Abnormal Behavior In The 18Th Century

Abnormal Behavior In The 18th Century
Understanding abnormal behaviour has not been a smooth nor uniform evolvement over the centuries. There have been unusual, bizarre even views
and beliefs which have misguided theorists over the years (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2014). Throughout history, three general categories of
explanations of mental illness, fall into either biological, psychological or supernatural (Hergenhahn, 2001). Supernatural explanations began in
primitive times when people believed ailments were caused by mysterious forces entering the body. This prevailed until the first Greek physicians.
Until the 18th century however, supernatural explanations prevailed (Hergenhahn, 2001). Religion also played a part in choosing to not follow
biological and psychological models... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the eighteenth century, the biological model gained momentum as it assumed that all disease could be caused by malfunctions of the body, such as
the brain and that these abnormalities can be inherited (Hergenhahn, 2001). Hippocrates, at a much early stage, however also considered that
interpersonal factors could also be responsible (Austin, et al., 2015). There was better explanations for many physical ailments and brain pathology
played an important role in understand mental disease (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2014). Along the lines of Sigmund Freud, the psychological
model came to be, which proposes that psychological events can cause abnormal behaviour, experiences such as grief and fear, frustration and conflict
may all be causes. Organised society and the stress that comes with such has also been recognised as an explanation (Hergenhahn, 2001). The inner
dynamics of unconscious motives were discovered and over the last half century many have revised Freud's theory to evolve into new perspectives of
the psychodynamic model (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Abnormal Behavior: Post Traumatic Stress Disor
A type of abnormal behaviour is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly referred to as PTSD. Reasons people will develop PTSD is because of
suffering a traumatic experience, an example is being violently attacked, another is prolonged abuse. A biological psychologist would describe PTSD
by the stereotypical symptoms. These are a heighten autonomic activity, accelerated heart rate, a rise in blood pressure. Also, an exaggerated startle
response. Other factors affect how people react, such as social support, sex, age, among others, thus creating inconsistencies in how symptoms are
distinguished. A cognitive psychologist would describe PTSD as a abnormally functioning hippocampus, the part of the brain thought to be the centre
of emotions

Failure To Abnormal Behavior
Behaviour is considered abnormal under this definition if it is deemed to be unacceptable in the society. This approach comes with many limitations.
Social norm could be a desirability and is easily manipulated. Some societies find certain people undesirable, often the ones opposing government or
religion. In USA for example, in 1950s people with communist views were sent to mental health institutions. Every society is changing with the time,
change of believes and affected by other factors. For example homosexuality was classed as abnormality by World Health Organisation until 1980s, but
nowadays it is normal in the Western Society, while there are still numerous societies, where homosexuality is classed as abnormal. The norms vary
between the societies so significantly that a norm in them could be an opposite behaviour. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They form part of the base for the Global Assessment of Functioning, score of which indicates if person is abnormal. This method is very useful as
gives a clear checklist for assessment. At the same time this approach is also limited, as it does not define what abnormality is, but scores someone's
potential psychological problems and possible need of professional help. Secondly, any behaviour must be considered in the context, which is not
reflected in the assessment. Finally, person with mental disorder in some cases is able to function adequately in day to day life, while person affected
by factors, unrelated to the mental health could be failing. Deviation from Ideal Mental Health This is very different approach from others. In 1958
Marie Jahoda defined six characteristics of a person with ideal mental health. The main limitation of this approach is that extremely few people fulfil
all the criteria, making most of people

Abnormal Behavior As Its Own Discourse Community
Abnormal Behavior as its own discourse community.
Introduction:
In order to fully understand Psychology as a discourse community, I have decided to research the Abnormal behavior branch; which is a study in the
psychology field. I will then correlate that information to that of the psychology discourse community. Which will allow me to not only evaluate the
Abnormal behavior branch, using both Swales and Pratt's texts. Finally, I will most likely come to the conclusion based on my research, that while the
Abnormal behavior study is part on the psychology discourse community, it could also stand alone and be its own discourse community.
Definition of psychology terms: Psychology, is a scientific study of humans within not only an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Swales defined discourse communities as "groups of people that have the same goals or purposes, and use the same communication to achieve such
goals."
The six characteristics Swales uses to distinguish and evaluate a discourse community focus on:
The goals within such discourse community, and why those goals are important.
How members within the community, communicate
Why they use those forms of communication to communicate.
Whether or not that for of communication is its own genre in the discourse community.
If such community has a specific language, or just words that are used only in that discourse community.
Who evaluates and accepts new members within that community, and why they are in charge of those decisions. While researching the psychology
major, I found a report written by Marya Endriga, that focused on the Psychology minor at Sacramento State. This report summarized not only the
psychology minors goal; as a department, but also that of the psychology major. In which it also encompasses the same goal as that of the psychology
minor. The psychology major and minor can be seen as ways in which the psychology discourse community as a whole operates, and why it operates
that way.
According to Endriga, the psychology departments goal, is to provide an understanding of human behavior and what forms that behavior. Also, how to
better help those in need with their emotional in–depth of certain situations. This means that, the

Abnormal Psychology : A Study Of Unusual Emotion, Thoughts...
Abnormal psychology is the study of unusual emotion, thoughts or behavior. It basically constitutes individual who are not what society would deem
as normal and follow the norms of a particular culture. Individuals that are constantly not able to adapt and function properly in various conditions can
be viewed as abnormal because a number of factors could be restricting them from functioning effectively in a society. The definition of what is
"abnormal" has changed over time, across different cultures, and is different for individuals within a particular culture. These unusual emotions,
thoughts or behaviors may correlate with mental disorders. A distinct set of theories are used to understand these forms of abnormality.
Psychopathology can be defined as the study of mental disorders. In more direct terms it focuses on abnormal behavior, mental distress and mental
illness. This form of study looks to examine different elements that would affect the mental state or physical being of an individual. When looking at
the subject matter of abnormality I can see that there are many books and movies that incorporates characters that demonstrate abnormal behaviors. A
movie that consists of characters exhibiting abnormality throughout is Silver Linings Playbook. The movie Silver Lining Playbook portrays two
primary characters, Pat Solitano and Tiffany Maxwell. Both of these characters have psychological disorders that they struggle with. Pat who was a
teacher finds

