Varna And Jati Essay

Varna and Jati Essay
1. What are the origins of the concepts of varna and jati, and why has the varna–jati system of social
organization lasted so long? What social needs did they serve, and how are these social functions
addressed in our culture?
During the Vedic Age of Indian civilization, it is believed that after the collapse of the Indus Valley
civilization some of the kinship groups and patriarchal families migrated into India. As some within
the Aryas tribe (light–skinned) entered into the Ganges Valley, they encountered a struggle with the
Dasas tribe (dark–skinned) but managed to force the tribe into southern India. The struggle between
the tribes led to the development of the Varna class system. Under this system, people were born ...
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2011). The system seems to have kept much of the Indian population
under subjection because some members was unwilling to challenge their positions.
The internal divisions and complexes hierarchy of the Indian society served an important social
function. The system provided each individual with a clear identity and role and offered the benefits
of group solidarity and support. Certain interactions and behaviors were appropriate only between
those of equal status. The system assured that the religious, political, and financial powers were all
separated into four different social classes (Bulliet, et. 2011).
The United States is a nation of diverse cultures. People are classified as rich, middle class, or poor.
The rich are considered well educated and highly paid professionals; the middle class are semi–
professional and educated working middle class; and the poor are the working under class with very
little to no education. Income is the most prominent indicator of class status, and education to
occupation and income.
2. Are there substantial similarities between the origins and the development of the Silk Road and
the trans–Saharan trade?
There are similarities and differences between the origin and development of the Silk Road and the
trans–Saharan trade. The Silk Road was a travel route across
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The Treyen Species: The Fennec Fox
The 'Treyen' Species
A descendant of the Fennecus zerda (Fennec Fox), this new species, known as the Treyens, resides
in the Sahara Desert under dry and hot conditions. An omnivore, the Treyen's diet consists of a
variety of plants as well as rodents, insects, and eggs, much like it's ancestor. Therefore, similar to
the Fennec Fox, the Treyen has large ears on the top of it's heads which enhances it's hearing
abilities (National Geographic, n.d.). This feature allows it to detect any insects or rodents moving
around underground, and thus, predate its prey with ease and aid survival. In addition to helping the
Treyen to catch its prey, the presence of it's large ears derived from the Fennec Fox enables it to
survive in the harsh conditions of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.) Adaptations of Desert Amphibians & Reptiles, viewed 18 September 2016,
https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_adaptations_amph.php
Self–Grading:
For this reflective piece, I graded myself 5/5 as I provided reasoning for the features that I allowed
this species to have, and the advantages that they would provide in the species' survival. Moreover, I
linked many of the characteristics to it's ancestor and showed their phylogenetic relationship, and
incorporated biological terms to do so. Additionally, I described a range of morphological,
behavioural, and physiological characteristics of the species, and provided a labelled visual
depiction of what this species would like to aid the understanding of my

Cultural Identity In Algeria
Algeria is a country with a complex and hard earned cultural identity. As the largest landmass on the
African continent situated on the Mediterranean Sea it has a rich history as a major port city, linking
Africa and European trading economies. Algeria's geographic situation is of such a valuable position
that France was willing to spill the blood of her sons for seven years fighting for control over its
former colony. It is because of this hard fought independence from the oppressive imperialistic rule
that the modern Algeria, a nation barely more than a half–century old is developing a delicate
cultural identity attempting to balance rapid industrialization and modernization with the traditions
of societal Arabization. The Merriam–Webster dictionary offers six definitions for the meaning of
the word "culture". Initially, the amount of definitions, many with their own sub–definitions may
make for a convoluted understanding of the word. Consequently, this reflects a similar complexity in
attempting to analyze and understand a country's culture. For the sake of an accurate analysis the
fifth entry in the Merriam–Webster dictionary will be used to frame the analysis. Merriam–Webster
defines culture as... "a: the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends
upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations b: the
customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; also:

African Civilizations And The Spread Of Islam
African civilizations and the spread of Islam
The lower part of Africa below the Sahara, that area was never really isolated but it was hard and
difficult to contact. Between 800 and 1500 C.E the contact with the "outside world" grew intensely.
"Social, religious and technological changes took place that influenced many of the different people
throughout the vast and varied continent." Meaning that there was a lot of changes that helped
transform the continent to what it is today.
"African societies developed diverse forms, from large centralized states to stateless societies
organized around kinship or age sets rather than central authority. Within this diversity were many
shared aspects of language and beliefs. Universalistic faiths penetrated the continent and served as
the basis for important cultural development in Nubia and Ethiopia.
Like many other continents in the world Africa has a lot of differences in itself for example there are
differences in geography ,language, politics, religion and other things in life due to Africa's lack of
political government over an extended period of time.
Many of the societies in Africa were ungoverned but concentrated around kinship or other forms of
obligation, but lacked political power and or authority.
But information shows that the conversion of stateless societies to state societies was not necessary
an evolutionary development.
Stateless societies did have forms of government but the power or authority that is usually

Hunger, Malaria, And Tuberculosis
Harvir Singh Mr. Nordlund Honors English I May 21, 2015 Hungrier than Hungry "Hunger kills
more people every year than AIDS, Malaria, and tuberculosis combined."(World Food Program). Of
the places in which Hunger is a serious problem one place is in Sub–Saharan Africa and Zimbabwe.
The cause of this hunger, to realize and study the victim's and their struggle for food, and looking to
see what is being done are all things to look into and see how people's lives are impacted are all
things to look at. There are many causes that lead to the problem of hunger in Sub–Saharan Africa
and in Zimbabwe. These causes are mostly economical and agricultural as well as multiple other
factors playing into hunger. The economical and hunger causes of hunger include drought, rising
food prices, and also unemployment. Sub–Saharan Africa is experiencing lots of drought which is
limiting their food supply. "Today an estimated 14 million people are in danger of starving in
Ethiopia alone, and a million more are threatened in drought–ridden Eritrea."(Masci). Drought is
leading to less production of crops, based on supply and demand, less supply is causing prices to
rise for food and leading poverty scorched people to be in state of hunger. Also unemployment is
playing a big role in people not being able to afford food. People in Sub–Saharan Africa are mostly
unemployed so without any income, they cannot afford the amount of food they need. Many of the
causes of hunger are as a result of a

