Type 2 Fibres Lab Report

Type 2 Fibres Lab Report
Type II fibres are more susceptible to fatigue than type I fibres because, to begin with type II fibres have smaller and fewer
mitochondrion unlike type I fibres that have more and larger mitochondrion, which in return results in greater oxidative enzyme
activity, greater utilization of oxygen and will have a greater fatigue resistance compared to fast twitch fibres. Secondly, type II fibres
have a lower myoglobin concentration which hinders its ability to store and facilitate oxygen diffusion which will cause type II fibres
to fatigue more faster. Another factor is that type I fibres have a much smaller muscle fibre diameter, which means there is a smaller
diffusion distance allowing for oxygen to be used faster since it doesn't have to travel to far, unlike the large type II fibres. The last
factor that causes for a large fatigue index being associated with a high percentage of fast twitch fibres is that type I fibres ... Show
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Two mechanisms that could explain a sex difference in the fatigue index is that females have higher capillarization oxygen delivery
and oxidative capacity when it comes to mitochondria size and number along with higher concentrations of myoglobin compared to
males, hence why they have a much smaller fatigue index than males. Also, males have an advantage in absolute endurance in upper
body exercises while the Biodex measures the lower body. The males were less capable of maintaining the contractions from
fatiguing in the legs compared to the females because males tend to have type II fibres occupying the whole muscle and due to all the
factors talked about in question one (mitochondrial size and number, myoglobin concentration, muscle fibre diameter and
capillarization) this would explain why males have a higher fatigue index for this particular
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Why The Soldiers Might Hurt Me
I'm not concerned that the soldiers might hurt me, I'm more worried that I might accidentally kill one of the soldiers who are just
trying to do their jobs. But I guess it's a little late to be worrying about that now.
From the corner of my eye, I can see that a large crowd, has gathered on the sidewalks. Could one them be a Rebel?
If any of them are I'll need to make this look convining. I turn back to the soldiers to find they've already started to in circle me,
stalking me like some everyday street scavenger. My heart pounds in my chest, and a smile spreads across my lips, as every fiber and
nerve ending in my body buzzes with a surge of adrenaline, snapping my mind into focus.
Well won't they be surprised.
I glance from soldier to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As he screams, I aim a punch at his face. My fist crunches into his nose and blood spurts onto the ground, as he falls to his knees.
What happens next is a blur. I grab the knife by the blade, then whirl around and throw the knife so fast, my shoulder socket burns.
The knife hits him hard in the shoulder, where two seams of the armor meet and he falls hard to the ground.
I turn and head back to the truck, when I hear a gunshot.
The pain is at once sudden and intense, beginning in my side and spreading outward like a wildfire. I clench my teeth to stop the
scream in my throat, and I fall to my knees. I touch my fingers to my side–––and that's when I feel something hot and sticky. I look at
my fingers, to see blood dripping onto the ground.
But how–––the driver. I'd completely forgotten about the driver.
"Make another move, and I'll send the next shot through your brain." a voice says.
I left my head, the headlights of the truck shines behind the soldier, making it impossible to see his face. The soldier steps forward,
finger hovering over the trigger of his gun.
My mind buzzes, as I search desperately for a way out of this. But close my eyes, as I draw a blank. I listen as the soldiers boots
stride towards me,
I listen as I hear the sound of the soldiers boots moving towards me.
Suddenly I hear a boom, and I'm thrown back my cheek scraping the pavement. People scream. My

Optical Fiber Essay
Optical fiber cables and connectors are a very essential part of the infrastructure in the world today. Because of the many advantages
the optical fiber cables and connectors have over the old age traditional coaxial cables that were used in the olden days, fiber cables
have outdone the performance the communications industry has ever reached in the past.
Optical fiber cable is a cable that contains one or more than one optical fibers. These fibers carry data and information signal in the
form of light in them. The indivisual wires in the cable is coated with layers of plastic and are covered inside plastic tubes in order to
save the cables from being affected by the environment where the cable will later be used. Different types of cables ... Show more
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Fig: An Optical Fiber Cable with many fibers in it which is coated with plastic and encased in tubes Fig: A Connector
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES:
DESIGN:
The basic optical fiber cable consists of a core and a cladding and the refractive indices of the two differ. A substance called
Polyimide is coated on the cladding of the fiber which doesn't let the fiber get damaged. Fibers which are bundled together are given
a tough resin buffer layer and core tubes extruded around them to the cable core. Many covering layers are also added to the fiber
depending upon the application of the fiber. Sometimes, light prohibiting dark glasses are also used between fibers so that light from
one fiber doesn't leak and enter another fiber and cause distortion. This also helps in reducing cross talk.
For fibers which are meant to be used indoors, the fiber is usually jacketed and enclosed in a flexible strength member in a
lightweight plastic tube to form a simple cable.
If the cable is meant to be used in an environment in which the fiber can be subjected to stress and strain, the cable construction must
be strong and healthy. When the loose tube construction is used, semi rigid tubes are used, and they are laid helically into them. This
is done so that the fiber gets space to stretch without causing tension in the cable itself. This way

Du Pont Kevlar Aramid Industrial Fiber (Abridged) Essay
The case "Du Pont Kevlar Aramid Industrial Fiber (Abridged)" states the development history of Du Pont's products, and focuses on
investing and marketing of Kevlar.
Kevlar is a fiber which Howard W. Swank, general manager of Du Pont's Textile Fibers Department, and other Textile Fibers
Department's managers were keen on. Kevlar is based on the former products of Du Pont, such as nylon, and Nomex Aramid fiber.
Kevlar's development was closely related to that of Nomex. It is a much stronger and stiff fiber than nylon and steel, and can be
stable at high temperatures. After the Fiber–B first came out in 1960s, Du Pont found some problems with it. Two years later, Fiber
B–1, which is also called Kevlar Aramid fiber, came out with better ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1969, the Textile Fiber Department sent Fiber B's samples to tire companies and aerospace companies, and it got good responses.
When Fiber B–1 was developed, the Textile Fiber Department thought they understood how customers in the tire and aerospace
industries would evaluated the new, better material, so the department did not do any preliminary assessments. Even though Fiber B–
1 is superior to Fiber B, it still needs to be tested before putting it into the market in order to make sure it works well. The customers'
feedback is very important to a new product. Du Pont did not continue to do the sample tests and sample research which may cause
some problems.
When Du Pont invented Kevlar, it did not have a specific target market, and it just followed its history market without creativity. Du
Pont always wanted to produce a stronger fiber than before, and its market has always been tire and aerospace industries. After the
promotion, Du Pont focused on the tire cord market. I think Du Pont chose the right market. The tire market is an existing market
with large potential. From 1970 to 1973, the tire cord consumption was increasing from $539 million of pounds to $683 million of
pounds. As radial tires entered the tire market, the older materials could not satisfy the properties of them, and only Kevlar and steel
can be used in radial tires. It seems that Kevlar just needed to compete with steel. This is a