Abnormal Behavior In Ancient Greece
Historians who have examined the unearthed bones, artwork and other remnants of ancient societies have validated that these societies regarded
abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits. People of prehistoric societies believed that all events around and within them the results of the actions
of magical, sometimes sinister, beings who controlled the world. In particular they viewed the human body and mind as a battleground between
external forces of good and evil. Abnormal behavior was interpreted as a victory by evil spirits and the cure for such behaviors was to force the
demon out of the body through exorcism. During the 5th and 3rd centuries B.C.E., the Greeks changed the way that psychological disorders were
viewed. The philosopher

The Similarities Between Schizophrenia And Abnormal Behavior
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that effects the individual's thoughts, feelings and actions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
n.d.). This disorder leads to what society defines as abnormal behaviour. Through an analysis of the conflict of defining normal behaviour in contrast to
abnormal behaviour it is evident that the approaches to treating Schizophrenia differ. The differing treatments show different understandings of the
concept of hearing voices. Therefore, treatment using force and medication in contrast to understanding the disorder will show the tension.
One of the first symptoms of Schizophrenia is hearing voices (Cuttings, 1989). It is assumed that due to an individual hearing voices, their
behaviour will change, thus becoming abnormal. Saks (2012) proves this when she sings on the roof of the library and has nonsensical discussions
with her classmates. This was out of character for her (Saks 2012). Longden (2013) explains how her behaviour changed due to the voices in her
head telling her to do stupid things like poor water over a lecturer. Thus, it can be seen why society believes Schizophrenia leads to abnormal
behaviour as in many cases it does. However, society has stigmatized Schizophrenia and made it seem as if all sufferers display abnormal ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shows the understanding of hearing voices as sign of abnormal behaviour. The belief of abnormal behaviour being dangerous is evident in Saks
(2012) when she is admitted into hospital on the basis that she could not complete her homework. She was put on mechanical restraints, despite being
absolutely no threat to herself or others,due to the misconception that it makes "mentally disabled" people feel safe.(Saks, 2012). This shows hearing
voices as being understood as dangerous due to abnormal

Abnormal Behavior In Medieval Times
For hundreds of years, people have tried to understand the causes and treatments of people who display abnormal behavior. The most popular belief in
the Medieval times was the idea that supernatural forces, such as demons and evil spirits, were the cause of people with abnormal behavior (Nevid).
Thus, their treatment of this was often brutal, involving trephination and exorcisms. Although this belief was common at the time, the ancient Greeks
did not hold to this belief. Hippocrates theorized that abnormal behaviors were due to illness of the body, and that the body's humors determined ones
behavior (Nevid). The belief that abnormal behavior is due to illness in the body is most similar to the modern medical model. In the late 15th and early

Abnormal Sexual Behavior In The United States
Abnormal Sexual Behavior is any action an individual takes that is related to sexual activity that is not considered to fit social norms. Every culture
may have different views on how any sexual activity should be approached. Some Americas may not like seeing PDA (Public Displays of Affection);
however, compared to other cultures, for example, Americans are much more accepting of seeing a kiss in the park than other cultures. Recently
LGTB rights have also been more gradually accepted in the United States. Other countries like Afghanistan, will kill an individual if he or she enacts in
homosexual behavior. Transgender, also known asGender Identity Disorder, issues have also been more apparent in the social media. The use of
gender specific

Abnormal Behavior In Gone Girl
A recent movie I watched that featured abnormal behavior was Gone Girl. The movie involves a wife that fakes her own death and sets up her
husband to make it look like he murdered her. Throughout the movie and characters it includes a variety of cheating, murder and deception. I feel
movies involving this kind of behavior are so popular because I believe we live in a society that is drawn into the fascination by out of the norm
behavior. It adds drama to any movie, book or real life experience. Often people find themselves intrigued by why someone would act a certain way
or what caused a specific type of behavior. We live in a world that is constantly judging others by their behavior and actions, it gives people things to
constantly talk about

Essentials Of Abnormal Human Behavior
In reflecting on the above outlined competency, I found myself thinking, without the existence of abnormal human behavior, my life would not have
been as interesting as it currently is. Throughout my adolescent years, primarily through observing others consistently, I was able to develop a
profound interest and dedicated pensive thoughts into understanding the cognition and behaviors of human beings. As such, I would spend hours
weekly, trying to understand why individuals think differently, seek to formulate reasons behind their actions, how they problem solved and just the
interactional dynamics employed by individuals in varying settings. Accordingly, when it was time to pursue the course Abnormalpsychology both as
an undergraduate and graduate student, I was very anxious, intrigued, ecstatic and elated as I often consider it my most preferred psychology course.
The study of Abnormal human behavior focuses on unusual patterns of thinking, emotions and behaviors that are generally associated with mental
disorders and dates back to the Stone age period. Abnormal psychology, is described as the field that seeks to study the causes and possible treatments
of mental disorders.
In my critical annotation of the book "Essentials of Abnormal Psychology" I reflected on the historical and scientific considerations to abnormal
psychology. In looking at the historical development of abnormal behavior, a supernatural, biological and psychological model have all been purported
in the

Psychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior
Psychopathology and Abnormal Behavior
Introduction
The developments of psychopathology and abnormal behavior sciences have achieved significant progress. However, key issues that seek to determine
various causes and presentations of psychopathology continue to emerge. Notably, the identification of a better model or perspective that explains
psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by
the psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives. This paper will critically compare and contrast the precepts of psychodynamic and behavioral
perspectives to determine their success in delineating the presentation and incidence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Challenges of Classifying Abnormal and Normal Behavior
Behavior shifts on a broad spectrum between the expected or accepted behavior and behavior that is considered abnormal. As a result, the identification
of a definite position of transition from normal to abnormal behavior is significantly challenging. It has been argued that abnormal behavior is merely
accentuated normal behavior that has been exaggerated; hence, to distinguish such behavior from the norm can be quite difficult (Hansell & Damour,
2008). In addition, psychopathology and abnormal behavior have been subjected to changes in social and cultural dynamics over time.
These changes have led to the assertion that normal behavior and abnormal behavior are subject to