Saguaro: The Sahara Desert
There are roughly 8.7 million known species of plants and animals distributed all over the world.
However, there are fewer plant and animal species found in hot desert areas due to the climate and
landform. Living under the arid evnironment is typically difficult because of the extreme climate,
the fluctuation of temperature between night and day is enormous, and sandstorms occur frequently.
As well as this, there are very few nutritional substances for survival. However, the biggest
challenge for living things in the hot desert is most likely the dry weather and lack of rain. The
annual rainfall is below 25 mm in the Sahara Desert, the world's biggest desert, compared with the
Amazon rainforest which has an average precipitation of 1250 to ... Show more content on
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Moreover, the sandstorms come frequently due to the soil issue and the water resource is limited.
Those harsh conditions contribute a real tough challenge for living in the hot desert, but the desert
animals have their own way to survive and succeed. As the water is the basis of life, the first issue
that desert animals need to face is the lack of water. Animals have figured out their way to gain
enough water for their diet. Some animals make water on their own; Merriam's kangaroo rats do not
drink water for their entire life, they eat high carbohydrate seeds so that does not need too much
water to process and their faeces is really dry.5 For animals do not have this kind of special function
in their metabolic system, like kit foxes and snakes, gain water directly from the plants they eat.
Succulent plants in desert usually have thick leaves to store moisture but their shorn is not as
obvious as catic; without the protection, animals can eat the prey easily. The Texas horned lizards
have magical skin structure for collecting rainwater. The desert animals do not only need to obtain
water, but also need to reduce lost of water by avoiding evaporation. The Texas horned lizards have
thick skin to block the moisture from evaporating to the

Africa's Environment And The Environment Of Africa
Humans interact with the environment of Africa in many ways. Some of those ways help to improve
the environment, but many of the other ways humans interact with Africa's environment is hurting
its health and sustainability. A couple of ways humans are affecting Africa's environment are
deforestation and desertification. These two environmental changes are happening rapidly and have
consequences that all life forms have to deal with. The first way humans are changing the
environment of Africa is through deforestation. The threat of deforestation is occurring due to the
rapid population growth of humans, and the illegal/over–harvesting of trees for timber and
fuelwood. In Africa, there are two places where deforestation is a major problem: the Congo Basin
and East Africa. The Congo Basin makes up twenty per cent of the world's tropical rainforests and is
one of the most important wilderness areas left on this planet (WWF Global, 2017). The Congo
Basin forests span over six countries (Central African Republic, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea) and contain forests, savannas,
swamps and rivers which are home to unique species such as elephants, okapis, chimpanzees,
bonobos, and mountain and lowland gorillas. The rate of forest degradation is so high from roadside
farming and logging, that it is expected that only a few large blocks of regions with undisturbed
forests will remain in 50 years. In fact, about thirty per

The Between West Africa And South Africa
While the nearness of Islam in West Africa goes back to eighth century, the spread of the confidence
in locales that are presently the cutting edge conditions of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso,
Niger, Mali and Nigeria, was in reality, a progressive and complex procedure. A lot of what we think
about the early history of West Africa originates from medieval records composed by Middle
Easterner and North African geographers and antiquarians. Experts have utilized a few models to
disclose why Africans changed over to Islam. Some underline monetary inspirations, others
highlight the draw of Islam 's otherworldly message, and a number stretch the distinction and impact
of Arabic education in encouraging state building. While the ... Show more content on
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In West Africa, the three awesome medieval domains of Ghana, Mali, and the Songhay created in
Sahel.
The historical backdrop of Islam in West Africa can be clarified in three stages, control, blending,
and change. In the main stage, African lords contained Muslim impact by isolating Muslim groups,
in the second stage African rulers mixed Islam with nearby conventions as the populace specifically
appropriated Islamic practices, lastly in the third stage, African Muslims squeezed for changes with
an end goal to free their social orders of blended practices and execute Shariah. This three–stage
structure helps reveals insight into the verifiable improvement of the medieval domains of Ghana
and Mali.
In the eleventh century Andalusian geographer, Al–Bakri, reported records of Middle Easterner and
North African Berber settlements in the locale. A few components prompted the development of the
Muslim vendor researcher class in non–Muslim kingdoms. Islam encouraged long separation
exchange by offering valuable arrangements of apparatuses for shippers including contract law,
credit, and data systems. Muslim vendor researchers likewise assumed a vital part in non–Muslim
kingdoms as consultants and recorders in Ghana. They had the vital aptitude of composed script,
which helped in the organization of kingdoms. Numerous Muslim were additionally religious
experts whose ornaments were prized by non–Muslims.
Dealer researchers additionally