Research Paper On Body Armor
What is bulletproof clothing made of? It gets made of kevlar and ceramic. Body armor is made with kevlar or ceramic materials:
kevlar gets sent in giant roles to armor manufactures. Body armor comes in a variety of levels. The lower levels get made from
Kevlar and the stronger levels get made of ceramic. Level 1 protects from a (22 long rifle – .380 Acp). Level 2 has two sub levels 2a
and 2b. Level 2a protects (9mm– .40 magnum), level 2b protects (9mm– .357 magnum). Level 3a protects (high velocity 9mm–.44
magnum). The stronger levels are level 3b and level 4. Level 3b protects (from most rifles) and level 4 protects (from armor piercing
rifles) (Singh). The standard sizes are 38 long and 32 short (Bulletproof). Officers do not like to wear ... Show more content on
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Kevlar is woven fabric it gets sent in big roles to manufacturer's. Spectra does not woven(Bulletproof). Ultra–high–molecular–
weight–polyethylene ballistic panels, made with long chains of polyethylene. Ram extrusion and compression molding are ways to
make Ultra–high–molecular–weight polyethylene. Making this involves putting dissolved ethylene into a series of very small holes.
The plates can be made into flexible, lightweight ballistic panels, and rigid hard plates. Para–Aramids made are from synthetic fibers.
Kevlar and Twaron are also para–aramids. Synthetic fibers are strong and heat resistant. The strength to weight ratio is amazing at
forty% higher than Para–aramid fibers. Para–aramids have been made for over forty years. The first main manufacturing company in
the 1970s. They developed a metal–aramid that was called Nomax. In 1973 the company Of DuPont released the first para–aramid
made out of the fiber known as kevlar. Once this happened the bulletproof vest industry exploded; when manufacturers could make
the armor lighter weight also more flexible and could still be safe to the person wearing the bulletproof vests which could be also
very

Components Of Composites As Engineering Materials
2. Usually stronger than the matrix, therefore it is sometimes called reinforcing phase.
Composites as engineering materials normally refer to the material with the following characteristics: 1. These are artificially made
(thus, excluding natural material such as wood). 2. These consist of at least two different species with a well–defined interface. 3.
Their properties are influenced by the volume percentage of ingredients. 4. These have at least one property not possessed by the
individual constituents.
Performance of Composite depends on:
1. Properties of matrix and reinforcement, 2. Size and distribution of constituents, 3. Shape of constituents, 4. Nature of interface
between constituents.
2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
Composite materials are classified
a. On the basis of matrix material,
b. On the basis of filler material.
17
(a) On the basis of Matrix:
2.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) Metal Matrix Composites are composed of a metallic matrix (aluminium, magnesium, iron,
cobalt, copper) and a dispersed ceramic (oxides, carbides) or metallic (lead, tungsten, molybdenum) phase.
2.4.2 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
Ceramic Matrix Composites are composed of a ceramic matrix and embedded fibers of other ceramic material (dispersed phase).
2.4.3Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) Polymer Matrix Composites are composed of a matrix from thermoset (Unsaturated
polyester (UP), Epoxy) or thermoplastic (PVC,

Kevlar Research Paper
The material that I have investigated and studied is Kevlar and fabric it is woven in, and the Bullet and Stab proof vests its is
commonly used in and for as a reinforced piece of body armor designed to resist knife attacks and bullet fires in many different
situation and for many different occupations.
Kevlar being a para–aramid synthetic fabric means that it has a unique combination of high strength, toughness and thermal stability.
When spun to make fibres for fabric kevlar can be then usd for a wide and interesting range of things, some being gloves, fire
helmets, shoes, smart phone cases and tires but the list goes on. The most common thing that kevlar is seen in and used for is Bullet
and Stab proof vests.
Kevlar was accidentally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kevlar is not water proof and so this is what makes washing the vest difficult, now days the Kevlar that is used inside bullet and stab
proof vests is cased in a waterproof material which has then be heat set closed to stop water from getting in. Even though the Kevlar
is encased in waterproof material is can still not be put through the washing machine, it has to be taken out of the vest lining and
wipe down with mild detergent. Because the Kevlar can not be washed the vest lining has to contain zippers at the bottom to get the
Kevlar material out. Because of the nature of the kevlar material and its chemical bonds it must be repaired by a Kevlar manufacturer
when damaged, and if it the Kevlar material inside the bullet and stab proof vest has been shot or stabbed then the authenticity of the
weave of the fabric and its fibers had been tainted meaning the vest can no longer be used in a safe matter. Due to the flexibility of
Kevlar the storing of the vest is extremely important, then not being worn it is best that the vest is stored upright on a clothes hanger
in a dry place so that the Kevlar is not creased or

Case Study: Sterlite Technologies Limited
2014 Sterlite Technologies Limited [ Driving Efficiencies Through Transparency ] Sterlite Technologies Limited is having its
business in telecom and power Transmission. Here we manufacture Optical fiber cable and Power Conductors. It is one of its type,
states of art facility, dealing with really complex supply chain (Having global competition with local players). Driving efficiencies
through transparency is supply chain project, which is dealing with making transparent and efficient systems to derive maximum
value from its resources by providing real time data and market intelligence. Table of Contents Supply chain basic Introduction: 2
About Sterlite Technologies Limited: 2 Journey so far: 3 Some facts and figures: 3 Our Products and offerings: 4 ... Show more
Following figure explains Sterlite's presence in our day to day life: Sterlite Supply Chain Being a uniquely positioned company
operating as end to end solution provider for both data and power transmission business, it is having highly complicated structure and
targets for its supply chain. For optical fiber we call our operations sand to broadband due to manufacturing of optical fiber cable
from silicon metal. For power transmission Sterlite is the only company that operates with BOOM (Build –Own –Operate –Maintain)
Model. We can understand the complexity of Sterlite's supply chain by following diagram: Here we can see sterlite is having multiple
channels through which material is being supplied and delivered. Also Sterlite operates in all modes of transports. Being a high
technology manufacturer Sterlite is having many imported raw material and many foreign customers. Project back Ground and Key
Challenges: As explained earlier, Sterlite operates in both Power transmission and data transmission business. Here we will see what
type of challenges sterlite is facing: Power Transmission

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Concrete Strengthening
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. COLUMN
Compression members, such as columns, are mainly subjected to axial forces. The principal stress in a compression member is
therefore the normal stress, When reinforced concrete columns are axially loaded, the reinforcement steel and concrete experiences
stresses. When the loads are high compared to cross–sectional area of the column, the steel and concrete reach the yield stress and
column fails without undergoing any lateral deformation. The concrete column is crushed and collapse is due to the material ... Show
1.3.4 ADVANTAGES OF FRP
FRP materials for use in concrete strengthening applications have a number of key advantages over conventional repair materials
such as steel.
FRP materials do not corrode electrochemically, and have demonstrated excellent durability in a number of harsh environment
conditions;
FRP materials have extremely high strength to weight ratios. FRP material typically weighs less than one fifth weight of steel, with
tensile strengths that can be as much as 8 to 10 times as high;
FRP materials are extremely versatile and are quickly and easily installed. this reduces the downtime required for repair and offsets
repair costs; and
FRP materials are electromagnetically inert. this means that they can be used in specialized structures such as buildings to house
magnetic resonance imaging or sensitive communications equipments etc.
1.3.5 DIFFERENCE IN FRP & STEEL REINFORCEMENT ARE:
FRP does not yield in a similar way as steel.
FRP bars have a lower modulus of elasticity than steel.
1.3.6 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRP

Behavior Of Polypropylene Fiber Based Needlepunched...
Erosive Behavior of Polypropylene Fiber Based Needlepunched Nonwoven Reinforced Laminated Composites
Sachin Tejyan
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Maharaja Agrasen University,
Baddi (H.P.) – India tejyan86@gmail.com Sushil Kumar
Maharaja Agrasen University,
Baddi (H.P.) – India Tej Singh
Manav Bharti University,
Solan (H.P.) – India
Abstract–– This study aim to investigate the needlepunched nonwoven textile material based composites. Epoxy as a bonding agent
and polypropylene based needle–punched nonwoven fiber mat (PP600gsm) as a reinforced component of composites were used. The
solid particle erosion and mechanical properties of needlepunched nonwoven fiber mat reinforced composites were investigated. The
solid particle erosion wear behavior of needlepunched nonwoven polypropylene composites was evaluated using irregular shape
silica sand particles with the size of 250, 350 and 450μm. These sand particles were accelerated along a 50mm long nozzle of 3 mm
diameter at a varying impact velocity, angles of impingement and stand of distance. Taguchi analysis was carried out on the basis of
Design of experiments (DoE) approach to establish the inter–dependence of operating parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and S/N (signal–to–noise) ratios have been performed on the measured data. Eroded surfaces of composite samples were examined
by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) to see the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Composites
1 CHAPTER. 1 COMPOSITES 1.1 Introduction A "composite" is when two or more different materials are combined together to
create a material which is superior and unique and holding different properties than earlier. Light weight high strength materials are
essential in fabrication of aerospace structures like airframes, rocket motor casings, nozzles and wings. The composites are the
materials formed by embedding fibers in the plastic that add characteristics like high resistance to fatigue, anticorrosive, high tensile
strength or stiffness with weight savings up to 25–45% compare with conventional metallic designs. Composites possess greater
reliability, which are capable to meet the design requirements, easier to achieve smooth aerodynamic profiles against drag reduction
and high resistance to impact damage. The capacity to tailor the fundamental material properties of a cover has permitted new ways
to deal with the plan of air flexible flight structures. The above preferences make an interpretation of into aero plane as well as into
the rocket frameworks that can go with high speed under extreme warm condition amid reentry period of the rocket. Despite ... Show
Epoxies are widely used in primary construction composite materials for high strength performance, adhesives, casting compounds,
sealants, varnishes and paints as well as laminating resins. Epoxies generally have higher values of fracture toughness than polyesters
and vinyl–esters which may result in superior fatigue performance of the laminates. There are two types of epoxies one with
bisophenol–A and another is novolac type compositions are commercially available. These resin systems are curable both at room
and high temperatures. Epoxies are most suitable to prepreging, filament winding and laminating

Synthetic And Natural Fibers Of Polymer Building Composites
Name:
Title:
Institution:
1.0 Introduction
All strands utilized as a part of polymer building composites can be isolated into two classes, to be specific synthetic and natural
fibers. Synthetic fibers are the most widely recognized. Albeit there are numerous sorts of engineered filaments, glass, carbon and
aramid strands speak to the most essential. Kevlar is a sweet–smelling polyamide or aramid fiber presented in mid 1970s by DuPont.
It was the first natural fiber with adequate elasticity and modulus to be utilized as a part of cutting edge composites (Dupont.com,
2015). It has to take five times the rigidity of steel with a relating tractable modulus. Initially grew as a swap for steel in spiral tires,
Kevlar is currently utilized as a part of an extensive variety of uses. It is an exchange name of aramid fiber. The U.S. Government
Trade Commission gives a decent meaning of an aramid fiber as a fiber in which the framing substance is a long chain manufactured
polyamide in which no less than 85% of the amide linkages are joined straightforwardly to two sweet–smelling rings (Hancox, 1993).
1.2 Composition of Kevlar and Glare
The composition of Kevlar is poly para–phenyleneterephthalamide also known as a para–aramid. It is arranged para–substituted
aromatic units. Aramids have a place with the group of nylons. Normal nylons, for example, nylon 6, 6 do not have great auxiliary
properties, so the para–aramid refinement is critical. Aramid strands like Nomex or Kevlar, then

Investigation On Turning Parameters On Machining Time And...
INVESTIGATION ON TURNING PARAMETERS ON MACHINING TIME AND VIBRATION OF CARBON FIBER
REINFORCED LAMINATES ABSTRACT: This work proposes the investigation of machining time and vibration characteristics of
machining differently oriented unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). The carbon fibers are oriented at 0, 45, 90
degrees during stacking process of laminate. The turning experiments are carried out in Siemens–CNC Lathe to investigate best
operating conditions. There are 9 experiments based on Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array are performed. The machining parameters are
Spindle Speed, Feed and Depth of cut and the output responses are machining time and amplitude of vibration. The predication
models are developed using ANOVA. To find the best value of the regression model, a real time coded Genetic Algorithm (GA) using
Turbo C++ and MATLAB tool box GA are used. The result indicated that predicted models are significant and the real time coded
GA produced best value. KEYWORDS: Turning, Genetic Algorithm, CFRP, Orientation, Hand–lay up Process. 1.0
INTRODUCTION : Composites are able to meet up diverse design requirements with considerable weight savings as well as
elevated strength–to–weight ratio as compared to conventional materials. There are various types of composites such as Metal Matrix
Composites (MMC), Particulate Composite (PC) and Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites (FRP). Among these composites, Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Composites are widely

Team Training Essay
After I examining your training records it's evident that you're extremely smart. You dominated your end of course exam with a 92%
to become a 5 level as an Aircraft Structural Maintainer. However, looking at your hands–on training completion date I began to
question if you truly understood the material. I also questioned if you received the proper training. Unlike the average completion
dates I've seen in the past, you completed your 5 level tasks in roughly 16 months versus the norm of 8–10 months. On the contrary,
my perception of how you affected the team dynamic in the shop was that of an executor. Whenever tasks were brought to your
attention, you were always overly anxious to execute the plan in a timely manner and identified ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Why did I recommend this specific additional duty to you? The reason I am recommending this additional duty to you is because I
sincerely believe you will excel in this position. This program requires a very specific structure and the responsibility it carries is
very is significant. Handling chemicals with the right personal protective equipment is crucial to the safety of the personnel in your
section. Based on your team role as an executor, I think you would soar in this additional duty because of your ability to follow
specific regulations and your high standards. You've always been quick to say "No" when members wanted you to do a task that
wasn't justified by technical data. I foresee you having zero issues ensuring the chemicals that are used continuously are labelled
correctly and cleaned before and after use. Which is an issue we both have seen continuously occur over the past few months. It
seems like every few weeks the shop acquires a Quality Assurance (QA) fail for improper storage of HAZ material. As aggravating
as that can get, if you fill the HAZ Material and Waste position it will allow you to flex your cognitive preference as an adaptor. In
doing so, you will be able to make improvements to the program in areas you deem fit based on AFIs, Safety Data Sheets (SDS),
Occupational, Safety and Health

Research Paper On Keivlar
Properties of Kevlar:
Kevlar is an organic fiber that has both high tensile strength and thermal stability. Tensile strength is strength in terms of pulling
forces. Its high tensile strength comes from its chemical structure. Kevlar's chemical structure arranges itself in a straight line and
form extra hydrogen bonds between there links. This is depicted in the image below:
The line structure that Kevlar compounds show is called nematic behavior. Nematic behavior just means that the elements all line up
in the same direction. Liquid crystals also demonstrate nematic behavior and it is due to this that Kevlar is so strong. While Kevlar
does demonstrate high tensile strength, it lacks compressive strength. Compressive strength is in terms ... Show more content on
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The most commonly known application of Kevlar is in body armor, which includes both vests and helmets. As previously talked
about, Kevlar is a great antiballistic material due to its ability to disperse kinetic energy across its surface area. Couple that with its
lightweight and you can make the perfect vest to protect police officers. However, it is important to note that Kevlar does have its
limits when it comes to protection from ballistics. Kevlar vests do a good job at providing protection from rounds coming from a
handgun except if protection is required from something larger, such as a rifle round, and additional steel or ceramic plate must be
added since the projectile is traveling with a much higher kinetic

