slides10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx.docx

slides/10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
3
León’s First Queen
Alfonso VI married his daughter to
Alfonso I of Aragon.
Urraca was already a widow, with a
legitimate son (and heir) born in 1104
named… Alfonso.
Ruled the kingdom from
1109-1126.
Incest makes the world go round
The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon was a violation
of canon (Church) law, which forbid relations between third (or
closer) cousins.
Both Urraca and Alfonso were great-grandchildren of Sancho
the Great, and were thus cousins.

Such marriages were considered consanguineous, meaning the
partners “shared blood”.
What is more important… political expediency or Church
approval?
Unhappy Marriage
Political expediency doesn’t work… no kids.
Urraca said Alfonso beat her, and she used this as grounds for
separation.
Alfonso said Urraca was an adulteress, and blamed her
scandalous sexuality on her polygamous father.
Urraca as Queen
Alfonso el Batallador
King of Aragon from 1104-1134
Conquered Zaragoza in 1118, more than doubling the size of
Aragon.
Military man, uninterested in family
life. After Urraca died, he remarried,
but never produced an heir.
Fascination with the crusade.
Christendom and Crusade

Church Reform in the Eleventh Century
Cluny
Monastic reform
Church reform
Independence from kings and nobles
Restore the leading role of the church in society
Power of the pope, hierarchy
Create a stronger Christian society
Peace and Truce of God
Curb the bad behavior of knights, lords, the warrior aristocracy
Limit sinful activity (murder, violence, etc)
Church councils began placing restrictions on combat,
forbidding fighting on Sundays, holidays (Holy Days), and
anywhere near churches.
Spiritual sanctions were used to enforce this– excommunication.
The Reform movement in Iberia
Cluniac monasteries
Cluniac bishops: Toledo, Valencia
Around 1100 the Kingdom of León abandoned its traditional
mass (known as the Mozarabic mass) in favor of the Roman
mass, on Alfonso VI’s orders.
Beginning in the eleventh century, the papacy began taking
greater interest in Iberian affairs… for example, condemning
the incestual marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon.
Gregory VII
Pope 1073-1085
Aggressively promoted the rights of the Church over secular

rulers– he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor (King of
Germany)
Imagined harnessing the power of a united Christendom, under
papal control, which could do all sorts of great things, like
conquer the Holy Land!
The Holy Land
Pilgrimage destination since the days of Constantine… Visit the
sites of the Bible.
Pilgrimage was very popular in the elventh century… most
people visited local holy sites, but the ambitious (or wealthy)
might travel to Rome, Santiago or even Jerusalem
Pope Urban and the Idea of Crusade
The secretary of Gregory VII became Pope Urban II in 1088.
Help Constantinople against the
Turks
Gregory’s idea of an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Council of Clermont,
September 1095
Situation in the Middle East
Abbasid Caliphs facing major challenges to authority
Rival Caliphates: al-Andalus, Maghred (Morocco), Egypt, etc.
Turks, Turks, Turks!
The First Crusade

Capture of Jerusalem, 1099
Crusader States
Crusade and the Iberian Peninsula
Pope Urban, and later popes, discouraged Spanish Christians to
go on crusade to the Holy Land, as they could fight to expel
Muslims from formerly-Christian lands at home.
The Popes began extending the spiritual benefits of the crusades
to the Spain as well.
Military Religious Orders
Started in the Crusader States as a way to form a permanent
military presence… Templars and Hospitallers.
Received Church blessing as a sort of mobile monastic order…
the knights lived like monks.
In 1134 Alfonso I of Aragon left his kingdom to the Holy
Orders.
By 1175, Spain had two native orders: Calatrava and Santiago.