Physical Journeys; Peter Skrzynecki and Related Texts Essay
Physical journeys also involve emotional and spiritual journeys
A physical journey brings inner growth and development from the experiences a person encounters
from a physical transition from one place to another. All physical journeys include obstacles and
hardships however they also involve emotional and spiritual journeys along the way. Peter
Skrzynecki's poems "Postcard" and "Crossing The Red Sea" are both examples of an emotional
journey within a physical journey. A feature article 'A Desert Odyssey' reported by Sue Williams and
Robert Frost's poem 'The Road Not Taken' also involve emotional journeys within a physical
journey.
'Postcard' is a poem by Skrzynecki about the arrival of a postcard for his parents. As Skrzynecki's ...
On this extensive journey it allowed for an emotional journey to take part between immigrants,
shown by the metaphor "silence fell from it's shackles" showing readers that they were finally able
to talk about their past experiences and emotions, which allowed for emotional release. The lengthy
journey also allowed for Skrzynecki to allude back to his past life remembering both good and bad
memories.
"I remember a field of red poppies" is a pleasant allusion that Skrzynecki had about his past life but
is then juxtaposed by "Blood leaves similar dark stains". The juxtaposed quotes shows the emotional
impact his past life as had on him, as he remembers the happy memories he quickly replaces them
for memories of lives and blood that has been lost. This emphasises that even though you can leave
the past behind you, past events and memories can still be the cause of an emotional journey that
must be overcome, as emotions can also be an obstacle that has to be faced on a physical journey.
"The equator still to be crossed" shows that the immigrants have a long way to go and still have
many obstacles to face including their emotions. Crossing the Red Sea therefore shows that a
physical journey can be epic and momentous in both literal distance and process but also with
relation to emotional change that inevitably accompanies such a situation/event.
My related text 'A Desert Odyssey' is a feature

Eastern Hemisphere And Its Impact On The Development Of...
Between Two Regions The millennium from 1000 to 1500 C.E. changed significantly from the past
eras that have been studied before. Sizable regions such as Africa and the Mediterranean Basin
dominated the eastern side of our world. From incredible advancements in agricultural technology
and extensive trade networks, to the complex social classes and religious values, the eastern
hemisphere influenced the development of all societies. Agriculture was such a prominent part in
every civilization since the beginning of time. It was a way for humans to be one with their land for
it gave them means to survive. As agriculture became much more recognized in Africa, "cultivators
and herders displaced many of the hunting, gathering and fishing peoples who previously inhabited
Saharan Africa." (Bentley,384) With the progression of new technology; iron axes, adzes, and hoes
were created, and revolutionized agriculture on their land. The introduction of bananas from sea
lanes became popular in Africa and increased the supply of food that was available. Likewise for
Medieval Europe, cultivation on Europe grounds allowed more room for agricultural techniques, the
utilization of developed tools and technologies, and the institution of new crops. Similar to Africa,
population pressure rose and space for more agriculture became necessary. Beans were important to
the diets of Europeans as were the bananas to African diets. They also dug ponds to raise fish which
in turn led to new

Factors Of Colonialism In Africa
Colonialism is the general road–map or the experience of getting full or not complete, in part control
over another country, taking up (time, space) it with settlers and making use of it by money and
goods. Colonialism in Africa started between the 1870s and 1900 as Africa faced imperialist's
Aggression , diplomatic forces to do, military taking by force, in the end Conquest and process of
making countries come under the control of another, in addition process of making countries come
under the control of another in Africa can be separated into 2 stages, namely the Greek and Latin
days long past and European process of making countries come under the control of another, but in
pleasing to all parlance the discussions of colonialism in Africa ... Show more content on
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Rele, F. Abiola; Biodun Jeyifo (2010) contends that Before colonialism, sub–Saharan Africa was an
ongoing existence interests, money, goods because some precolonial African societies were
hunting–gathering interests, money, goods of societies, other societies had agricultural–based
interests, money, goods of societies. if hunting–gathering or farming interests, money, goods of
societies, in most cases precolonial persons from Africa d their farming work and producing as a
group or communally in which of a high purpose all able–bodied adults took part. being dependent
on placing, precolonial persons from Africa be in agreement to go with in crafts–level (not
industrial–level) hand–tool making, they produced farming apparatus for making or put right things,
cloths, iron or copper gives effect to, pots, jewellery, weapons for looking for or war, and other
products. Most precolonial African interests, money, goods of societies were mainly subsistence–
oriented with trade sends and markets for the exchange of added amount goods for commodities that
could not be produced special to some place. These ongoing existence interests, money, goods of
societies were not adjustment to events to the mass stores of great amount or getting things done of
profits because Sometimes money was in the form of threaded balls, cows, iron coins, and other able
to be taken about items were used for the exchange of goods. During colonialism the interests,

The Synopsis Of The Alchemist
Katy LaPalomento
Ms. DeLaurentis
Honors English IV
6 January 2016
Synopsis; The Alchemist The prologue of The Alchemist, written by Paulo Coelho, describes the
legend of Narcissus. Narcissus was a man who kneeled by the lake everyday just to admire his own
reflection; however, he became so infatuated with his reflection that he drowned in the lake from
trying to kiss the beautiful being that he had seen within the waters. The lake then grieves over the
loss of Narcissus because his eyes reflected the beauty of the lake back to itself.
The reader meets Santiago, a traveling shepherd with his flock of sheep accompanying him on his
journey across the countryside of Spain. On their journey, Santiago and his herd stay the night at an
old church in ruins. Within the church there is a sycamore tree that is growing where the sacristy
used to stand. During Santiago's sleep, he has an unsettling dream that awakens him. Santiago
discusses with his sheep the memories of a girl he met the prior year at a town called Tarifa. The
next morning he continues to the town to sell wool to a merchant and to see the merchant's daughter.
The merchant's daughter tries to arouse information from Santiago about his choices to be a
shepherd despite his abilities to read. In an attempt to avoid her questions, Santiago instead relives
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Santiago informs the boy about his journey and offers to pay him as guide. The boy explains to
Santiago that the trip through the Sahara Desert is a dangerous and risky course. Santiago,
determined to uncover the treasure awaiting him, assures the boy that he will be able to pay and that
the trip will be worth it. Santiago gives the boy money to buy camels for the trip; however, after
getting distracted among the marketplace the boy takes all of Santiago's money. Santiago then
acquires a job from a crystal merchant who offers to pay him for his cleaning