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Clutch
COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CLUTCH FACINGS MADE UP OF
KEVLAR49/EPOXY RESINE AND BIODEGRADABLE COCONUT SHELL/COIR/EPOXY RESINE COMPOSITE
MATERIALS Dr. K.Arunachalam, Department of Automobile Engineering, Associate Professor, MIT Campus, Anna University,
Chennai G.Sundara pandian, PG Student, Department of Automobile Engineering, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chennai Abstract
Looking back at the history of the clutch facing, it becomes apparent that the technological advancement of the clutch has had very
little impact on clutch facing technology. Earlier asbestos was used as friction material in single plate dry friction clutch. Asbestos is
hazardous to human health and detrimental to environment. So recently kevlar49/Epoxy material is used as friction material. But it
has its own disadvantages. So it is time to consider use of any other environment friendly and non–hazardous friction material as
clutch facing material. One option is to use Natural Fibre / Epoxy resine composite as new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Clutch Facing Clutch facing is the heart of clutch assembly which actually transmits power from engine to transmission or drive
shaft. It is a friction surface which binds face plate of fly wheel and pressure plate of clutch assembly. A major benefit to using a
lining or facing is that it prevents metal–to–metal contact within the clutch set, resulting in less wear and tear on the clutch
components. Clutch facings tend to have mid–level coefficients of friction, and are responsible for removing most of the clutch
vibrations from the engine. They also aid in allowing engines to achieve high speeds without damaging the components. Fig.1 Clutch
Facing 3. Desirable Characteristics of Dry Clutch Facings Clutch friction linings are subjected to severe rubbing so that generation of
heat in relatively short periods takes place. Therefore, the lining material should have a combination of the following properties to
withstand the operating

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biocomposites
Conventionally, in aerospace, automotive and packaging industries synthetic fiber reinforced composites are widely used because of
their greater strength and stiffness. But synthetic fibers are expensive and not ecofriendly. So, of late biofibers are replacing synthetic
fibers which are extensively used as reinforcements in composites and these materials are gaining popularity as potential structural
materials because they are abundantly available renewable, sustainable, light weight, non abrasive, biodegradable, economical and
ecofriendly. Due to population explosion, there is a constant need for new materials which are renewable, economical and
sustainable. Natural fiber reinforced composites constitute one such group of materials.
Biocomposites are promising materials of the future because of their good mechanical performance. In spite of these positive points,
natural fibers as reinforcements suffer certain drawbacks. Natural fibers are hydrophilic in nature due to the presence of hydroxyl
groups which increases moisture sensitivity, where as matrix material is hydrophobic in nature. This leads to poor interfacial
adhesion between fiber and matrix. The main role of matrix is to transfer the load on to the fibers at the interface. Efficient load
transfer is possible if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is measured as force per cross–sectional area. A composite's tensile strength is tested using a moulded dumbbell. The dumbbell is
placed in the grips of a tensile tester. When the tester is activated, the dumbbell is pulled steadily until it breaks. The force being
exerted on the sample at the time of rupture is said to be the sample's tensile strength. Tensile strength is an intensive property and
hence its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen but depends on the methods of preparation of the specimen, the
presence of surface defects and the temperature of the test environment and

Synthetic And Natural Fibers Of Polymer Building Composites
Name:
Title:
Institution:
1.0 Introduction
All strands utilized as a part of polymer building composites can be isolated into two classes, to be specific synthetic and natural
fibers. Synthetic fibers are the most widely recognized. Albeit there are numerous sorts of engineered filaments, glass, carbon and
aramid strands speak to the most essential. Kevlar is a sweet–smelling polyamide or aramid fiber presented in 1970s by DuPont. It
was the first natural fiber with adequate elasticity and modulus to be utilized as a part of cutting edge composites (Dupont.com,
2015). It has to take five times the rigidity of steel with a relating tractable modulus. Initially grew as a swap for steel in spiral tires,
Kevlar is currently utilized as a part of an extensive variety of uses. It is an exchange name of aramid fiber. The U.S. Government
Trade Commission gives a decent meaning of an aramid fiber as a fiber in which the framing substance is a long chain manufactured
polyamide in which no less than 85% of the amide linkages are joined straightforwardly to two sweet–smelling rings (Hancox, 1993).
1.2 Composition of Kevlar and Glare
The composition of Kevlar is poly para–phenyleneterephthalamide also known as a para–aramid. It is arranged para–substituted
aromatic units. Aramids have a place with the group of nylons. Normal nylons, for example, nylon 6, 6 do not have great auxiliary
properties, so the para–aramid refinement is critical. Aramid strands like Nomex or Kevlar, then again,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Composites In Oil Industry
COMPOSITES IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Composite materials are multiphase materials obtained through the artificial combination of different materials in order to attain
properties that the individual components by themselves cannot attain. They are not multiphase materials in which the different
phases are formed naturally by reactions, phase transformations, or other phenomena. An example is carbon fiber reinforced polymer.
Composite materials should be distinguished from alloys, which can comprise two more components but are formed naturally
through processes such as casting. Composite materials can be tailored for various properties by appropriately choosing their
components, their proportions, their distributions, their morphologies, their degrees of crystallinity, their crystallographic textures, as
well as the structure and composition of the interface between components. Due to this strong tailor ability, composite materials can
be designed to satisfy the needs of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the use of them, mass of construction is reduced up to 80%. Composites are already greatly used for the production of pipe
systems for fluid transport, pressure vessels, drill pipes and their couplings, tanks for fluid storage, risers, pipes for "coiled drilling"
installations, partitions on platforms for the protection against fire etc. Basic advantages of the use of composite materials when
compared to conventional material which is steel, are reduction of mass of primary and secondary constructions, introduction of new
technologies (for example installation of conducting infrastructures into drill pipes), better physical and chemical characteristics
(corrosion resistance, buckling strength), longer life time of the construction (for example within 25 years carbon fibers lose 2–10%
of initial strength), easy installation of the construction, higher safety at work, and minimum

There are various materials which can be used on...
There are various materials which can be used on aircrafts. Composite and alloy materials are the primary component used due to the
ability to combine certain materials with different strengths together to create a composite or alloy. These have ultimate properties
that are needed to create an aircraft to be used safely in application. Composites are used due to the extreme high strength to weight
ratio, although using large amounts of metals can be strong, unlike composites this would be too heavy. Composites essentially are
designed to create a lighter aircraft, which over a long period of time, would be more cost effective for company running the plane,
due to fuel savings.
Materials used in aircrafts, range from metal alloys such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the lack of corrosion resistance, it is common to add a clad layer of aluminium 1100, which provides the resistance to
corrosion. Adding the extra aluminium as a clad causes the weight and cost to rise. Due to this, many different alloys were created to
allow the aircrafts to be lighter and cheaper to manufacture and run such as aluminium–Lithium. Aluminium–lithium alloys are used
on modern aircrafts like the Boeing 777 and the 787 dreamliner. A typical aluminium–lithium alloy is Aluminium 2090–T83.
Aluminium 2090–T83 is an aluminium–lithium alloy which consists of many different materials; AL, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti,
Zn and Zr. The alloy is a light weight material and offers a higher strength to weight ratio than other materials that are currently being
used due to the low lithium content. The advantage that it has over the 2024 is that 2090–T83 does not need a clad of aluminium as
the alloy resists corrosion, the material as a whole is less dense and has a higher strength properties. Aluminium lithium alloys are
also easy to machine, making welds easier than other alloys creating it to be cheaper to manufacture and maintain.
Alloy 2090–T83 is primarily designed to be used in applications where high strength requirements are necessary. Currently the alloy
is used for aircraft bulkhead stiffeners to take advantage of the high strength and lower density to achieve a substantial weight
reduction. This material is also used in the wing