Explanations and Treatments of Abnormal Behavior
Explanations and Treatments of Abnormal Behaviour
Problems defining abnormal behaviour:
The problems with defining abnormality are that psychologists have to distinguish what is a normal reaction and what is abnormal behaviour; lots of
people can react to a situation the same way and because of society norms and values this makes behaviour "normal" however it could still be classed
as abnormal however there are large culture differences in a mixed society and what one person feels is abnormal another may seem completely normal
dependent on background, religion or moral beliefs. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual–5 (DSM) is used to identify if a patent has abnormal
behaviours, The issue with the DSM is that it is largely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms
Depressive periods:
Helplessness/ Sad
Low appetite
Disturbed sleep / Early mornings
Suicidal thoughts/ tendencies
Pessimistic/ self–doubt
Low motivation/ Low Energy levels
Mania periods:
Elated/ overjoyed
Speech quickens
Delusional / Hallucinations
Low levels of sleeping/ eating
Thoughts of great ideas / out of character decision making
High energy levels

The Psychodynamic explanation
Sigmund Freud's (1917) explanation for Bipolar is defined in his Psychoanalytic theory of the ID. EGO and SUPEREGO, Freud's work explained that
the ID was a sub–conscious part of our individual awareness that has desires and urges that needs to be fulfilled without the individual recognising it
themselves. The SUPEREGO is between the conscious and sub–conscious and is morally virtues', it defines what we should do as an individual. The
EGO is the part of our conscious, are thoughts, ideas and awareness as well as are preconscious (information we can recall), the EGO thinks with
reality principles, deciding what an individual can and should not do to balance out the ID and the SUPEREGO desires. Freud believed that when a
person reacts to an emotional situation for example bereavement this is suppressed and there may be anger or grief that cannot be released due to the
sensitive time of losing a loved one so the person will displace the grief/ anger onto themselves this then causes more anguish, this forces

Abnormal Behavior In Children
Lisa, 8, is in her room. Her brother Jeff, 6, dashes in and starts bugging her to play with him outside. She relents and follows Jeff to the backyard.
Lisa tries a few times to leave Jeff, but he keeps pulling her back. Lisa finds a frog in the grass and uses it to distract Jeff while she slips back
inside. Inside the house, Lisa hears angered voices. The parents are arguing about Jeff's behavior in preschool. He's been displaying signs of autism.
They trade barbs and blame back and forth. As they continue, Lisa confused by what she heard, goes back upstairs. Later, Lisa is in her room when
she looks out her window to see Jeff, alone in the backyard. He starts growing more restless and agitated until he starts sobbing uncontrollably. She

Abnormal Behavior Socially Acceptable?
Understanding what exactly qualifies as abnormal behavior is sometimes difficult. Is it whatever isn't socially acceptable? If so, what is socially
acceptable? What's considered socially acceptable behavior varies from place to place. Since this is the case, one might consider only self–destructive,
long–lasting behavior as abnormal behavior. For instance, some adolescents cut their wrists. In America, self harm is considered a problem, no matter
the reason for it. There are plenty of factors that could lead people to cut themselves. A psychological factor may be that they feel the need to punish
themselves. Perhaps it's been put in their heads that they're terrible and need to be punished for what they've done. A biological factor could be... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article on scientificamerican.com talks about how in some Central and South American native tribes, adolescents cut their wrists. Even though it's
considered perfectly normal there, it isn't in the U.S. This behavior, along with the others mention in the article, prove that determining what's
abnormal and what isn't can be complicated. With that said, there are obviously hundreds of factors to consider. Some of them, obviously, are more
common in some societies than in others. Context is not only the key to determining whether something is abnormal or not, it also proves that
behavior isn't abnormal simply because it's harmful. Clearly, defining abnormal behavior is a difficult task. I don't believe most of the factors are
much stronger than the others. I'd imagine, though, environmental factors play a huge role in self harm. It's hard for me to imagine a biological
factor being the main cause of most self injuries, though. It seems like environmental factors would play a bigger role. I also don't think these
specific factors come into play for all behaviors. I can't really see how a, say, kleptomaniac could have a problem with stealing things because of the
psychological factors I mentioned

Abnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of...
3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized
Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77
–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity
Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99
–100 SUMMING UP
100–101 T R U T H or F I C T I O N "Jerry Has a Panic Attack on the Interstate" Interviewer: Can you tell me a bit about what it was that brought you
to the clinic? Jerry: Well, . . . after the first of the year, I started getting these panic attacks. I... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although his theory proved to be flawed, Hippocrates' classification of some types of mental health problems generally correspond to diagnostic
categories we use today. His description of melancholia, for example, is similar to our current conception of depression. 69 70 Chapter 3 During the
Middle Ages some "authorities" classified abnormal behaviors into two groups, those that resulted from demonic possession and those due to natural
causes. The 19th–century German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first modern theorist to develop a comprehensive model of classification based
on the distinctive features, or symptoms, associated with abnormal behavior patterns (see Chapter 1). The most commonly used classification system
today is largely an outgrowth and extension of Kraepelin's work: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the
American Psychiatric Association. Why is it important to classify abnormal behavior? For one thing, classification is the core of science. Without
labeling and organizing patterns of abnormal behavior, researchers could not communicate their findings to one another, and progress toward
understanding these disorders would come to a halt. Moreover, important decisions are made on the basis of classification. Certain psychological
disorders respond better to one therapy than another or to one drug than another.