Sahara Desert
Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert is the world's largest desert area. The word Sahara comes from the Arabic word
sahra', meaning desert. It extends from the Africa's Atlantic Ocean side to the Red Sea and consists
of the countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, and
Sudan. It is about 5,200 miles long. Overall, the Sahara Desert covers 3,500,000 square miles. The
geography of the desert is varied. In the west, the Sahara is rocky with varied elevation. It does
contain underground rivers, which sometime penetrate the surface, resulting in oases. The central
region of the Sahara has more elevation than the other areas, with peaks such as Emi Koussi and
Tahat. Even though the area lacks rainfall, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plant and animal life is not as abundant in the Sahara as it is in other deserts. The grasses, shrubs,
and trees that grow in parts of the Sahara have adapted in order to live in the dry conditions there.
Plants of the Sahara obtain water in various ways. Some have long roots that reach deep into the soil
and absorb moisture. Others take moisture from the air through their leaves. Some of the mammal
species found within the Sahara are the gerbil, jerboa, Cape hare, the desert hedgehog, Dorcas
gazelle, deer, common jackal, and the mongoose. The Sahara also contains over 300 species of
migratory bird populations along with water and shore birds and various other types of birds. Some
of the most common birds are ostriches, raptors, secretary birds, guinea fowl, desert eagles and, sand
larks. Numerous types of reptiles – including frogs, toads, and crocodiles – can be found within the
Sahara's lakes and pools of water, while lizards, chameleons, skinks, and cobras are to be found
among the dunes and rocks. Among the reptiles in the Sahara's rivers and pools can be found snails,
brine and algae shrimp, plus other types of crustaceans. Most desert animals can go for long periods
of time without water. They get the water from the plants that they eat. Many of the small animals
stay in their burrows during the day to avoid the heat. They search for food at night. The Sahara

Africa South Of The Sahara Research Paper
Measurement Topic 2: Africa South of the Sahara
Learning Target 2: Geography of Africa South of the Sahara
Step 2: Cultural geography of Africa South of the Sahara
Read the attached document on the cultural features of Africa South of the Sahara to answer the
following questions:
How has the physical environment of the Sahel influenced ways of life in this subregion?
The Sahel, the land of Africa beneath the Sahara, is filled with large water systems and a range of
elevated lands: plateaus, mountains, and valleys. In some ways, it made for an easier life. Having
the large water regions near by allowed for advanced irrigation systems and immediate access to
water for drinking, health care, and taking care of livestock. The landforms; however,

The Trans Saharan Trade Routes
During the eighth century throughout the late sixteenth century, one trade route entranced everyone
involved from the Mediterranean to the Africa's. The Trans – Saharan Trade was an important trade
route that ran across the Sahara between the Mediterranean countries and West Africa. In the
beginning stages of the Trans– Saharan trade many small trade routes were being used throughout
the period. this is because travelling across the Sahara before the domestication of the camel was
difficult. The Trans–Saharan trade route did more than attract traders. This route was an economical
boost for many and also connected the West African people with the Mediterranean people.
Trade across the Sahara existed for many eras before the Common Era but it was periodic,
incidental, modest, and much unorganized. During this time, the trade goods were carried on the
backs of cattle known as pack–oxen. "The pack–oxen became accustomed to desert conditions
allowing them to travels days without water as they traveled from one water source to the other."
The problem with the oxen was that they were unable to travel without rest and water which was
hard to come by. Because of the time dependency of the oxen travel across the Sahara was very
dangerous. It took ages for the merchandise to reach its attended destination. The trade remained
unorganized until around the 5th century when the domestication of the camel revolutionized desert
travel.
Camels were preferred method of travel due to the fact

The Little Prince Essay
A pilot due to engine failure has stranded himself in the Sahara Desert, who one day met an odd
little boy with golden hair who happened to be from another planet, Asteroid B 612. The boy, who
refers to himself as a The Little Prince, is on a journey for knowledge. The curious little prince asks
many questions on the pilot and tells the pilot of his life on his very own small planet. The magical
journey of the little prince fits the characteristic of a children's book. However, it is actually a story
of a grown–up who has almost forgotten what is important. It is the story of the pilot's reconnection
to his own sense of imagination and wonder. It is the story of the re–opening of the pilot's heart.
The exploit of the story has preceded by the pilot's recall of his first attempt at drawing. In his
childhood, he twice drew an elephant inside a boa constrictor. However, both failed to be
acknowledged by the grown–ups. He was disappointed by their reactions, and so the narrator
follows the advised of many to quit drawing and to focus on ... Show more content on
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So, at the prince's suggestion, they seek for a water reservoir in the midst of the scorching heat in the
desert. Upon their way, they talk about sensual things about life. So, when they found out the well,
they drank the water as the water feeds their hearts as much as their bodies, and the two share a
moment of bliss as they agree that too many people do not see what is truly important in life.
When the story ends, the little prince decided to go back to his planet while the pilot go back on
fixing the engine of his plane. When the pilot checked on the prince, he saw that he was talking to a
poisonous snake. As the prince knew that the pilot fixed the plane and he was happy for going back
home. He allows himself to be bitten and he prepares to leave his body. The pilot is distraught and
tries to save the little prince. Yet, he