The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
Overlapping (and contradictory?) themes:
The survival of an Andalusí culture (convivencia) in both al-
Andalus and Christian lands (especially Castile/León)
North African influence– Berber empires with a strict idea of
Islam and a dim view of Iberian culture
The idea of crusade (that fighting against Islam was spiritually
beneficial for Christians)
Connections between the Christian kingdoms and the rest of
Europe
From al-Murabits to al-Muwahhids
Almoravids were in decline by the 1120s.
Unpopular in al-Andalus: “bad Muslims” vs orthodox Berbers
After 1130, a new Berber religious movement, the Almohads
began to conquer North Africa from the Almoravids.
“Those who proclaim the unity (of God)”
Almohads were more aggressively orthodox, encouraged
dhimmi communities to leave.
Dominated al-Andalus from 1157-1212
Survival of the Intellectual Culture
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 1126-1198
Legal scholar, scientist, philosopher
Philosophy and religion; Aristotle and commentaries
Falling out with Almohad caliph (post 1160)
Maimonedes (1135-1204)
Cordoba to Egypt
Talmudic scholar
Philosopher: reason and revealed truth cannot contradict
Negative theology (definitions of God)

Arabic-Latin Translations at Toledo:
More Convivencia?
Beginning in the 1140s
Qu’ran first translated in 1146 at the request of Peter the
Venerable, abbot of Cluny.
Arabic scholarship, like scientific works, Ibn Rushd, and
Maimomedes .
Almost all of the surviving works of Aristotle, and a great deal
more Greek learning.
Polemical motivations and scientific investigations.
Mention Alfonso VII, dominating al-Andalus in 1130s and
1140s
Dies in 1157
Almohad power
Divides up his kingdom again!
27
The Crown of Aragón
After Alfonso I (died in 1134), the kingdom of
Aragón passed to the counts of
Barcelona
Combined realm is usually called the Crown
of Aragón
This new combination made the
Crown the second largest Christian
kingdom after León/Castile

Let’s no forget Portugal
Just a county of León under Alfonso VI
Alfonso VI’s daughter married Henry of Burgundy, who became
Count of Portugal, produced Alfonso I
Alfonso I of Portugal (1139-1185)
Defacto independence
Expansion south
Appeal to Papacy to recognize independence, monarchical
status.
Templars, crusade
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII, grandson of Alfonso VII (1158-1214)
Struggles with Christian neighbors, campaigns against the
Almohads
Marriage alliance with the King of England (and much of
France): Queen Eleanor
Pope Innocent III and the Crusade
Obverse: “The Prince of the Catholics, Alfonso ibn Sancho is
aided and protected by God (Allah)
Reverse: “The Imam of the Catholics is the Pope”
Las Navas de Tolosa

Alliances: Aragón, Navarra, Castile
No León or Portugal
Expansion and defense against Almohads
July 16, 1212, Battle of Las
Navas de Tolosa
STOP HERE
MIDTERM FALL 2019
The Great Reconquest
By great meaning “big”, not “terrific”.
1226-1248
Castile, Portugal and Aragon expand.
Al-Andalus reduced to the Kingdom of Granada
Fernando III in Castile and
León (1218-1252)
San Fernando
Jaime I in Aragón (1213-1276)
Settlement of Andalucía and Valencia
Newly conquered cities were granted fueros with very favorable
terms to attract Christian settlers from the north.

Most urban Muslims moved to Granada or Africa
Many rural Muslims remained, especially in Valencia.
Vast country estates were created and granted to important
noble families, to the Church, and to the Military Orders of
Calatrava and Santiago.
Tomb of Fernando III
Fernando III was buried in the mosque of Sevilla, which had
been made into a cathedral.
His tomb was inscribed with four epitaphs: one each in
Castilian, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew:
Castilian Epitaph
Here lies the most honored king Don Ferdinand, lord of Castile
and Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of
Murcia, and of Jaén, he who conquered all of Spain, the most
loyal and the most truthful and the most forthright, the strongest
and most decorated, the most illustrious and the most forbearing
and the most humble and the one who is most fearful of God,
and the one who has rendered the most service to Him; who
defeated and destroyed all his enemies, who praised and
honored all his friends, and conquered the city of Seville which
is the capital of all of Spain and died in it on the last day of
May in our era, the year of 1290 (1252).
Hebrew Epitaph
This place is the tomb of the great king, Don Fernando, Lord of
Castille and Telitala [Toledo] and Leon and Valesia [Valencia]
and Asvila [Seville] and Karteva [Cordoba] and Murcia; and his
soul lives well in the Garden of Eden; who captured all of
Spain; the upright, the righteous, the anointed, the tower, the