Abnormal Behavior
PSY–100: Normal and Abnormal Behavior Scenarios
To reflect on what you have read or studied so far in a course is an essential part of understanding. This worksheet form will provide a place for you
to take some time and reflect on understanding how psychology can help you in your everyday life. Please use this week's readings to assist you.
As you have learned, your mental health and wellness can affect your life and how you interact with others as a student, professional, and in your
personal relationships.
A GCU student learns through the 4 Pillars that physical, mental, and spiritual wellbeing is vital to success in academics in a chosen career field and
in life in general. Explain what abnormal and normal behavior is and how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On a daily basis he fears what the day might bring. To make sure that the day goes right he takes 2 showers daily, one after getting up in the morning
and one at mid–day. He also makes sure that each household task such as vacuuming, washing dishes, scrubbing the floors, etc is completed by noon
every day and marks off these tasks on a checklist. Lastly, at night, he checks his house to make sure all windows and doors are locked. He unlocks
and locks the front door at least three (3) times to assure that the lock is working.
John is also going to school, as he knows that he needs to find a job and is hoping to be able to do online computer work when he completes his
degree. He is currently struggling with his schoolwork as he has started to obsess about certain routines in it as well, such as double– checking with the
instructor everyday that he has completed all of his work, posting 5 and 6 times to the classroom, and e–mailing his classmates daily to see if he has
missed something. John recognizes that he needs some help, but does not know where to begin.
As his friend, what recommendations could you make in helping him reduce his anxiety?
What resources on the Internet could John use to help him daily?
What might be some types of therapy for John to use to reduce his symptoms of compulsion?

Abnormal Behavior
Summary of Article: The news article I decided to use pertains to a woman who was arrested after stabbing her boyfriend during a domestic violence
altercation. The article reports a neighbor heard the couple arguing in their apartment with woman yelling and followed by a load crashing sound. The
neighbor stepped outside his apartment to find the woman's boyfriend outside telling the neighbor he had been stabbed. Some of the mental health
concerns addressed in the article include anger, and alcohol and drug use. Abnormal Behavior: Unfortunately, this is a follow up story during the
sentencing phase of the case, so I do not have the initial arrest report. The primary abnormal behavior is the aggression that caused the client stabs her
boyfriend.

Unhealthy Abnormal Behavior
Have you ever observed the way someone was acting and found it to be abnormal? Have you ever seen someone that acts radically or outrageously
different then you believe to be acceptable? Have you ever seen a news article or a personal incident of radical behavior that is violent or chaotic?
Often times I have seen these things and initially say to myself," what is wrong with that person" or "I would never act like that". I would often
wonder what would make people that act in these ways the way they are. I think began to ask the question is there something that causes people to act
in these socially unacceptable ways. I wondered how a person can hurt another person without a sense of remorse. What makes people rape and murder
people? How can their behavior be so far removed from what seems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these sources worked as tools to further my knowledge on the subject and ended up being very helpful in my exploration of the topic.
–Interview Reflections
1&2 In searching for someone to interview on the subject I picked one of my Professors, Frank Rubino. Mr. Rubino is a professor that I have had for
multiple classes and I felt that he would be a good candidate due to the subject material he teaches about in his psychology classes as well as his
experience with people who have suffered trauma in different phases of their trauma. I believed that he would give me a great in–depth look at the
effects of trauma and after my interview with him I was not disappointed.
After Mr. Rubino agreed to meet me for an interview I gathered nine questions based on things that I wanted to learn more about as well as things that
I feel he would have an expert opinion or answer for. The original nine questions sort of blossomed into a conversation with many more questions that
turned out to be quite

What Is Normal And Abnormal Behavior? вЂњNormalвЂќ And вЂњAbnormalвЂќ
What is normal and abnormal behavior? "Normal" and "Abnormal" behavior also known as "normality" is widely ranged from each person, time,
place, society, events, and cultures. If we think about it who honestly knows where normal starts to leave off and abnormal begins?
Normal is behavior that is average not so out of the ordinary, adapting to a life and dealing with success and Abnormal is a different behavior from a
majority of the society, such as mental disorders, anxiety, mood swings, rage, over sleeping and withdrawal from everyone.
Let me say that Mental illness and disorders of the human mind is what is so fascinating to me and what has drawn me to love everything there is
about Psychology. You can never stop learning about it and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was hard to choose two disorders for me because I want to learn about all of them more, however I came to pick schizophrenia and Bipolar disorders.
Many people can confuse and often get these two disorders mistaken even though they have little in common. The difference between them is
Schizophrenia is a multiple personality disorder also known as dissociative identity disorder, and bipolar also known as manic–depression.
Schizophrenia which is usually diagnosed in a person's late teens to mid–20's. Often people with schizophrenia hallucinate (seeing and hearing things
that are not there) or delusions (are the that something is not true. Arguing with someone who has schizophrenia will get you nowhere. People with
this disorder are often hard to treat due to being hard to function in society, poor hygiene and are medicated with medication and therapy but only if
they are willing to get the help. What I have learned about this disorder and mental illness is that there are early warning signs people can look
starting as a child, such as voices conversing with one another and saying derogatory things about him or her. Also, seeing scary things and staring at
them when they are not there, such as shadows, sneaks or spiders, and often show no interest or hard to keep a friendship. Symptoms for signs of

Abnormal Psychology : A Study Of Unusual Emotion, Thoughts...
Abnormal psychology is the study of unusual emotion, thoughts or behavior. It basically constitutes individual who are not what society would deem
as normal and follow the norms of a particular culture. Individuals that are constantly not able to adapt and function properly in various conditions can
be viewed as abnormal because a number of factors could be restricting them from functioning effectively in a society. The definition of what is
"abnormal" has changed over time, across different cultures, and is different for individuals within a particular culture. These unusual emotions,
thoughts or behaviors may correlate with mental disorders. A distinct set of theories are used to understand these forms of abnormality.
Psychopathology can be defined as the study of mental disorders. In more direct terms, it focuses on abnormal behavior, mental distress and mental
illness. This form of study looks to examine different elements that would affect the mental state or physical being of an individual. When looking at
the subject matter of abnormality I can see that there are many books and movies that incorporate characters that demonstrate abnormal behaviors. A
movie that consists of characters exhibiting abnormality throughout is Silver Linings Playbook. The movie Silver Lining Playbook portrays two
primary characters, Pat Solitano and Tiffany Maxwell. Both of these characters have psychological disorders that they struggle with. Pat, who was a
teacher, finds his wife in