Fiber Evidence
Fiber has become relevant evidence in incidents such as homicide, assault, or sexual offenses, in which cases cross–transfers between
the clothing of the suspect and victim, or a hit–and–run victim to an automobile. Fiber may also become fixed in screens or glass
break in the course of a burglary. There all types of fiber which humans depends on like natural and manufactured fibers with the
introduction of cellulose acetate. Natural fibers are derived from animals or plant sources. (Saferstein, 2015) Manufactured fibers
replaced natural fibers in garments and fabrics. (Saferstein, 2015)
A forensic examination of fiber uses the same analysis of hair. The identification and comparison of fiber depend on a microscopic
examination of color, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The collection of fiber evidence takes extra care. The examiner must use gloved fingertips with a clean set of tweezers or forceps.
(Trace Evidence, 2013) Nevertheless, a vacuum fitted just for individual fiber collection is used in case the fiber is loose. (Trace
Evidence, 2013) However, the examiner must keep each article of clothing, or other object separated and packaged carefully in paper
bags to avoid cross–contamination. Each garment should be laid on a clean sheet of paper, and separately rolled up in the paper after
marking the exhibit. (Crime Scene Resources,2016) "If the clothing of one subject touches the clothing of another, or if it is laid
down on the table or placed on the car seat contacted by the clothing of the other suspect, the comparisons may be of no value"
(Crime Scene Resources, 2016). "Scrupulous care must be taken to prevent articles of clothing from different people or different
locations from coming into contact" (Saferstein, 2015, p.252). However, certain items such as carpets, rugs, and bedding must be
folded carefully to protect areas suspected of fiber evidence. A car seat must be covered with polyethylene sheets to protect fiber
evidence, and knife blades should be covered as well to protect alleged fiber evidence. (Saferstein, 2015) If a body was wrapped in a
blanket, rug, or carpet, an adhesive tape is used to lift the fibers exposed on the body areas. (Saferstein, 2015) Fibers that need to be
removed from an object must be covered with clean forceps and placed on a small sheet of paper folded and labeled and then placed
inside a container. (Saferstein, 2015) Finally, fibers are delicate and must be taken care of before

A Common Injury Among Athletes And Tear Their Anterior...
Introduction: A common injury among athletes is to tear their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). People who tear their ACL's need to
have surgery in order to help them recover and have no long term effects. The surgery consists of implanting an Endo button to keep
their knee in place while the body heals itself. For this project an endo button was designed with specific dimensions taking in
consideration the maximum forces that will be acting on the button. Ten materials were analyzed and one material was chosen based
on the analysis. The material has to be able to withstand the forces, be as small as possible, and not be hazardous to the patient. This
report will explain the procedures and methods that were used in order to choose the material. Materials and Methods: 10 materials
were chosen of various types from wood and metal to polymers in order to make sure that a material was not overlooked. Table 1.
List of Materials Material Yield Strength (MPa) Ti 15Mo 5Zr 3Al 870 Lead 10 1060 Steel 485 Uranium Beta Annealed None
Plutonium 275 North American Northern Red Oakwood 47 Aluminum 7075 T6 503.4 PEEK Aramid Fiber Filled 276 Denka LCS
Z1050 None Arkema Group Plexiglass V825 Acrylic None Table 1 is a list of materials that were chosen to analyze. For each
material their yield strength was found if they had one. If the material had no yield strength then it was listed as none. The first step
in the selection process was to remove any materials that are hazardous to

Manufacturing Processes : Glass Fiber Composite Materials
Industrial Studies – Project
Manufacturing Processes – Glass–Fiber Composite Materials
Truck body
2. What would be the design process?
Glass–fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) can be designed in many ways depending upon the requirements, specifications and services.
Therefore with variety of tasks, it's properties like temperature range, electrical insulation, resistance to corrosion and abrasion and
flammability also varies. A lot of applications of Glass–fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) need good strength which can be tensile ,
flexural, compressive or impact depends upon the application. The surface finish of this composite material can be smooth or rough
in different applications. The colours used in this applications can be moulded in. Parts made from Glass–fibre reinforced plastic
(GFRP) can be simple, complex, large or small. Reinforcement, resin system and processing method are selected by putting the
requirements in front of us. In making these decisions , the three principles of designing with composites play an important role.
What is the Role of the amount and arrangement of fiberglass in mechanical strength.
What is the importance of resign system in chemical, electrical and thermal properties?
Moulding process depends on production requirement, size, shape and complexity of pats.
The design process will be consist of the following steps.
Determine Functional Requirements.
The designing process initiates with determining the functional requirements of

Use of Composites for Aircraft Primary Structural Components
In today's commercial aviation world, airlines have for a long time understood the importance of flying an aircraft as economically as
possible. Advances in technology have made this possible in a number of ways, one of which is the introduction of composite
material use wherever feasible. Composite materials typically offer a weight saving of between 20 and 25% when used in place of
historically manufactured components made predominantly from alloyed metals. The heavier the aircraft, the more fuel it burns for a
given mission, making weight reduction top priority for aircraft designers. The non–corrosive benefits, high–energy absorption and
resistance to fatigue offered by composites are another attractive feature, but despite this and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This percentage of composite use takes into consideration a new technology used in the A380 manufacturing process. Glass
Reinforced Aluminium or GLARE as it's commonly known is a novel material that combines the advantages of both metals and
composites. Used in the A380's upper fuselage crown, and being less prone to fatigue and more economic compared to pure
composite material, GLARE can be manufactured into structures with little change to conventional techniques. Figure 3 Composite
use on the Airbus A380 4 Boeings latest project, the 7E7 is set to become the first predominantly composite airliner since the days
when aircraft were constructed from fabric and wood. The company has announced that the majority of the 7E7's primary structure
including the fuselage and wing will be manufactured from composite materials, resulting in composites accounting for
approximately half the aircraft structural weight, a significant increase on the A380. The decision to use composites to this extent,
widely viewed as daring by the industry, contributes to the efficient theme of the 7E7, with weight savings that allow a 20% less fuel
burn for comparable missions, or a significantly increased range than other wide–body aircraft. Boeing completed production of the
first full scale one–piece fuselage section for the 7E7 in January 2005 (Figure 4). During a press release for Boeing on the 11th of
January

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Thermoset Epoxy Resins
Polymer composites are assuring in Mechanical and Tribological application due to the possibility of tailoring their properties. These
polymer composites have observed in application such as automotive, aerospace and sports equipment industries. When we
compared to most metals and unreinforced plastics, this offer a high strength, corrosion resistant, durable and can be fabricated into
complex shapes. Major advantages of composite materials are that they can be tailored to meet the specific needs of the structure,
determined by reinforcement and matrix in proper way and also these composites have been used in vehicle industries about more
than 50%, this is the main reason made to meet the Euro standards and research work as been conducting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thermoset epoxy resins are extensively studied as a matrix material for composite structure as well as aerospace application because
they exhibit low shrinkage and higher mechanical properties.
There is a need for developing high wear resistance and materials that would sustain to meet the conditions of mechanical systems
with long life. Achieving and maintain high wear resistances have been very difficult in past and still challenging problems in field of
tribology.
1.2 Characteristics of the Composites
A composite material as a structural material created synthetically or artificially by combining two or more materials. Two materials
makes together to give the composite unequal properties, one material is known as reinforcing phase, and these are in the form of
fibers, sheets or particles, and is fixed or attach to the other material called matrix phase.
The objective of composite materials is to take advantage of the superior properties of both materials. Industry has identified the
ability of composite material to produce high strength, high corrosive environment, and high durable as well as cost effective
products.
1.2.1