mighty, the pious, the humble, who feared God and served Him
all his days; who broke and destroyed all his enemies and who
elevated and honored those who adored him, and who captured
the province of Asvila [Seville], which is the head of all
Sepharad [Spain] and died there on the night of Friday, the
twenty second day of the month of Sivan, in the year five
thousand and twelve from the creation of the world
Arabic Epitaph
Here is the tomb of the great king Don Ferdinand, lord of
Castile, Toledo, León, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Murcia and
Jaén, may God be pleased with him, who ruled all of Spain, who
is the most faithful, the most veracious, the most enduring, the
most just, the most valiant, the most propitious, the most noble,
the most forbearing, the most visionary, the greatest in modesty,
most suitable to God and His greatest servant. He died (may
God have mercy upon him) on the Friday night and God raised
him. He honored and ennobled his friends and took possession
of the city of Seville, which is the capital of all of Spain, and in
which he who broke and destroyed all of his enemies died on
the 20th of the month of Rabi‘ al-Awwal 650 A.H.
__MACOSX/slides/._10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
slides/8 End of the Caliphate.pptx
1

The End of the Caliphate
2
Al-Mansur “The Victorious”
North African general who ruled Al-Andalus as vizier from 976-
1002 in the name of the Caliph Hisham II.
Led a number of successful raids against the Christians,
including the spectacular raid on Santiago, in which he stole the
cathedral’s bells (997).
He was injured fighting the Leonese in 1002, and died later of
his wounds.
4
Caliphate No More: Civil Wars, 1008-1031
After Al-Mansur’s death in 1008, civil wars wracked Al-
Andalus.
The wars took on a Berber vs. Arab character, with Christians
intervening from the north on both sides.
The last claimant to the Umayyad throne was Hisham III, who
was run out of Cordoba when he tried to raise taxes on his
Muslim rulers.

5
6
Navarra and Aragon
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra began expanding under Sancho
Garcés I (905-925).
Basque and Berber (Banu Qasi)
Under Garcia Sanchez I (931-970) the Kingdom expanded to the
east, west, and south.
Sancho Garcés II (970-1004) inherited the county of Aragon,
part of the Carolingian Spanish March, from his mother.
Tributaries of Cordoba
His daughter was married to Al-Mansur
7
8
Sancho III el Mayor
Self-described Rex Hispaniarum, King of the Spanish.

Ruled 1004-1035.
Initially he controlled
Aragon and Navarra,
but after 1027, he
took over Castilla,
and conquered most
of León.
9
10
Loarre Castle, built by Sancho III
11
San Martín de Frómista, built by Sancho III
12

San Juan de la Peña
13
Cluny and Benedictine Monasticism
French monastery founded in the early tenth century
Became an enthusiastic center of monastic reform, stressing
education and close adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict
(fifth century)
Cluny cultivated a careful reputation and was patronized by a
wide variety of monarchs
(like Sancho III) and nobles
searching for spiritual benefits.
This financial support allowed Cluny
to found a vast number of
daughter-houses, and to become
very influential throughout Europe.
Rex Hispaniarum
Sancho III had close ties to the Count of Barcelona and the
Duke of Gascony (Basque lands in France) and Robert II, the
King of France.
As a result, his court included many Basques from France, as
well as many Frenchmen.
In 1024, Sancho made a
French monk from the
monastery of Cluny the abbot
of San Juan de la Peña.

He also began using the phrase
dei gratia with his royal title,
another import from France.
He also went by Rex Ibericus, and
the Muslims called him Baskunish,
or Basque Lord.
16
Short-Lived Unity
Sancho III died in 1035, and the Christian lands were once
again split.
His son Fernando inherited Castilla and León.
Ramiro (an illegitimate son) was given Aragon.
Garcia Sanchez III received Navarra, and was theoretically the
senior partner.
In 1054, the brothers fought each other, and Garcia was killed
on the battlefield.
17
Fernando I of León
Fernando came close to rebuilding his father’s united realm, and
began calling himself Imperator totius Hispaniae.
Aragon remained in the hands of his brother Ramiro, and his