Abnormal Behavior And Aberrant Behavior
While no commonly recognized definition of the term 'abnormality' exists to examine the observations described below, most descriptions of aberrant
behavior share some common aspects, namely, deviance, dysfunction, danger and distress ("four Ds"). In other words, mental aberration patterns are
usually deviant (atypical, out of the ordinary, radical, possibly even strange), distressing (distasteful and disturbing to the individual), potentially
dangerous, and dysfunctional (hampering the individual's capacity of carrying out everyday tasks constructively). Such a broad description provides a
valuable basis for examining the abnormal phenomena outlined in this paper (Comer, 2013).
A few days ago, I met twenty–eight–year–old Joanna, a friend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While she expressed concerns about this issue, she claimed there was no way she could control it.
Joanna clearly exhibits dysfunctional behavior which hampers her everyday functioning. Dysfunctional conduct distresses, confuses and sidetracks
individuals such that their productivity and participation in normal social activities gets adversely affected and they are unable to adequately take
care of themselves (Comer, 2013). This is evident in Joanna's sleep disturbances, chronic anxiety, joblessness, and negative impact on her health. Her
conduct distresses her and is evidently deviant from normal behavior. Hence, it may be considered an abnormal occurrence which defies principles of
normalcy. Our cultural and societal norms highlight the significance of effectively performing everyday activities. Obsessions such as those exhibited
by Joanna aren't an ordinary component of and individual's behavior. Joanna's habits will probably be perceived as unwelcome and atypical. Her
activities may be considered abnormal as they are consistent with OCD (obsessive–compulsive disorder) symptoms, which involve repeated
compulsions and obsessions capable of greatly interfering with a person's everyday activities. OCD symptoms generally have 4 key facets: obsessions
linked to checking compulsions, obsessions with cleanliness linked to a compulsion to wash and clean constantly, hoarding–related habits, and a need
for order and symmetry. Two of the above

Pathological Psychology : Abnormal Behavior
According to the modern perspective of abnormal psychology, abnormal behavior exists when an individual is behaving dangerously and/or showing
patterns of behavior that are dysfunctional. Nevertheless, determining insanity among sanity has proven to be much more complicated than it sounds.
An individual whose behavior strays from societal standards is not necessarily abnormally deviant or insane. John Hu simply exhibits behaviors that
are different from that of typical European/French social norms and is hence considered to be insane. Hu is perceived by Father Foucquet to be
improper and savage–like just because he helps himself to more than one serving and speaks out of turn. The Renault's view Hu as unappreciative and
"out–of–place" because he strongly voices his preference of not wanting to eat with the housekeeper, further rejecting the social position to which he
was assigned. Lieutenant D'Argenson finds Hu bothersome and unwise for leaving the Bayneses' house without permission and getting himself lost
in the process. Hu's behaviors to this extent cannot be considered as dysfunctional, but rather just peculiar. As a way to make sense of all the strange
activities that they have never witnessed before, people bear a negative perception of Hu and label him as insane. Having a strong sense of pride and
preference is not the same as being insane. Hu prefers to sleep on the floor with the windows open probably due to a common Chinese custom. He just
simply wants to feel

The Psychology Of Abnormal Behavior
The Psychology of Abnormal Behavior can be describe as has having a behavior that deviates form what is the expected and normal. If abnormal
psychology is the study of unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and though, then Hollywood depiction of mental disorder in the movie Helen meets
the criterion of the teaching of Dr. Conley's Abnormal Psychology class. Goole Play synopsis of the 2008 Sandra Nettelbeck's Helen. On the outside,
Helen( Aheley Judd) has the perfect life a loving family, a beautiful house and a successful career but when her suppressed mental illness resurfaces,
the world crumbles around her. Crippled by depression, Helen befriends Mathilda (Laren Lee Smith) a kindred sprit struggling with bipolar disorder.
Together the two find the solace they had been seeking.
The movie Helen had two characters whom mental illness can be found in the DSM–5. The first character (the leading lady) Helen is a 30 something
white female that has it all. She has the lifestyle of a well put together 35 years old. She has the handsome Latin lawyer husband. Helen's daughter
is beautiful 12 year old daughter that's growing into a nice young lady; she doesn't seem to have any major issue. She is in her career teaching and
playing music. She has a nice architect style home and drives a special car that Helens just loves. The movie opens up to what seem like a party for
someone. Billie Holiday is playing in the back ground has you see the character Helen in a peaceful place. The scene

Abnormal Behavior Essays
Abnormal behavior was once viewed as an embarrassment to society. Those who suffered from a mental illness or displayed abnormal behavior
were locked away and never spoken of. Today abnormal behavior is viewed much differently. With the study of psychology and the help of the
medical field, abnormal behavior has become better understood. This essay will discuss the major theories for the cause of abnormal behavior, how
abnormal behavior is diagnosed and what type of behavioral issues are related to abnormal behavior. Abnormal behavior is defined as a psychological
dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected (Durand,
2005). There are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It appears, however, that one single gene is not solely responsible for a particular behavior. Instead it seems to take many genes that are combined
together to produce both functional and dysfunctional behaviors. The second perspective is the psychodynamic perspective. The psychodynamic
perspective emphasizes how the role of early childhood experiences, the unconscious mind and interpersonal relationships play a part in abnormal
behavior. This perspective evolved from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory which generally contended that psychological disorders are the
outcome of anxiety which is produced by unresolved, unconscious conflicts. The third perspective is the behavioral perspective. The basis of the
behavioral perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. This perspective was developed partially because some psychologists did not agree
with Freud's ideas. Many of these psychologists believed that Freud's theory could be explained much more simplistically. This is why the behavioral
perspective asserts that "human beings behave according to the dictates of their environment" (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). Another perspective is the
cognitive perspective. This perspective is similar to the psychodynamic perspective because it is also concerned with the internal processes. The
cognitive perspective examines