West African Empires
"West African societies were shaped by competition for wealth and the search for independence
from more powerful kingdoms" (History 2011). Most of Africa's oldest kingdoms originated from
West Africa. These old kingdoms contributed to the development and growth of Africa in many
ways, especially trade and economic growth. As the new kingdoms replaced the old ones, they
experienced a vast change. Conquest and warfare along caused these transformations to occur. It
was also influenced by the patterns of trade. The earliest civilizations were in West Africa south of
the Sahara desert. These civilisations grew at a time when most of the outside countries were
experiencing The Dark Age. "After the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire around ...
However, the Mali Empire's power was weakened due to quarrels about orderly succession of the
emperors. When the Songhai Empire realized that weakness at the center of Mali, they started
rebelling. In 1375, Geo rebelled. Soon Songhai Empire began its expansion at the expense of Mali.
They conquered Mema, Timbuktu from the Tuareg. The military commander responsible for these
victories, Sunni Ali Ber, was considered the first great ruler of the Songhai Empire. He continued to
expand and build the empire by taking control of important Trans–Saharan trade routes as well as
other cities and provinces of Mali. Trade had a significant influence on the history of these empires.
The riches made through these trades contributed to build larger kingdoms and empires. In order to
protect their trade, they build even larger armies. The slave trade was the most important contributor
to their economic development. "The Songhai kingdom under the rule of Askia Mohammed used
slaves as soldiers. Slaves were trusted not to overthrow their rulers. Sometimes, slaves were given
position such as royal advisers because "Songhai rulers believed that slaves could be trusted to
provide unbiased advice unlike other citizens who held a personal stake in the outcome of decisions"
(Tesfu 2015). Fall of Songhai Empire: The wealth and power of Songhai empire was drastically
affected by the environmental changes, which caused droughts and diseases. In the 16th century,
Songhai empire went into civil war. Following the fates of Ghana and Mali empires. They too
started to fall apart. Even though, they survived the environmental changes. They fell prey to
Moroccans, who wanted to control the sub–Saharan gold trade. In 1591, the Moroccan army
invaded and Songhai were defeated. The economic and administrative centres of which remained in
Moroccan

Why Is Anothr Important Trade Centers In The Ancient...
Trade was very important to the economy of the Ancient African Empires. The African Empires
traded with other nations. The would take goods from Western and Central Africa and send them on
the trade routes to Europe, India and the Middle East.
The main goods that were traded were gold and salt. The West African gold mines made the West
African Empires very rich. They also traded Kola nuts, ivory, cloth, metal goods, beads and slaves.
Major trade centers developed and grew. Timbuktu, Gao, Djenne and Sijilmasas were trade centers
in West Africa. Tunis, Marrakesh and Cairo were trade centers along the coast of North Africa.
Anothr important trade center was Adulis on the Red Sea.
Trade goods were moved from Western and Central Africa

Mali Rise To Power Essay
During the thirteenth century in central Africa, an empire called Mali rose to power. Throughout its
time, outstanding ideas, people, and resources propelled the empire. Under the rule of the Musas,
Mali was a successful, gold–centered empire. The Empire of Mali thrived because of its location
and, like other empires, rose to power from military conquests. At its height, Mali excelled because
of strong leadership, Trans–Saharan trade, gold–mining, and the spread of Islam.
The Empire of Mali was located in a vast, landlocked area along the Niger River. At its largest, the
empire covered 478,640 sq. mi., containing desert and semi–desert regions with scattered brush and
grass. (Carson, 2017) The land near the Sahara Desert had a dry climate ... Show more content on
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Both imports and exports were taxed. Camel caravans carried people, ideas and goods across the
Saharan Desert to the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Gold was exported and salt was
imported along this trade route. Salt was needed by the Malians to preserve food, and gold was used
in the Mediterranean as a currency. As trade continued, a barter system was established where one
pound of gold became equal to one pound of salt. (Fortified Towns of the Trans–Sahara Trading
Routes, 2017) Towns were built outside the desert and were used as supply and fueling stations to
make the three–month journey less treacherous. Ivory, slaves and leather goods were some
additional exports from

Tuareg People: Blue Men Of The Sahara Desert
GOD FORSAKEN PEOPLE
The blistering wind and scorching sun, the never ending plains filled with the orange sand dunes.
Mysterious men walking with blue veils which only leaves their eyes in view. The Tuareg people are
a desert tribe which inhabits the Sahara desert (LONGITUDE 23.4162* N LATITUDE 25.6628 E),
they are often recognized for their "Blue Men of the Desert" as their face is often stained blue from
their veils which are dyed indigo.
The Arabic meaning of Tuareg is "God–forsaken people" and this seems quite fitting for a people
that has learnt to live and survive in such harsh conditions of the Sahara Desert. Tuareg or "Berbers"
refer to themselves as free men and have survived in the desert for thousands of years.
The Tuareg were originally a part of the North African Berbers in the Mediterranean coast of Libya.
They migrated south to the Sahara desert when camels where introduced to North Africa in ... Show
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As the Sahara desert is a very different biome, it often attracts tourists, the local Tuareg people act as
guides using their camels to explore the vast plains of the Sahara. Tuareg men spend five to seven
months of the year travelling across different regions of the Sahara to access grazing land or
grasslands for animals such as goats, camels and sheep. They also collect salt, millet, other foods,
perfume, spices, cloth, household tools and along with their livestock trade with neighboring
communities. Camels are important to the Tuareg people as they provide transport, hides, meat
(although rarely eaten except for special occasions) and milk. Their diet mainly consists of millet,
goats and camels milk and goats cheese. All their diet relies on their environment, if there is no grass
to feed their livestock they would not be able to produce their food that is a staple in their diet. As
there is shortage of firewood in the desert, the Tuareg use dried up dung to make their