young nephew, Sancho IV,
became King of Navarra.
In 1065, Fernando divided his
kingdom between his three sons,
Alfonso, Sancho, and Garcia.
He laid aside his crown, became a
monk, and died shortly thereafter.
Predictably, his sons soon went to war.
18
Problems of Unity
Common issue of all political entities: Romans, Visigothic
Kingdom, Al-Andalus, Christian Kingdoms.
In the Christian North, Northern European kingship custom
called for the division of the kingdom.
In Al-Andalus, no ruler was in any position to control more than
a small city-state; there were at least eleven Taifas.
19
Taifa States
Divisions originated in the governing districts of the Caliphate.
Some states were ruled by Arab emirs, some by Berbers, some
by military rulers (including Slavic Mamelukes).
The Taifa States competed with one another for culture, wealth,

and prestige.
The weak military condition of the Taifas corresponded to the
drastic increase in military power in the Christian North.
The result was predictable…
21
22
During the late ninth and early tenth centuries, Asturias
expanded south of the Cantabrian Mountains and east, toward
the Ebro Valley.
In 910, the capital of the kingdom was moved south to the city
of León, and the kingdom was henceforth known by that name.
The eastern regions of the realm were organized as a hereditary,
semi-independent county, Castilla, after 931.
By the early eleventh century, the Leonese monarchs are
referring to themselves as Imperator.
The Basque Kingdom of Navarra became a stable kingdom
under Sancho Garcés I (905-925).
Parias: Extortion as Diplomacy
Beginning in the 1050s, under Fernando I, the Christian rulers

began extorting payments from the Taifa states.
These security guarantees meant that the Christians would leave
the Taifa in peace, and also defend it from its Muslim neighbors
if necessary.
The Taifa rulers still controlled trade with North and West
Africa, and thus had lots of gold.
23
__MACOSX/slides/._8 End of the Caliphate.pptx
slides/5 Early Islam.pptx
1
Islam: Earliest History
Arabian Peninsula
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Trade

Muhammad (570-632)
Qur’an and Hadith
Prophet- 610 on
Muslims
Mecca and Medina
Foundation of a new religious community, the Ummah (within
the Arabian Peninsula)
Expansion of the Dar-al-Islam
War between Mecca and Medina ended with the unification of
the warring tribes of the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad
Upon the Prophet’s death, his successor (Caliph), Abu Bakr,
decided to keep the tribes unified by giving them a project: the
invasion of Persia
Rapid conquest of Persia, 633-634
634-640, invasion of Roman Empire, capture of Syria, parts of
Asia Minor, Palestine
4
a
5
Expansion and conquest across North Africa
Muslim expansion across North Africa began in 641, and was
finished between 692-698.
Final end of the city of Carthage

Nomadic people of the Sahara were relatively quick converts,
and identified culturally with Arabs.
This included many Berbers, the people
living in the Maghreb, or far west of
North Africa.
Expansion stopped at the Atlantic, but
many of the new converts were eager to
continue the conquest.
Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad
6
Gibraltar– Jebel Tariq
7
Battle of Guadalete, 711
8
9

10
Muslim Expansion in Europe
11
12
Pact of Umar (637?)
In the name of God, the Merciful and Compassionate. This is a
letter to the servant of God Umar [ibn al-Khattab], Commander
of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city.
When you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct
(aman) for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the
people of our community, and we undertook the following
obligations toward you:
We shall not build, in our cities or in their neighborhood, new
monasteries, Churches, convents, or monks' cells, nor shall we
repair, by day or by night, such of them as fall in ruins or are
situated in the quarters of the Muslims.
We shall keep our gates wide open for passersby and travelers.
We shall give board and lodging to all Muslims who pass our