Abnormal Behavior In Safe Haven
The last movie that I watched that had themes of abnormal behavior was Safe Haven. In this movie there was an alcoholic husband and a wife who
gets beaten. The wife finally gets the courage to fight back one night. She knocks her husband out, packs some things and leaves. Changes her hair
color and her name, takes a bus until she finds a small town she feels comfortable in. Her husband's life now revolves around trying to find her, he is
detective so he has access to a lot more than any other person. He goes around door to door in his community seeing if anyone has seen her. The
husband looks on the bus station footage and finds her getting on to a bus, and he now realizes that her hair is a different color. So now he gets a sketch

Abnormal Behavior In Thirteen Tracy
In the movie Thirteen Tracy is a normal thirteen year old girl who has an optimistic future. She gets good grades and has supportive friends.
Everything I sent plunging the minute Tracy meets Evie. Evie is the most popular girl in school and takes interest in Tracy right away. Tracy is naГ
Їve
to Evie's cool but dangerous ways. Evie leads Tracy down perilous path that Tracy cannot escape from. There are several characteristics of abnormal
behavior. The most commonly used are Unusualness, Social Defiance, Having a Faulty Perception of Reality, showing maladaptive behavior, having
significant personal stress, and Dangerousness (Nevid, Rathus & Greene, n.d, pg 5–6). Tracy more often than not shows social defiance and
maladaptive behavior. Social

Determining Abnormal Behavior
For this assignment, I am going to identify and analyze hypothetical and everyday challenges in defining what is abnormal. I will also identify and
evaluate the consequences of classifying a behavior or individual as abnormal. Lastly, I will organize ideas in a logical structure and support my
statements with reasons and research information.
Determining abnormal behavior or a mental disorder are difficult for many reasons, one being that every culture has certain morals for suitable
conduct, or socially tolerable customs. Customs are anticipated ways of conducting yourself in a society according to the mainstream; however, those
members of a society who do not think and act like everyone else break these standards, so they are often defined as abnormal. In addition, the way a
person thinks or the way a person conducts themselves is classified as abnormal if it interrupts the unprinted rules about what is anticipated or tolerable
conduct in a certain social groups. An individual's actions may not be understood to others or could possibly make others feel threatened or
uncomfortable (McLeod, 2014). Another reason why determining abnormal behavior or a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public segregation, poor housing, unemployment, and poverty are all linked to mental ill health. So stigma and discrimination can trap an individual in
a rotation of illness. The media makes the situation worse because the media often make reports stating that individuals with mental illness are
violence, or describe individuals who are abnormal as dangerous, criminal, malicious, or very disabled and unable to live a normal life; which is not the
case. It has been proven through research that the best way to challenge these stereotypes is through direct interaction with individuals with knowledge
of mental health problems (Stigma and discrimination,

Abnormal Behavior, A Term That Is Often Thrown Around Without
Abnormal behavior, a term that is often thrown around without having the proper knowledge of the actual definition. Abnormal behavior goes way
beyond just acting or behaving differently than what one might consider your "average Joe". Abnormal behavior is behavior that interferes with
everyday living when one cannot function with everyday tasks only then the behavior can be considered abnormal. Depression is an abnormal behavior
being that it affects Persistent Depressive Disorder also known as PDD or it's late name of Dysthymia is a chronic type state of depression in which a
person's mood is regularly low but does not hold symptoms as severe as major depression. The symptoms generally last in adult for about 2 years
while in children and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The feeling of being sad, angry and irritable are generally normal and subside within a week or two but for some women it doesn't go away just
that easy, for some women the depression sticks and begins to negatively affect their everyday life. The rate of successful suicides for males is
higher because men tend to men turn to a more violent side of coping they become frustrated, discouraged, irritable, angry, and sometimes abusive.
Some men even throw themselves into their work to avoid talking about their depression with family or friends, or behave recklessly. Most men
don 't seek help in any form or even talk about the challenging disorder they are facing and an effect of that would be the depression getting worse,
absorbing them. There are some women that too allow their PDD to go untreated and deal with it by just not talking about it. A sort of personal
experience with PDD is with a close relative of mine, who has been dealing with PDD for three years now and it has greatly affected her. She
described waking up everyday with a heavy heart, she could not remember a day when she did not feel this way, the feeling you get when you lose
a close relative, that is the feeling she woke up with each morning. For as long as she can remember each day she was sadden by the fact that she had
awaken once again and would have to live through yet another sad and gloomy day yet she could not figure out why each day felt this way. Imagine
waking

Characteristics Of Abnormal Behaviors In Parks And Rec
Abnormal behaviors are seen daily, especially in an Parks Department building in Pawnee, Indiana. In the TV show Parks and Rec, a character by the
name of Leslie Knope displays a personality that one can identify as quirky and out of the ordinary. Her behaviors can be analyzed as unusual,
self–defeating, socially unacceptable, and causing personal distress. The times Leslie Knope has shown characteristics of being unusual is numerous.
In almost every episode of Parks and Recreation, Leslie portrays a behavior that is out of the ordinary, and among a minority. An example of odd
behavior would be when Andy Dwyer, a coworker of Leslie, is having his leg casts removed after falling into a pit. Leslie Knope is with him at the
doctor's office, and asks to keep the casts in her possession after a doctor removes them from Andy's legs, believing that the casts were a symbol of
hope and new beginnings. Another display of unusualness is when Leslie decides to promote the Pawnee Zoo by holding a marital ceremony for
two penguins that are new to the zoo. In this wedding, she talks for the penguins, and dresses them in bridal wear, even though both of the penguins
are male. After this causes some disruption in the town, she proceeds to capture the penguins from the zoo in Indiana, locks them in car seats, and
drive them to a zoo in Iowa. The last display of unusualness is when Leslie is trying to make up a story to a park ranger to explain what happened
when someone accidently got shot. She takes the blame for no apparent reason, and tries to come up with a reasonable explanation on what happened.
Rather than coming up with a reason that actually makes sense, she goes on a tangent off random things that have nothing to do with what the park
ranger had asked her. Along with showing traits of being unusual, Leslie also exemplifies abnormalpsychology by having self–defeating behavior.
Leslie portrays this by being indecisive when it comes to making decisions. In one episode, Leslie must decide between going to an important business
meeting at a restaurant, and going to a friends rock show at a bar. She decides to go on the meeting, but spends the entire time talking about the rock
show instead of actually conversing about