Question One. What Affected The ‘Variety Of Africa’S...
Question One
What affected the 'variety of Africa's historical development'?
Africa's persistent poverty interrogates the continent's past through institutions, government,
demography, economics, colonialism, and the impact of the trading. The colonial era affected the
variety of Africa's historical development for it was quite the game changer since it put a halt to the
continuous drain of scarce labor and paved the way for the expansion of land concentrated forms of
agriculture, and engaging smallholders, estates, and communal farms. The establishment of the
colonial rule over the African interior reinforced African commodity growth in export. The colonial
control facilitated the construction induced significant inflows of European ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Byzantine Empire needed the metal to create an economy and many products. The route kept on
expanding to be a more traditional trade route of the Silk Road between Europe and the Middle East.
The camel caravans and oases were the primary modes of transportation to make it possible for the
buyer and seller to communicate about the product and slave. The camels were perfectly suited to
the travel through the Sahara from moving for extended periods of time and carrying heavy
packages. The transportation also helped cultural exchange between Africans and Arabs. The Trans–
Saharan trading enriched the African kingdoms beyond what would have been possible without it.
Question Three
How did the polity of Ancient Ghana arise? How did Ghana maintain its strength and what were
some of the challenges? The Wagadou Empire was a monarchy, and the king was regarded by the
people to be a semi–divine figure who kept order and justice. Ghana was not rich in natural
resources as it was located along a major trade route between ivory and gold producing areas and
salt miners in the Sahara. Merchants were lured into Ghana by the wealth of gold and prosperity
helped the capital, Kumbi Saleh, to be a center of trade. The country will eventually become a
prosperous entrepôt. Ancient Ghana derived power and wealth from gold and transportation of
camels during the Sub–Saharan trade to increase the quantity of goods that were transported. The
traditional Ghanan religions and Islam spread

Western Sahara Research Paper
Western Sahara is located on the northwest coast of Africa bordered by Morocco, Mauritania, and
Algeria. It is mostly part of the Sahara desert. Western Sahara is one of the most sparsely populated
territories in the world. Their climate is hot, dry desert, rain is rare, the cold offshore air currents
produces fog and heavy dew. Due to the fact that The Western Sahara is mostly desert, we can not
build a highway through here, but it could be built on the coast. Western Sahara's territory is 85%
under Moroccan control. Since the 1930s, most Sahrawis have been compelled to adopt to sedentary
lifestyle and to live in urban settings as a result of fighting. Their most recent GDP is 2,500. This
would impact the highway because they wouldn't be able ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cameroon is located in Central Africa, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon has a
large youth population by building and highway it would help them get to their jobs and travel more.
They also have Natural hazards such as volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases
from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes. Mt. Cameroon last erupted in 2000, is the most
frequently active volcano in West Africa. Lakes in Oku volcanic field have released fatal levels of
gas on occasion, killing some 1,700 people in 1986. In Cameroon periodic droughts and flooding
occurs. This would affect the highway by having no one using it.
My last county is Equatorial Guinea. Equatorial Guinea is located in Central Africa, between
Cameroon and Gabon. Equatorial Guinea is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Equatorial
Guinea experienced some sudden economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil. This is
good because the income of the oil would help pay to build the highway. The climate is always hot,
humid. This would affect the amount of people using it because if the hot temperature escalates too
quickly no one would want to use it. Due to the rapid economic change the GDP rose over

Sahara Desert Research Paper
Over a millennium ago The Great Wall Of China was erected to stop hostile armies from invading
the landscape. Now, Africa's farmlands are under attack from a far worse invader: the Sahara Desert.
Twenty nations are coming together in an effort to plant a living defense system made of trees,
called, the Great Green Wall of Africa.
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As the world's largest non–polar desert, the Sahara is actually expanding. It is estimated that, by
2025, two–thirds of Africa's arable land will be covered in sand. The danger of these projections is
the destruction of farmland in countries that already suffer from a lack of crops.
As the first line of defense, leaders of Senegal, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Mauritania,
Niger, Djibouti, Chad,

The Vibrant Tradition and History of Niger Compare to the...
Niger, home of the free flowing Niger River is a Sub–Saharan country. Sadly it is an extremely poor
country. With part of the country desert and less than 3% open for crop use. The present economic
situation is bleak at best. Yet, the vibrant tradition and history of this country live today in its tribes
and its people even through all of its adversities. From severe droughts to military coups to a
dysfunctional government to the culture has stayed strong. Niger is one of the most poorly located
places in the world. With few natural resources and even fewer arable land it needs help from a lot
of countries. Niger receives most of their imports from France. They get various objects from
donations as sixty–four percent of Nigerians are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Air Mountains run through the western part of the country and it's here where you can find
Mount Idoukal–n–Taghes, the largest point in Niger towering at 2022 meters. Niger is in Western
Africa. It borders with Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, and Nigeria {in which
it shares the largest borders with}. Niger has had a lush, and colorful history and it all starts 6000
years ago. At this point humans have first settled here. Until the 11th century there were just
indigenous tribes. At 1000 A.D. the Tuareg people came down from Libya and started conquering
the region. At the 15th century, they made a very rich and prosperous city–state called Agadez. It
became rich becomes it was a center of a trade route between East–Africa and Western Africa plus it
was a kind of oasis from the hot, scorching, and barren desert. Then the Songhai came and took over
Agadez. With the previous trade and now the Muslim dominated Songhai empire, most people
converted from their old beliefs to Islam. After that the Songhai broke up and indigenous tribes lived
on until the late 1800s. Now at this point France was coming and it wanted to claim land. It took
them roughly 30 years as the Tuareg held up a fierce army, but at 1905 Niger finally was conquered.
Then at 1960 Niger finally won its independence. Niger had a military rule. In the early seventies
they experienced a brief period of economic