way for three days.
We shall not give shelter in our churches or in our dwellings to
any spy, nor hide him from the Muslims.
We shall not teach the Qur'an to our children.
We shall not manifest our religion publicly nor convert anyone
to it. We shall not prevent any of our kin from entering Islam if
they wish it.
We shall show respect toward the Muslims, and we shall rise
from our seats when they wish to sit.
We shall not seek to resemble the Muslims by imitating any of
their garments, the qalansuwa, the turban, footwear, or the
parting of the hair. We shall not speak as they do, nor shall we
adopt their kunyas.
We shall not mount on saddles, nor shall we gird swords nor
bear any kind of arms nor carry them on our- persons.
We shall not engrave Arabic inscriptions on our seals.
We shall not sell fermented drinks.
We shall clip the fronts of our heads.
We shall always dress in the same way wherever we may be,
and we shall bind the zunar round our waists
We shall not display our crosses or our books in the roads or
markets of the Muslims. We shall use only clappers in our
churches very softly. We shall not raise our voices when
following our dead. We shall not show lights on any of the
roads of the Muslims or in their markets. We shall not bury our
dead near the Muslims.
We shall not take slaves who have beenallotted to Muslims.
We shall not build houses overtopping the houses of the
Muslims.
We accept these conditions for ourselves and for the people of
our community, and in return we receive safe-conduct.
If we in any way violate these undertakings for which we
ourselves stand surety, we forfeit our covenant [dhimma], and
we become liable to the penalties for contumacy and sedition.

Umar ibn al-Khittab replied: Sign what they ask, but add two
clauses and impose them in addition to those which they have
undertaken. They are: "They shall not buy anyone made
prisoner by the Muslims," and "Whoever strikes a Muslim with
deliberate intent shall forfeit the protection of this pact."
__MACOSX/slides/._5 Early Islam.pptx
slides/7 Later al-Andalus.pptx
Al-Andalus and it Christian Neighbors, tenth and eleventh
centuries
Christian Conversion
Dhimmi (protected minority) status brought many obstacles to
prosperity in a wealthy society.
Pressure was high on Christians to convert in order to avoid the
limits
of second-class
status, and to
avoid the taxes.
Conversion rates
increase with the
passage of time
and prosperity
of the Muslim
state.

The inevitable mixed
marriages also
favored conversion,
as Islamic Law required
the children of any
Muslim man to be
brought up as Muslims.
3
Cordoba Ascendant
Al-Andalus reached the height of its prestige, wealth, and
political power under Abd al-Rahman III (912-961)
In 921, he declared himself Caliph
Constructed
the massive
palace of
Medina
al-Zahra outside
of Cordoba.
Medina al-Zahara

Mezquita
Intellectual and Cultural Life
The power of the emirs/caliphs was reflected in the vibrancy
and prosperity of their courts and capital (Cordoba)
Lavish spending on art and architecture, but also on scholars,
writers, poets, musicians, etc.
Translation projects: reflection of Bagdhad
Freedom for scientists, scholars, etc.
Problems of Unity
Northern mountains and frontiers
Marcher lords and rebellion
Arabs vs Berbers vs Muwallads
Problems with Money
Due to the limited tax structure in Islamic Law, new sources of
revenue were hard to raise.

Raiding the Christian territories became a regular device for
generating revenue, especially under Abd al-Rahman III and his
successors.
Expense of a large standing army
Soldiers of the Caliphs
Berber recruits from North Africa made up the bulk of the early
armies.
During Arab-Berber tensions, the Caliphs had to look
elsewhere, and often created armies of slaves, called
Mamelukes.
Slaves were purchased from the Eastern Roman Empire (Slavic
slaves), or from Vikings (British and Irish slaves).
Al-Andalus and the Christian North
While raiding was common on both sides, prior to the eleventh
century, neither the Asturians nor the Caliphate seriously tried
to expand at the expense of the other.
Al-Andalus was heavily involved in the politics of Asturias and
Pamplona.
Abd al-Rahman III personally saw to the rehabilitation and
restoration of the deposed king Sancho the Fat of Asturias (955-
957, 964-966).
Al-Mansur “The Victorious”
North African general who ruled Al-Andalus from 976-1002 in
the name of the Caliph Hisham II.
Led a number of successful raids against the Christians,
including the spectacular raid on Santiago, in which he stole the
cathedral’s bells (997).