Pet Hospital Abnormal Behavior
All animals need a visit to the veterinarian at some point even if it is just for a check–up, but since we can't communicate directly with them, it can be
difficult to know when these times are. Many pet owners make the false assumption that they can wait and see if symptoms become worse before
calling the vet. This is a worry as failure to visit a vet in time can be devastating for an animal and drive up their medical bills. Looking out for these
signs will help you recognize when is the time to call Ark Pet Hospital:
1.Abnormal Behavior
If your pet is behaving strangely, acting differently than they usually do, or just seems 'off' it could be a sign of illness or injury. Care2.com says that
these signs could be anything from exploring the

Abigail Williams: Abnormal Adolescent Behavior
During the time of adolescence in one's life, emotions and feelings become more noticeable to them. It is a time when one begins to search
themselves and find out who they are and what their personality is. Sometimes it isn't easy to portray these emotions and feelings and one might not
know how to handle them. In some cases one might portray these feelings and emotions in a bizarre form and it becomes a disorder or a mental
problem. In The Crucible by Aurthur Miller, Abigail Williams, the antagonist, displays signs of abnormal adolescent behavior,schizophrenia and shows
that she cannot easily handle her emotions.
The ways these emotions and feelings are sometimes conveyed are sometimes seen as an outlandish acts and they are better ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This leads us to believe that she suffers from both abnormal adolescent behavior and schizophrenia in the most severe form. " You will not! Be gone!
Be gone I say! (Abigail, 119) "Why do you come yellow bird?.. Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth;
it's God's work I do." (Abigail, 120) " Mary, please don't hurt me (pointing upward) the wings! Her wings are spreading! Mary, please, don't,
don't––(looking up) Look out! She's coming down!" (Abigail, 123). These quotes explain some of the things Abigail would "see". Her friend Mary
Warren had betrayed her. Mary wanted to explain to the people why she, Abigail and the other girls were caught dancing in the forest. Abigail saw
this as a threat and when Abigail was accused of lying, Abigail claimed she had seen Mary as a yellow bird spreading her wings descending upon
her trying to take her soul away from her. Abigail's actions throughout the story lead us to believe that after a while of pretending to see things, she
becomes schizophrenic. In the beginning, the people never really understood what she meant when she had said she saw things. After Abigail had
accused people and the accused where being hung, Abigail continued to accuse innocent people. These people were immediately imprisoned. Abigail
and the girls would have to come to their trials to prove that these people where witches and other "evil" beings. Abigail put on an act every time

Abnormal Behaviors
1. Your uncle consumes a quart of whiskey per day; he has trouble remembering the names of those around him. Drinking alcohol in some limit may
be considered as normal behavior. However, since drinking quarter of whiskey clearly effects brain and bodily functions, we can say this behavior is
abnormal. Possible diagnoses would be substance use disorders. One can be drunk after he or she got divorced, however this is not a sign of mental
disorder. However, it is clear that my uncle suffers from every day drinking habit. Additionally, if my uncle has trouble remembering the names around
him, this indicates that there is an abnormality in brain functions related to memory. We may need to know if he remembers the names in normal times
and if... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This behavior cannot be considered as normal in any condition. There are no cultural differences in such disorder, she will have be diagnosed with
same disorder in all countries. 3. Your neighbor has vague physical complaints and sees 2–3 doctors a month. This behavior is abnormal. As in Freud's
Anna O. case (Barlow, Durand, 2012) my neighbor have hysterical symptoms. When normal people are sick, they usually have one or two
complains regarding to an illness and once this illness diagnosed, treatment process starts. There is no need to go doctors to doctors. Therefore my
neighbor is not seeking to become healthy again, instead he or she seeking to get attention. Additional information may be needed to make sure if
he or she has really histrionic personality disorder. How long this behavior continues? Is she or he showing other abnormal behavior such as
drinking a lot of pills and worrying and talking about other illnesses? This behavior is normal if she or he has chronic illnesses such as cancer or
AIDS. From cultural perspective, I believe there should not be any different to diagnose such behavior. 4. Your neighbor sweeps, washes, and scrubs
his driveway daily. This is an obsessive–compulsive personality disorder unless his driveway gets dirty everyday. Additional information can be
gathered by clinical interview and questioning the person about his other behaviors and cognitive process. In normal conditions, nobody sweeps

Anorexia Nervosa Is A Disorder Characterized By Abnormal...
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by abnormal eating behaviors. People with anorexia have a fear of gaining weight which causes them to
try and maintain a low weight. They will do anything to prevent weight gain. This includes starvation and exercising too much. They do this because
not only do they have the fear of gaining weight they have a distorted body image which means even if they are extremely thin they will believe that
they are overweight. (Ehrlich, 2015). Anorexia is not really about food and weight at its core. Many eating disorders are much more complicated than
that and they run a lot deeper than just appearance. The real cause of the disorder could be depression, loneliness, insecurity or feeling out of control.
Typically, things that just weight loss cannot cure. (Smith and Segal, 2015). It is an emotional disorder that focuses on food. People with anorexia
believe that their self worth is tied to how thin they are. Anorexia is common especially in young woman in industrialized countries where cultural
ideals encourage woman to be thin. Anorexia is also affecting a growing number of men, particularly athletes and those in the military who wish to be
thin. (Ehrlich, 2015).
The exact causes of Anorexia Nervosa are unknown since many factors may be involved. Genes and hormones may be involved, also social attitudes
that promote thin body types may also be involved. Risk factors for anorexia include being ore worried about weight and shape, having an