How Did Geography Affect The Kingdom Of Ghana
How did geography affect society, culture, and trade of the kingdom of Ghana? The Kingdom of
Ghana had lots of trade and transportation through Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean region which
they traded with Rome. They had plenty of gold and food resources which helped the people
throughout time. The empire had some few political problems. Ghana is located in a different place
than the modern country of Ghana in West Africa. Ghana was located in the savanna region, and just
south of it lay rain forests where there was an abundance of gold found in streams and mine shafts.
Ancient Ghana was divided into ten regions, Western Ghana, Central Ghana, Greater Accra, Eastern
Ghana, Volta, Ashanti, Brong–Ahafo, Northern Ghana, Upper West Ghana and Upper East Ghana.
The Empire of Ghana was located in Western Africa in what is today the countries of Mauritania,
Senegal, and Mali. The region lies just south of the Sahara Desert and is mostly savanna grasslands.
Major rivers in the region such as the Gambia River, Senegal River, and the Niger River served as
the means of transportation and trade. Vegetation grew mainly in the south western part of the
Kingdom, as there was very little rain in the northern part.The climate of Ancient Ghana for most of
the year was dry and hot, however rainfall did occur in some parts during the year. Due to its
geographic location on the trans– Saharan trade route, Ghana had a great advantage as merchants
had to pass through it to exchange goods

Waaqa, Islam, And The Swahili Tribe
When one thinks of Africa they usually think of a desert with primitive tribes, but that is not all that
Africa holds. The continent of Africa is diverse. The food for example is very diverse. The religion
in Africa is diverse, and the environment in Africa is diverse.
Food in Africa is very diverse. The Baka, whom live in the rainforest, eat a diet of mostly starch,
like plantains and yams, as well as certain meat, like antelope, care rats, and forest buffalo, and fish.
All meat they eat is either roasted or boiled; large animals are usually boiled with chilli peppers and
palm oil. They also eat seasonal food such as seeds from forest mangoes in July and caterpillars in
August. The Swahili tribe's diet is highly spiced with African, Middle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Sahara desert include quite a lot of sand, such as sand dunes, and sand sheets, in fact sand dunes
and sheets cover approximately 25% of the desert. The Sahara also includes oasis depressions and
shallow basins that fill seasonally; the climate is dry and subtropical. The Saraha's wildlife includes
over 300 species of birds but vegetation is sparse and include mostly shrubs grasses and a few trees.
The Savanna is a tropical wet and dry biome, and includes around 2 million plant eating large
mammals, with about 45 species of mammals, and almost 50 species of birds. It also includes
approximately 55 species of acacia trees. As well as the acacia trees plant life also includes grasses–
as the savanna could also be classified as a grassland– and more trees. The Swahili Coast, it has very
fertile land beyond the coast which is perfect for certain crops such as rice, citrus, cardamom,
peppers, cloves, cinnamon, and coconut palms. It also include very dense mangrove trees. The
animal life on the Swahili Coast includes, about 50 species of mammals, and 200 species of birds.
The indigenous species on the Swahili Coast are very limited

Africa After The Sahara Desert
When people think of Africa, geographically, they only think about Africa after the Sahara desert. In
their mental map of Africa, a lot of people utterly omit North Africa ( which includes countries like
Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt). The reason why that is that through writings and many theories,
Europeans have basically divided Africa into two parts: Hamitic and Negroid. The theories that they
developed about North Africa being historically separate from the rest of Africa have led to the ideas
that the northern region of Africa is not even part of Africa. This is why some people think that
Egypt is not part of Africa, geographically and culturally. This separation, as almost everything
Europeans did when it came to Africa, was only to further denigrate Black people. The Hamitic
Hypothesis suggests that North Africans are Hamites/Caucasoids–closely relate to white people–and
everyone else is Negroid. The hypothesis asserts that this supposed Hamitic identity of Africans is
reason why they were so advanced and were able to accomplish the great things they did. The
lengths that Europeans went to just justify their bigoted ideas is astounding. Originally, it was: Noah
cursed Ham. Nothing else; nothing about Ham's descendant being black. The European modification
that the descendants of Ham were "cursed by being black" goes back to the dichotomy of [the
definitions] of "black" and "white". Sanders calls these modifications "fanciful rabbinical
expansions of the Genesis

Africa Shaped By Technology And Atmosphere Before The 1800s
Africa Shaped by Technology and Atmosphere Before the 1800s
Hieroglyphs can be considered one of the oldest forms of literature; Egyptians developed this
technology at around 4,000 BC. Reasons for creating hieroglyphs are art, and communication
(Mattessich). Parallel to that, farming was another type of technology that was being developed
along the north of Africa and the river Nile, by the upcoming kingdom of Africa. Nubia (modern day
Sudan) also gave rise to another kind of technology in term of agriculture, the cattle herding, their
location made it easy to feed animals because it was tropical and had lots of vegetation. Hunter
gathers were living since the beginnings of times, so this is not a new developed technology but it is
significant to say that the rest of Africa was occupied by them (Britton). By 1,500 BC the Egyptian
empire was the leading power over Mesopotamia, Syrian and Canaan. Around this time somewhere
in north Africa, sub–Saharan or the highlands of Ethiopia the domestication of sorghum and millet
occurred, giving a boost in the agricultural aspect and helping societies being more settle (Zohary
and Hopf), millet is thought to be brought from east Asia through land, since it was it has been
cultivated there since 8,000 BC years (Lu, Zhang and Liu). This is a crucial event because sorghum
and millet are harder to farm that wheat and barley. Since Africa never had an established
continental "Bronze era" it is generally said that they jumped from Stone Age

Ancient Mali Research Paper
Ancient Mali was a country located in North–West Africa. It was a country that had once thrived as
one of the biggest empires. Their location also had an impact that made them known for trading
because of the surrounding resources. Taking advantage, as well as their ruler, who led them to be
rich, ruled at his peak. So, ancient Mali represents history, geography, and trade/economics, because
it was a part of what changed their empire as a whole.
Ancient Mali was an empire that had started when Malinke conquered the Soso in 1240, and there,
the Malian people started their empire. With this their empire grew in size reaching nearly all of
what there is of West Africa today. Overtime their empire grew to its height as the rulers of Mali
brought themselves together and formed a kingdom. Their trading heavily influenced their ranking
in society, and made ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many came to trade here, as Mali had grown in wealth. Mansa Musa flourished Mali, and travelers
and traders came to his empire. But of course, his wasn't the only city to be known to trade. But he
was one of the major in North Africa. Mali traded with empires that were also North of Africa. ¨The
Mansa reserved the exclusive right to dispense justice and to tax both local and international trade.
That trade was centered in three major cities, Timbuktu, Djenne and Gao.¨ (Black Past). These were
the places known, and shown on the map.
Materials, valuables, and other items Mali would receive would be involved in trading between Mali
and Egypt. They would import and export to each other for the advancement of each others empires.
They had worked together for a while, each advancing their trading areas, and gaining more
supplies. Mali would import were things like gold, and in return they would trade and get things
they weren't able to get themselves. Other than that, they would trade things with gold. Gold was
Africa's currency and was a great deal, for wealth and