He was injured fighting the Leonese in 1002, and died later of
his wounds.
17
Caliphate No More: Civil Wars, 1008-1031
After al-Mansur’s death in 1008, civil wars wracked al-Andalus.
The wars took on a Berber vs. Arab character, with Christians
intervening from the north on both sides.
The last claimant to the Umayyad throne was Hisham III, who
was run out of Cordoba when he tried to raise taxes on his
Muslim subjects.
18
19
During the late ninth and early tenth centuries, Asturias
expanded south of the Cantabrian Mountains and east, toward
the Ebro Valley.
In 910, the capital of the kingdom was moved south to the city
of León, and the kingdom was henceforth known by that name.
The eastern regions of the realm were organized as a hereditary,
semi-independent county, Castilla, after 931.
By the early eleventh century, the Leonese monarchs are
referring to themselves as Imperator.

20
Self-described Rex Hispaniarum, King of the Spanish.
Ruled 1004-1035.
Initially he controlled
Aragon and Navarra,
but after 1027, he
took over Castilla,
and conquered most
of León.
Loarre Castle, built by Sancho III

21
San Martín de Frómista, built by Sancho III
22
Cluny and Benedictine Monasticism
French monastery founded in the early tenth century
Became an enthusiastic center of monastic reform, stressing
education and close adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict
(fifth century)
Cluny cultivated a careful reputation and was patronized by a
wide variety of monarchs
(like Sancho III) and nobles
searching for spiritual benefits.
This financial support allowed Cluny
to found a vast number of
daughter-houses, and to become
very influential throughout Europe.
Short-Lived Unity
Sancho III was assassinated in 1035, and the Christian lands
were once again split.
His son Fernando inherited Castilla and León.

Ramiro (an illegitimate son) was given Aragon.
Garcia Sanchez III received Navarra, and was theoretically the
senior partner.
In 1054, the brothers fought each other, and Garcia was killed
on the battlefield.
25
Fernando I of León
Fernando came close to rebuilding his father’s united realm, and
began calling himself Imperator totius Hispaniae.
Aragon remained in the hands of his brother Ramiro, and his
young nephew, Sancho IV,
became King of Navarra.
In 1065, Fernando divided his
kingdom between his three sons,
Alfonso, Sancho, and Garcia.
He laid aside his crown, became a
monk, and died shortly thereafter.
Predictably, his sons soon went to war.
26
Taifa States: The Party Kings
Divisions originated in the governing districts of the Caliphate.
Some states were ruled by Arab emirs, some by Berbers, some
by military rulers (including Slavic Mamelukes).
The Taifa States competed with one another for culture, wealth,
and prestige.

The weak military condition of the Taifas corresponded to the
drastic increase in military power in the Christian North.
The result was predictable…
27
Parias: Extortion as Diplomacy
Beginning in the 1050s, under Fernando I, the Christian rulers
began extorting payments from the Taifa states.
These security guarantees meant that the Christians would leave
the Taifa in peace, and also defend it from its Muslim neighbors
if necessary.
The Taifa rulers still controlled trade with North and West
Africa, and thus had lots of gold.
28

__MACOSX/slides/._7 Later al-Andalus.pptx
slides/4 Visigoths short.pptx
What becomes of the Roman Empire?
What becomes of the province of Hispania?
Is there a “fall of the Roman Empire”?
If so, when?
What comes next?
1
Germans and Rome
Living around the northern periphery
Agricultural, sedentary
Decentralized local government, elective kingship in times of
trouble
Lots of influence and movement back and forth across the
border
Immigration and military service in Rome
2
HIST 3351/Fall 2009/Lesson 8
3

Goths
Germanic Tribes by late third century
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries
Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
3

4
Goths
Christianity preached beyond boundaries of Empire: but not all
of it was orthodox Roman Christianity: Arianism
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries
Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
4
Preached to, for example, the Goths!

5
Huns
Goths
Adrianople 378 AD
Alemanni & Juthingi
Fries

Franks
Vandals
Sarmatians
Saxons
Angles
Jutes
Alans
Visigoths enter the Empire in 376 AD
5
Visigoths let in in 376-7 (not Ostrogoths)
Goths AND Romans suffer terrible casualties. Best solution is
to settle in Balkan. Goths serve with Roman army as needed.
Rome vs. the Visigoths
Supplies and promises: refugee problems and the Roman state
Rebellion and looting
The military response and the battle of Adrianople, 378
Emperor Valens killed in
battle!
Theodosius, 379-395
Born in Hispania!
Last emperor to rule both halves of the empire.
Made Nicaean (Trinitarian/Orthodox) Christianity the official
religion and began suppressing paganism:
Olympics ended in 393.

