed part way through a mission
and it can be found on a derelict satellite, Tom Markusic's company could be the missing link that could retrieve a bolt or solar panel and bring it to
whoever needs it eliminating the need for an expensive launch from the earths surface.
Another potential way of recycling space craft is increasing their longevity. Often times only a single component fails taking down all of a satellite's
systems. If they are designed modularly then satellites would only require a simple part replacement to be working again. DARPA is currently
researching a craft that would dock with satellites, assess damage, and potential make repairs (Howell). Having

Review Of ' The Sci Fi
Ben Moulton
Erika Harnett
ESS 102 AA
15 Apr. 2016
Deadly Debris Humans tend to think of space as infinite, that is true as far as we can tell, however the space around Earth is not infinite. After the
Space race began in the late 1950's countries began sending satellites into space for various purposes. Today these Satellites are very important to
everyday life, but there is a looming problem that has often been overlooked. Low Earth orbit, where most satellites and spacecraft are located is
filled with the remains of many old and decaying satellites. Space debris is very dangerous for any human or structure in space and could eventually
make low Earth orbit too hazardous to ever use again. The Sci–Fi paper I am currently working on is a story about a group of astronauts in the near
future who are returning from mining an asteroid. In this story it is much like the moon landings in that people were very intrigued at first but have
lost interest now. These are just routine missions that hardly anyone knows or cares about. This all changes however when two satellites in high orbit
on Earth collide, one being a communication satellite with the astronauts. The unaware astronauts, now returning to Earth, have no idea what is
hurtling toward them at 15,000 miles an hour. NASA is unable to reestablish communication quickly enough and the craft is hit. Now adrift in space
the astronauts struggle to survive in the most hostile environment for humans. There are over five hundred

Horizontal Debris Problem

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