Lab Report Discussion
In this experiment, we will examine the different samples of the hair and fibers with the help of compound microscope. In this way,
we will determine the morphology of the samples and also observed the consistent part of the already observed sample.
Materials
Required Components are;
Compound Microscope
Known Samples of Hair and Fibers
Sample Observation Chart
Unknown samples of Hair and Fibers
Procedure
A compound microscope is provided. Carefully notice the functions of each part of the microscope. It is consisted of eyepiece,
eyepiece tube, aperture, objective lens, Iris diaphragm, illuminator and fine focus knob. The sample are put on stage to view it
carefully by adjusting the aperture and focus of the microscope.
Part A
In this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hair and fibers are considered as significant evidence during the investigations which can be transferred by following the Locard
Principle of Exchange. They can be transferred from one surface to another surface by considering the nature of the target surface,
types of hair/fiber transferred, atmospheric conditions, nature of the transfer process, etc.
The most common source of these hair and fibers are clothing and vehicles which are the significant evidence in case of homicide,
sexual Assault, assault, mugging, motor vehicle/hit and run accidents (vs. Pedestrian), motor vehicle accidents (determine driver) and
any incident where there potential contact with clothing can be important. These evidences are collected through forceps/tweezers,
tape lifting, mechanical dislocation and vacuuming. These evidences are test through microscopy and DNA analysis.
Part A: In this experiment, we have observed the known and unknown samples of hair and understand the structure of these samples.
If these samples have medulla then it is hair otherwise the sample is

Cotton And Polyester Photosynthesis Lab Report
My results imply, that fabric softener increases the flammability of cotton and polyester. The results show how the chemicals in
fabric softener change different fabrics like cotton, and polyester. Fabric softener changes the characteristic of the fabrics, making the
fabric more susceptible to catching on fire. After fabric softener is used on different materials, the material catches on fire quicker,
and burns in a shorter time period. From the background knowledge, researched fabrics become more flammable because they are
coated in a flame retardant. A flame retardant is a chemical added to manufactured fabrics, to reduce devastating fires. Fabric
softener, coats the fabric in a soft waxy layer. Since, another layer is added on the fabric, it cancels out the flame retardant. Before the
experiment, a practice strip of material was lit, this is when a problem was encountered. Initially, the method said to hold the flame
on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each time the results were approximately the same. The results were repeatable, and reproducible. The experiment was also accurate.
To increase the accuracy, a stopwatch with milliseconds was used to measure the fire time. The results were measured with a grid
instead of guessing. This experiment was checked numerous times, to ensure no errors were made. The experiment is valid because it
is reliable and accurate. When performing the experiment all the variables were controlled. The same stopwatch was used, same piece
of material, same environment, same pot, same fabric softener and same amount of time the material is set on fire. The independent
variable was measured, as all the material was washed in in 1/3 cup of the same fabric softener. The dependent variable was
measured using a grid. A 1 cm square grid was placed under the material, then the squares showing were counted. This was the best
method of measurement to give valid results. The method also tests my

Uses And Function Of Carbon Nanotubes
Abstract
This presentation will introduce you to the use and function of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine.
Nanotechnology is a developing science that involves the manipulation of materials. This is executed on the scale of fewer than 100
nanometers. The goal of this technology is to optimise the utility and therefore increase the control of atoms and molecules. This
presentation will explain what carbon nanotubes are, the purpose of using them in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine and of
course how they have improved scientific research so far.
What are Carbon Nanotubes?
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical in shape and, made up of carbon atoms that have extraordinary properties. "At a singular level, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relies on the fact that they are hollow and also quite a lot smaller than blood cells. A few basic structures of carbon nanotubes is
shown in figure three. The diameter of carbon nanotubes can range between less than 1 nanometer up to 50 nanometers. This sizing
could also be shown as less than 1.0E–7 cm to 5.0E–6 cm. Although carbon nanotubes have many great qualities, there is one
property still being researched, and this is the toxicity of carbon nanotubes. This sizing could also be shown as less than 1.0E–7 cm to
5.0E–6 cm. Researchers believe that the toxicity may be harmful to patients and thus, the use of carbon nanotubes have not yet been
approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
Purpose of Carbon Nanotubes
One reason for the use of Carbon Nanotubes, as stated earlier, is because of small size. As carbon nanotubes are extremely small, they
are able to move around the blood stream easily. Other uses of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of medicine are their use as
channels for biosensors, sheath for enzymes and transfection in DNA. Carbon nanotubes are said to be the next generation of
technology in drug delivery. This is for many reasons such as its water solubility, it has a highly stable dispersion and has

How Can Bulletproof Clothing Save Lives?
In Austintown, Ohio, Officer Joseph Wojciak was shot in his police vehicle by a male known to him. The .22–caliber round, shot
from four to six feet away, struck Officer Wojciak in the upper left area of his torso. He survived" (Sergeant Adrienne). The uniform
and the material it is made of has saved many lives. This material is continually tested to determine the effectiveness of saving lives.
Bulletproof clothing has been tested scientifically. The science is trying to determine whether the clothing can protect someone from
being killed by a bullet. There is a certain type of material that people use to make bulletproof clothing now a days. Rather than
animal skins, they are using a series of woven fibers, and Kevlar (Sergeant Adrienne). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kwolek passed away in 2014, but she left behind and invention that changed the world. "Rest in peace, Stephanie Kwolek. Thank
you for inventing Kevlar and saving Soldiers' lives," said the U.S. Army on Twitter about her death (Inventor).
Not only is bulletproof clothing technically not even bulletproof, but so is bulletproof glass. Bulletproof glass is also used for
protection for law enforcement, and the military. Often times, retail storefronts use it as well. The bulletproof glass is also only bullet
resistant. It is made of two types of glass, one hard and one soft. (Inventor)
Both bulletproof glass and bulletproof clothing are made from synthetic materials. Kevlar is basically a super strong plastic. The
process is very complicated. Kevlar is a distant cousin to nylon. There is Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49. Both are stronger than steel, but
pliable, breathable and can be manipulated into the shape needed to make clothing

Combat Helmet History
Everything You Need To Know About Ballistic Bulletproof Helmets
Whether we are talking about parachutists, combat soldiers or civilians like news reporters in a war zone, many people operate in
environments where they are exposed to a variety of injury threats. These environments demand protective systems that consistently
provide a high protective performance throughout a range of threat magnitudes. Protective helmets are no exception.
After all, though not the most common site of injury per se, craniocerebral injuries are among the most severe when they do happen
In fact, they represent a major public health issue, especially when considering the development of subsequent psychiatric morbidity.
This is probably the best explanation for the evolution of combat helmets from those used in World War I to today's Advanced
Combat Helmet (ACH) and Enhanced Combat Helmet, possessing the capability to attenuate blunt impact forces to the head and
reduce the risk of injury.
Indeed, the origin of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the turn of the millennium, the standard issue battlefield protection gear became a ballistic vest and helmet, collectively called the
Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops or PASGT. This was made possible by the development of aramid fibers in the 1960s, a
class of strong synthetic fibers with desirable properties and increased ballistic protection.
Over the years, ongoing development in helmet technology resulting from a combination of advances in materials and manufacturing
processes led to development of the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet, the Advanced Combat Helmet and the Light
Weight Helmet (LWH) as well as the Future Assault Shell Technology (FAST) helmet and the Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH). The
question at this point is: Do helmets only have military relevance or is it used in other operational environments as well?
Who uses ballistic bulletproof