Case Study-Abnormal Behavior
Case Study in Abnormal Behavior Valvita Isaac PSY/410 April 4, 2011 Dr. Melda Jones CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the
attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone
else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or
paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References
section. This paper includes no trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written permission to include. I further
agree that my name typed on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dahmer had a fascination with the human skull. He would kill his victims, and keep their skulls as souvenirs (Creekmore, 2007). Biological
Components Jeffrey Dahmer had a fairly normal life. His father and mother both worked, and they were considered middle class. As a young boy
Dahmer was a bubbly, energetic individual. It didn't seem that he could harm anyone, but by his teen years all of this changed. Jeffrey became isolated,
antisocial, and non – identifying with other people (Creekmore, 2007). Dahmer was an alcoholic, which is a known disease that passes down
through genetics from generation to generation. Jeffrey Dahmer's grandfather was an alcoholic. His alcoholism was passed onto his grandson, and no
one knows if the alcoholism had a link to his fascination of killing or performing weird acts on his victims. Jeffrey also came from a normal family
that was not infested with criminals. He was the only one that had committed such violent, manipulative, and conniving acts (Creekmore, 2007).
Emotional Components Jeffrey Dahmer experienced an emotional shut down. He was isolated, antisocial, and withdrawn. Dahmer was without
compassion, and numb to the human race. Jeffrey experienced a lonely life. As a child Jeffrey Dahmer was diagnosed with a hernia. He had to
undergo an operation. Dahmer was four years old when he was diagnosed.

The Basics of Cognitive Theory in Relation to the...
Nicole Maloney
18th October 2011
Approved...............
Explain the basics of cognitive theory in relation to the development of abnormal behavior. Use Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis as theorists for reference.
If you believe the saying 'Perception is everything,' then you may well be a cognitivist. According to the cognitive perspective, people engage in
abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions.
Cognitives believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior and would therefore not function. In other words,
thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therapists' help patients realize that their own beliefs contribute greatly to, maintain, and even cause their psychological problems (Stefan, 2011).
Stefan added that this approach leads patients to realize the irrationality and rigidity of their thinking and encourages them to actively change self
defeating beliefs and behaviors. Ellis initially named the treatment Rational Therapy, the Rational Emotive therapy, and finallyRational Emotive
Behavior Therapy to stress the interrelated importance of cognition, behavior, and emotion.
Like all theories, the cognitive perspective is not free from criticism. First, behaviorists see this theory as weak due to the abstract nature of thoughts
and the difficulty in defining them. What may be seen as self–critical by one researcher may look like a rational remark by another.
Second, there is no agreed upon definition or application of the theory. It is seen as fairly new and while it receives a great deal of research, the
underlying theory of personality development is weak at best. So while it may have very positive outcomes in treatment, it does not provide a solid
understanding of development. For the neo–Freudian, this might mean that cognitive therapy is only a temporary approach and does not address the
real reason behind a personality issue. [ (Christopher, 2004) ] As you read, the basic premise behind cognitive theory is the idea that the way we think
about or perceive ourselves and others, determines how

Classify Abnormal Behavior
Usually when we think of a person with a mental disorder, we think of someone with a severe intellectual disability or psychotic killers like Charles
Manson. However, psychological disorders are not always that dramatic or clear–cut. Some of the people with these disorders may even be your
co–worker, your dentist, your teacher, or even someone in your family. The question of what classifies as a mental disorder is often difficult to
answer. What I think is normal, you may not. Abnormal Behavior can be defined as "behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents
them from functioning in their daily lives" (Feldman, 2015, p. 450). Psychologists use many criteria to evaluate and diagnose people with "abnormal
behavior." They use a detailed system called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5), devised by the
American Psychiatric Association, to define and classify abnormal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychologists consider behavior to be abnormal if "it is distressing to the individual or others around them or if it is dysfunctional, or impaired"
(McGraw–Hill, 2015). A behavior is thought to be dysfunctional if it causes harm or interferes with the person's ability to function in everyday life
(McGraw–Hill, 2015). For example, someone who does not eat for religious reasons is considered normal whereas someone who refuses to eat in
order to watch their weight is considered dysfunctional. Also, a behavior is abnormal if "it deviates from accepted sociocultural norms or is highly
unusual" (McGraw–Hill, 2015). For example, a woman who prays to a higher being is normal. However, someone who hears and responds to voices
when they are alone is considered abnormal. Normal and abnormal behavior fall at two ends of a continuum, so it is hard to clearly decide whether a
certain behavior is completely normal or

Abnormal Behavior Paper
How does one distinguish normal from abnormal behavior? To define one's emotions, thoughts, or behavior as abnormal; there must be a great
deviance from the norm, an interference in one's daily functioning and a substantial personal distress. (Kearney & Trull, 2015). I always thought
that what might be a "normal behavior" for me will not be as "normal" for others. Many of us often find ourselves doing things out of the ordinary. I
know people who use walking and pacing as a mean to clear their thoughts. There are times, I catch myself "talking out loud". Losing weight can be a
result of sickness or one wanting to achieve an ideal weight. People experience confusion during times of major decisions. All these behaviors will be
considered

Does Welfare And Abnormal Behaviors Caused By Elephants?
List of Contents Page
Summary
1.0Introduction 4
2.0Welfare Issues for Elephants 4
3.0Potential Solutions 6
4.0Conclusion 6
List of references ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they do not have the same freedom they would do in the wild, they show behaviours such as head weaving and bobbing (Maple, 2013). These
show a more precise indication of poor welfare (Kleiman, 2010). The constant movements in their bodies can cause implications such as arthritis and
joint pressure (Rees, 2013). However, being kept in zoos means that they do not face the daily issues that occur in the wild (Maple, 2013); drought,
poaching, starvation, predation, illness and loss (Wemmer, 2008). The stereotypic behaviours that Elephants show are caused by the area lacking the
correct enrichment and space (Kleiman, 2010). However, it can also be related to the amount of stress due to noise pollution of human interaction
around the enclosed area (Rees, 2013). In the wild, elephants can live up to the age of 50, where–as in zoos; they do not live long (Allen, 2010).
Another issue is that in the wild, if an elephant saw someone or something they did not like, they have the chance to escape or move, where as in
captivity they are secured into one place and so can become highly stressed (Maple,

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