Mali Cultural Exchange
Did you know that during its time, the Empire of Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of its time?
Resources, trade, and interaction with Muslim scholars allowed Mali to become a site of cultural
exchange. Mali was a kingdom of West Africa that ruled from 1200s to 1464 CE. They had access to
tons of gold through gold mines, which they traded with people like Arab merchants. Muslim
Scholars also traveled to Mali, and spread Islam there. In this essay, I am going to tell you why Mali
became a site of cultural exchange.
One reason that Mali became a site of cultural exchange was because of there salt and gold supply.
According to a PDF by UC Davis from 2014, Berber people lived as nomads and crossed the
Sahara, taking gold north, and salt south. Arab North Africans ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These universities were built by Islamic Scholars to help spread Islamic religion. According to UC
Davis, the University at Timbuktu was built in the 15th century, at the time it was a large Muslim
scholar community. It was organized into separate colleges, each of them run by one teacher.
Students would learn and study with that one teacher subjects like The Quran and Islamic religion,
logic, astronomy or history. This shows how Islam was spread through universities, and how
communities were created for these universities. Another artifact, also according to UC Davis, an
artifact that is two pages from a mathematics and astronomy book, that is from Timbuktu. The pages
show lots of writing, and what looks like a form of graph or design, in the middle of each page. It is
one of the 700,000 manuscripts that, throughout the 12–17th centuries, were collected by scholars.
This shows how many people were being educated and studying at universities. 700,000 is a very
big number of manuscripts, so that shows how influential Islamic scholars were. In total, you can
see how universities being built was a big effect of Mali's cultural

Burkina Faso
Many people think that they are very knowledgeable about the world, but many people probably
have never heard of the African country, Burkina Faso. If you haven't heard of it, maybe you've seen
its flag. their has a red top and a green bottom with a small yellow star in the middle. It is a small
landlocked country in the western region of Africa, south of the Sahara. Education is very scarce in
Burkina Faso. French schools are used because it is the only way to get even a basic education. After
getting their basic education in Burkina Faso anyone who wants a higher education must go to
France because there are no colleges or universities in Burkina Faso. The reason they go to France
and not some other country is because that is the country that ruled them before it gained its
independence. Many woman aren't even able to get to France because there is a small bias against
woman, so males are more likely to get the money to get to go to college.
The religion of the inhabitants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are no funerals for those that have died, because that is seen as disturbing the dead. Instead of
the funerals there is a ceremony every April for those that have died in the previous year. Even after
that necromancers are hired to find out how and if a person was supposed to die. If someone had
commented sins, they would be pronounced killed by the gods as punishment for their crimes. To
please these gods, they would sacrifice chicken and other livestock in their name.
The climate in Burkina Faso changes dramatically over the months. It has a tropical climate, and
two very distinct seasons. In the winter it is warm and dry. In the summer in is hot and wet. The
average temperature is 82 degrees Celsius, or 179 degrees Fahrenheit. The reason it is so hot is
because the "Harmmatten" winds from the Sahara blow hot air into Burkina Faso. This is most
likely do to the fact that Burkina Faso is near the

Why Were Many African Civilizations Prosperous?
Why were these North African civilizations prosperous?
Why between the Mediterranean and the Sahara?
What is a plateau?
*The Sahara covers ¼ of Africa!
*AFRICA IS A CONTINENT !!!
*Sahel is a word for shore (in Arabic) which are lands surrounding the Sahara
*Jungle is a place with dense plants and trees which prevents sunlight from reaching through the tall
trees onto the forest floor
Lake Victoria that is in east central Africa is one of the world's biggest lakes
Africa still has some active volcanoes!
Linguists are people who study languages
Bantu– A language
Oral traditions – Poems, songs , and stories that would be passed by mouth throughout time
Section 2
Kush would have close roots to Karmah
Karmah shared rich cultural aspects with y'know, Egypt
Meroe would become their new capital city!
– Aksum was a huge thriving city that depended and grew on trade
– This was pretty important, considering the fact that they sent stuff up to Mediterranean

How were Aksum so successful when it came to trading?
I mean cmon, they traded with the Mediterranean
SECTION 3:
How did trade even develop in the African coasts?
How did the news of trade spread?
The Physical Setting
– The Neolithic peoples of the Ancient Egypt began to move in the flow (towards) civilization by
around 3800 BC .
– Many other great civilizations prospered on the African

Sundiata's Influence On American Culture
The Empire of Mali was the "Land of Gold" to all of Eurasia. Their huge abundance of gold brought
many people from all around the world in seek for this valuable treasure. The Empire of Mali was
founded by Sundiata after the Ghana Empire fell. Sundiata created a new society that involved
powerful warriors and elite craftsman. He also created a society with religious freedom. Sundiata
ultimately helped Mali grow and prosper in the beginning years. Mali developed into a site of
cultural exchange because of the gold–salt trade, which quickly resulted in religion being mixed
together and many merchants becoming eager for a large profit.
Mali became a site of cultural exchange because of the gold– salt trade. The gold –salt trade allowed
many

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