Vestal virgins disbanded.
Pagan members of the Senate complained bitterly.
Religious discord.
Church Hierarchy
Emperor is at the top
Dioceses- Units of Roman administration
Bishops- a new career path for politically-inclined Romans
Archbishops and Patriarchs
Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria
Bishop of Rome: Petrine Doctrine
9

Lusitania
Gallia Narbonensis
Baetica
Toledo
Cordoba
Tarragona
Merida
Cartagena
Seville
Braganza
Tarraconensis
Cartaginensis

30 mi 60 mi 120 mi
Barcino
Olispo
Caesaraugusta
Ebora
Ossonoba
Lucus Augusti
Portus Cale
Asturica Augusta
Malaca
Dertosa

Mauritania
Ecclesiastical organization of Roman Hispania
9

9
- Councils of Toledo (Concilia toletana). From the fifth to the
seventh century, about thirty synods, variously counted, were
held at Toledo in what would come to be part of Spain. The
earliest, directed against Priscillianism, assembled in 400.
- The First Council of Toledo was held in Toledo, Spain, in 400.
Its primary purpose was to condemn the Priscillian heresy and
uphold the Nicene Creed. It would be another 127 years before a
council met again in Toledo. Known attendees include Lampius,
bishop of Barcelona.
- Metropolitan bishops of Merida, Seville, Tarragona, Braganza,
and Cartagena
-- Last through Visigoths, although they upgrade Toledo to
primacy, when capital moved to Toledo by Leovigild in 580
Restoration of metropolitan churches a motivator for popes later
Orthodoxy and Heresy
Council of Nicaea and subsequent ecumenical councils: what do
Christians believe?
Orthodoxy and heterodoxy (or heresy)
Saints, monasticism, etc.
Trinitarian vs. Arian (homoousia, one substance)
Monophysite vs. diophysite (one form or two; settled in 451 at
the Council of Chalcedon)
Donatists vs. Catholics
Dualism (and Zoroastrianism)
The role of the state in enforcing orthodoxy
The Barbarians are Coming
Visigoths at peace with Theodosius, but not his successors.
In 406, the Rhine river froze, allowing three Germanic tribes,
the Sueves, Vandals, and Alans, to cross into Gaul.
Military borders not up to the
task of dealing with the
problem, and the cities were

left on their own.
12
Angles, Saxons, Jutes
Vandals, Alans, Suevi
Franks
406 AD
409 AD
Hunnic Empire
Germans cross the Rhine Dec 31, 406 AD

12
The Visigothic Problem…
Failure of Thedosius’s successors to maintain good relations
with Visigoths
Visigoths elected a new king, Alaric, in 395.
He led them into Italy to demand better terms from Rome.
When negotiations broke down…
13
14
Rome 410 AD
Hunnic Empire
Alaric revolts, sacks Rome, dies in the South

14
Monkeying around with imperial boundaries.
Alaric revolts, marches on Rome.
Alaric dies in 410 in Southern Italy while planning an invasion
of Sicily
Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul
15
Suebes
Vandals
Alans
Hunnic Empire
Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul, Germans all over the Western

Empire
Franks
15
VISIGOTHS TRYING TO ESTABLISH A PROTECTORATE
OVER WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE!!!!
Visigoths given territory in Aquitaine
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the
Battle of Châlons (also spelled Chalons or Chalon) or Battle of
the Campus Mauriacus, took place in 451 between a coalition
led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic
king Theodoric I on one side and the Huns and their allies
commanded by Attila on the other. It was one of the last major
military operations of the Western Roman Empire and marks the
apex of the career of Flavius Aetius.
16

Franks
Visigoths
Suebes
Vandals
Alans
431 AD
440 AD
Hunnic Empire
Visigoths commissioned by Empire to drive Germans out of
Hispania
16
Gaiseric crosses with 80,000 in 429
430 St. Augustine dies at Hippo in August 28th during the
Vandal's siege of Hippo when he was 76 years old.