Overview of Ilokano Sentence Structures: A Minimalist...
I. IntroductionThis paper is an attempt to describe the structure of Ilokano sentences, concurring with the Minimalist program
proposed by Noam Chomsky. The Philippine language being considered is under the Northern Philippine subgroup with an estimated
8,000,000 speakers (NSO, 2002–2004). This study is patterned mainly after the Tagalog Sentence Structures: Minimalist Approach of
Resty Cena. In this syntactic description, an overview of the language's lexical phrases will be given for starters. It will move on to
defining, classifying and describing the basic sentences of the languages. Errors on this study are solely the author's.
II. Lexical PhrasesLexical phrases are headed by a lexical item (as opposed to functional item). Some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Tatlo ang dumating.)Sentences with a Verbal Predicate: Voice Affix as HeadThe head of a verbal sentence is the voice affix. To
indicate the head of the verbal sentence, we use the same symbol T as used in English, and we call it Tinig "voice".
Gimmatang ti arak ni Juan. (Bumili si Juan ng basi.)Ginatang ni Juan ti arak. (B*inili ni Juan ang basi.) *The voice suffix –in is
unrealized.
Gimmatang ti arak ni Juan.
T' T is voice "tinig".
/ T VP T –um– , not the root bili, specifies the Voice of the verb.
im(m) / V' DP/ ni JuanV DPgatang ti arakWith only an aspect affix, the verb has no subject, thus, Kagatgatang ni Juan ti arak.
(Kabibili ni Juan ng basi.) is unacceptable.
Furthermore, panag–nominalizations may show aspect and mode, but it is the lack of voice that conditions an unselected subject.
ti panag–ininum ni Juan ti basiCVr – is aspect; no voice, no subject(ang pag–iinom ni Juan ng basi)ti panagpaala ni Juan ti
pulutanaffix pa– is mode; no voice no subject(ang pagpakuha ni Juan ng pulutan)Later on we will show that T carries a feature that,
when satisfied, displaces the agent si Ben to subject position.
Sentences with an Adjective Predicate: Adjectivalizer Affix as HeadThe essence of adjectival sentences is the conferment of an
attribute, expressed mainly by the adjective head of the predicate, to the subject. The adjective is an attribute term through na–
affixation on a base. The head T of the adjectival sentence is Tangi (from katangian)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiber Optic Cable
A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers within an insulated casing. There are designed for very
high–performance data networking, long distance and telecommunications. Compare with wired cables, fiber optic cables give higher
bandwidth and can transmit data over longer distances. Fiber optic cables support world's internet, telephone systems and cable
television. Fiber optic cables transmit signals using pulses of light generated by light–emitting diodes (LEDs) or tiny lasers. The
cable consists of one or more strands of glass, each only slightly thicker than a human hair. The center of each strand is called the
core. The core provides the pathway for light to travel and core is enclosed by a layer of glass known as cladding that ... Show more
Fusion splicing needs a constant power supply and some special tools. 3. There are some situations where fusion splicing is not
practical or can said it is impossible. Therefor an alternative we have to use mechanical splicing. 4. It is a time–consuming process
and It can't be used for temporary connections. 5. The fusion splicers need periodic maintenance which involves regular cleaning,
occasional replacement and electrode alignment. 6.Fusion splicing is mainly used with single mode fiber unlike mechanical splicing
which works for single mode fiber as well as multi–mode fiber. Apparatus required Fusion Splicer A fiber optic fusion splicer is a
device that uses an electric arc to melt two optical fibers together at their end faces, to form a one long fiber. The resulting joint, or
fusion splice, permanently joins the two glass fibers end to end. Therefore, optical light signals will transmit from one fiber into the
other with very little loss. Fiber Cleaver Fiber cleaver that scribes and breaks (cleaves) the fibers to be spliced exactly, because the
quality of the splice will depend on the quality of the cleave. Most splicing machines associate with a recommended cleaver. Fiber

Jeeves Plc
CE00783–7– QUALITY AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 – Case Study – JEEVES PLC
Your company manufactures and sells an electronic consumer durable product. This is a DOMESTIC ROBOT of (more or less)
human appearance, which is designed to carry out a wide range of domestic chores. The machine looks like this: The machine is
made of light alloy and is equipped with sensory apparatus (a form of radar) to enable it to move around without bumping into things.
It is programmable through a keyboard andthe hypercard storage systemm underneath the panel in the chest. Suchprogramss enable
the machine to walk, move its hands and arms and perform other movement. It has recently been equipped with 'voice programming'
(i.e., it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The applicators were trained on the job and have average skills. They receive no other feed back on their performance. However,
there is a great deal of grumbling amongst the final assembly workers whose task is made more difficult by misaligned and poorly
fitted joints. 13. Each sub assembly is inspected before final assembly 14. The head, body arms and legs are connected up using
multi–dimensional jointing and flexible hosing. COMPONENTS SUB–ASSEMBLY: A–COMPONENTS, B– FIBRE CABLE AND
WIRING) In most cases, computer controlled machinery affixes components onto the casing using advanced adhesives. However,
because of incompatibility issues between materials, the batteries and electric motors have to be bolted on to the casing by hand,
using power tools. Operatives work on the line, each making an average of 12 bolts onto the casing, ie, 1 person bolts the battery and
then someone further down the line bolts the electric motor. The inspection section for the back casing of the body is the most active,
the rejection rate for loose components at this point is approximately 1.2 %. A further 0.5% are rejected at final inspection, causing
expensive rework situations. There is a staff turnover of 25% per annum amongst such operatives in the back casing sub assembly
section. Computer controlled machinery connects 90% of the optical fibre

Fabrication, And Testing Of Composites Essay
The purpose of this lab is was to expose students to the manufacturing, fabrication, and testing of composites. In addition, it provides
students with experience analyzing tensile and bending failures of composites. Three tensile specimens and two bend test specimens
were tested during this lab. The tensile specimens were a wet lay–up of bi–directional E–glass, and the bend specimens were made up
of a nomex honeycomb core with pre–preg uni–carbon faces. The three tensile specimens were tested, their elastic modulus and
ultimate tensile strength calculated, and these value were compared to published approximately equivalent material properties. The
two bend test specimens were tested, their face bending stresses were calculated, the shear stress in the core was calculated, and the
bending and shear stresses were compared to published approximately equivalent material properties. A failure mode analysis was
conducted for both the tensile and bend test specimens. This report summarizes the theory, procedure, and machines associated with
the lab. Furthermore, it graphically and verbally displays the results draw from lab, and provides conclusions to improve the lab in
the future.
Background
A composite material is a combinant of more than one material where each material retains its own material properties. Composite
materials are used throughout modern society and in nature because they provide material properties that individual materials could
not provide on their own.