17
Catalaunian Fields 451 AD
Suebes
Visigoths
Vandals
Hunnic Empire
Visigoths establish own kingdom, ally with Rome and Franks
against Huns
17
Visigoths given territory in Aquitaine
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the
Battle of Châlons (also spelled Chalons or Chalon) or Battle of
the Campus Mauriacus, took place in 451 between a coalition
led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic
king Theodoric I on one side and the Huns and their allies
commanded by Attila on the other. It was one of the last major
military operations of the Western Roman Empire and marks the
apex of the career of Flavius Aetius.

18

Carthage
Leptis Magna
Rome
Malaka
Visigothic kingdom after battle of Vouillé in 507
Toulouse
Suebic Kingdom
Vandal Kingdom
Hippo Regius
Kingdom of Franks
Ostrogoths
Basques
Barcelona
Visigothic Kingdom

18
430 St. Augustine dies at Hippo in August 28th during the
Vandal's siege of Hippo when he was 76 years old.
18
Barbarian Kings or Roman Allies?
Last Roman emperor in the western half, 476.
Germanic kingdoms in the western provinces:
Visigoths in Spain, southern Gaul
Franks in northern Gaul
Ostrogoths in Italy
Vandals in Africa
Roman titles, legitimacy, relations with Constantinople
Few Germans, many Romans
For most Romans, life goes on as normal
Visigothic Spain
20
Political Issues:
Goths (Germans) vs. Romans
Relationship to Emperor in
Constantinople
50,000-500,000 Goths
6 million Spanish Romans
Language and assimilation
Only traces of Gothic language in
Spanish
Center vs. periphery
Controlling the mountains

Controlling the SE coast
Religious Issues
Arian Christianity vs. Nicene/Trinitarian Christianity
Conversion of the Visigoths, 589, Third Council of Toledo and
integration.
The importance of Christian unity?
Jewish population (10% + of total)
St. Augustine: “Living Letters of the Law”
Conversion?
Orthodoxy vs pluralism
Restrictive laws and persecution
The Emperor Justinian (527-565)
24
The Empire Strikes Back: 530-542
Justinian’s Plague, 541-542: The real “fall of Rome?

For those of you considering the research paper, a couple of
items to consider:
1) The source analysis paper can and ideally should build
towards your research paper.
2) The final paper is a 10-12 page research paper.
3) Over the course of the semester, those of you on the research
paper path should keep these check-points in mind:
9/25: Decision Day: By the date of the midterm, please let me
know if you are planning to write the research paper, via email.
The email should include the topic you wish to research, how it
relates to your source analysis paper, and any questions you
have for me concerning the paper. If I do not here from you by
9/25 about your paper topic, I will assume you are doing the
midterm.
10/16: Bibliography: Please turn in a prospective bibliography
for the project with six different sources. This does not have to
be a final bibliography. At least two of these must be
scholarly/academic books. At least one of these must be a
scholarly/academic article. Any internet resources need to be
pre-approved by me. Primary sources, for those of you using
them, should be clearly identified and listed separately from
secondary sources. All bibliographic information should be in
Chicago Style. Include a sentence or two of annotation: what is
this source, and how are you using it in your paper? Please turn
in a paper copy of the bibliography in class on 10/16.
11/20: Thesis Statement and Outline: Please turn in a brief (1-3
sentence) thesis statement or summary of the argument of your
paper. In addition, please include an outline of the rest of the
paper. This does not need to be too complex, but it should show
how you are thinking about your topic and how you intend to
lay out the paper. Hard copy, in class on 11/20
12/6: Due date: Papers are due on the last day of classes.

Please bring a stapled paper copy, which can be left in my
mailbox in the history department.
Technical Details:
Final papers should be 10-15 pages, double-spaced, written in a
normal (Times New Roman or similar-- no Arial or Lucida, I
know the tricks), 12 point font. Normal 1-inch margins all
around.
All citations must be in Chicago Style footnotes. Papers should
also include a bibliography/works-cited page (which is not part
of the 10-15 pages of the paper body).
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
A simple title page with your name, a title, and the date should
be included. This also doesn't count towards the 10-12 pages.

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