Characterizing The Structure Of Composite Material
Characterizing the structure of composite material in a fishing rod
Muad Saleh
Abstract
This report introduces the dependence of the mechanical properties of a fishing rod made from glass–reinforced epoxy on the
orientation, morphology, and volume fraction of the fibers used in making the rod. This has been achieved by studying the surface of
multiple cross–sections of the fishing rod that are mounted on epoxy by using optical microscopes. Then through analyzing different
cross section, the mechanical properties of the studied fishing rod have been linked to orientation, size, shape, and volume fraction of
the fibers.
Introduction Composites, which are one of the primary branches of materials in addition to metals, polymers and ... Show more
The fiber phase is usually made from materials that are usually stronger and have a higher modulus of elasticity than that of the
matrix, but they are often very brittle [2]. Therefore, the matrix phase is usually the source of the composites' ductility, whereas the
fiber is the source of its strength.
Furthermore, composited have a wider range of properties than the other types of material; thus, they are used in more application.
For instance, the material used in fishing poles should have a high tensile and compressive strengths, and a high modulus of
elasticity, as that they are subject to high stresses, which they need to withstand without failing or going through much plastic
deformation. Moreover, fishing poles have to be ductile and flexible, as that they should have the ability to bend. Such properties
cannot often be achieved by using a single type of material; however, those properties can be found in different composites.
According to Philips [3], fishing rods are commonly made of fibers glass or carbon embedded in a matrix of epoxy or lignin.
Because of the unlimited number of matrix/ fiber combinations that can be used to form composites, and the great number of
variables that can be controlled in composite materials, composites can attain a wide range of mechanical properties. For instance, the
mechanical properties depend on the properties of both the matrix and the fiber phases; as that, the

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Strengthening For Concrete...
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Strengthening for Concrete Beam
Wilson Handoko
School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales,
Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Abstract
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) has been used in many sectors for over 20 years as it has excellent properties in terms of high
tensile strength–to–weight ratio, corrosion resistance, durability, mouldable and good thermo mechanical properties. These excellent
properties lead to the low maintenance cost for alternative construction, automotive, marine to the aerospace industries. This paper
will provide the improvement in strength of FRP in which will give a significant change in engineering field and perform better
materials to sustain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These fibres are commonly made of the carbon, glass or strong synthetic fibres (aramid) or sometimes it is combined with natural
composites such as paper or wood. The composite polymers that are generally used are the polyester, epoxy or vinylester
[1]. Furthermore, the composite materials (eg. Concrete Reinforcement), is a new development of technology for construction of
buildings, bridges and highways. The lack of tensile strength in the concrete and steel to the coaster weather and seawater pushes the
technology to beyond its limit as create new composite such as non–metal reinforcement for concrete structure.
Commercially, most composite materials are weaker and less stiff but strong and stiff fibres in a matrix. The main purpose of this
paper is the advantage of high modulus CFRP to improve the corrosion resistance, tensile strength of the reinforcement concrete.
CFRP can be improved in tensile strength, deflection of structures and flexibility by increase the elasticity of strength modulus rather
than steel. Moreover, the extreme environment such as corrosive condition can be prevented with this Fibre Reinforced Polymer
benefit, as it is corrosion resistance materials. The compressive strength can be enhanced to approximately 15% compared to the
normal strength by adding 1.5% of fibres in the volume; this effects the strain and stress of the compressive strength [2].

Essay on Protecting Those at War: The Bulletproof Vest
At this very moment armed forces are fighting for our freedom overseas. These brave soldiers go out everyday risking their lives for
us. This is not a safe job numerous incidents bring these people to harm, but there is a way that chemistry has helped protect those at
war. This is by the invention of the bulletproof vest. This vest can stop bullets from entering someone's body with only leaving
bruises behind. Somewhere else in the world a fire is burning down a house with people inside. Firefighters will be called to put out
the fire and help these innocent people. The equipment they wear helps protect them from serious burns and injuries allowing them to
do their job. The bulletproof vest and firefighters uniform cannot be made unless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The flak jacket provided protection primarily from ammunitions fragments and was ineffective against most pistol and rifle threats.
Flak jackets were also very bulky. Bulletproof vests have come a long way since their silk and flak days. Developed at DuPont in
1965, the high strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. In the late
1970s it was discovered that Kevlar would make a good material for body armor. Kevlar soon became manufactured. Kevlar soon
became used in body armor all over the world and is still seen being used today.
Kevlar is constructed of manmade fibers known as aramids. It belongs to a class of polymers. The polymers work just like gauze, but
at a microscopic level. The basic unit of a polymer is a chain. Each one of the chains is made of millions of "monomers" that are
linked to each other by chemical bonds. The monomers are long and rod–like. With Kevlar, the monomers link with there own chains
and cross–link to monomers in other chains. The more Kevlar cross–links, the harder it becomes to separate the chains from each
other. The cross–linking between intermolecular and intramolecular molecules is what gives Kevlar the strength five times that of
steel with a flexible strength–to–weight ratio. Typically Kevlar is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as an ingredient in
the composite material components. When you make a thick layer of Kevlar, it is able to

Jeeves Plc
CE00783–7– QUALITY AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 – Case Study – JEEVES PLC
Your company manufactures and sells an electronic consumer durable product. This is a DOMESTIC ROBOT of (more or less)
human appearance, which is designed to carry out a wide range of domestic chores. The machine looks like this: The machine is
made of light alloy and is equipped with sensory apparatus (a form of radar) to enable it to move around without bumping into things.
It is programmable through a keyboard andthe hypercard storage systemm underneath the panel in the chest. Suchprogramss enable
the machine to walk, move its hands and arms and perform other movement. It has recently been equipped with 'voice programming'
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has to operate to fine tolerances and so a precision machining section was established. The section uses the latest and most
expensive machine tools available and is manned by highly skilled technicians. The following table shows the percentage of jointing
mechanisms which were outside the specified tolerances: Everyone is baffled by the strange peaks which are well outside what could
be expected on statistical probability. Furthermore, until recently there has been no significant difference in the

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement Bar
MATERIAL SCIENCE FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCEMENT BAR
ABSTRACT: In this paper we are going see about the new technology of reinforcement that is FRP (Fiber reinforced polymers)
rebars and its all characteristics. Such as its high strength, lightweight characteristic, creep characteristic, resistant to environmental
factor like corrosion effect, fire performance, features and benefits, application, its materials and manufacturing, codes and
specification, status and its barriers.
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT – FRP REBAR
Introduction
Reinforced concrete is a common building material for the construction of facilities and structures. While concrete has a high
compressive strength, it has a very limited tensile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c) Creep (Permanent Deflection Under Long Term Loading) The addition of the reinforcement to the polymer matrix increases the
creep resistance of the properly designed FRP part. Creep will not be a significant issue if the loads on the structure are kept below
appropriate working stress levels
d) Resistance to Environmental Factors Composites display excellent resistance to the corrosive effects of: Freeze–thaw: because
composites are not attacked by galvanic corrosion and have low water absorption, they resist the destructive expansion of freezing
water. Weathering and Ultra–Violet Light: FRP composite structures designed for weather exposure are normally fabricated with a
surface layer containing a pigmented gel coat or have an ultraviolet (UV) inhibitor included as an additive to the composite matrix.
Both methods provide protection to the underlying material by screening out UV rays and minim Chemicals and Temperature:
Composites do not rust or corrode and can be formulated to provide long–term resistance to nearly every chemical and temperature
environment. Of particular benefit, is composites ability to successfully withstand the normally destructive effects of de–icing salts
and/or saltwater spray of the ocean? Zing water absorption along the fiber/resin interface.
e)

Type 2 Fibres Lab Report

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Type 2 Fibres Lab Report