- The document is a literature review analyzing articles on Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) and how Ford can use this approach to enact organizational change. - It summarizes 6 articles discussing components necessary for CQI, how to start a CQI project, managing change, focusing CQI on quality improvement, CQI phases, and the importance of feedback. - The literature review finds the sources relevant to how Ford can implement CQI to improve quality, services, and help the company become the top American automaker.

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Unit 3.2 Assignment - Final Paper, Part 2
CeTreiva Whitmore Lockett
HRM335 – Organizational Behavior
Professor Dan Tegolini
February 1, 2020
Unit 3.2 Assignment: Final Paper, Part 2
Selected business: Ford
Selected initiative: Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)
Introduction
The Ford Motor Company which is known as Ford is an
American automobile enterprise that specializes in designing,
manufacturing and selling of automobiles and commercial
vehicles. The company is the second largest in the United States
and fifth globally according to global fortune. One of the
company’s objectives is to become the global leader in the
automobile industry. However, the realization of this objective
is not possible without first taking over the American
automobile industry. It is evident that from the way Ford carries
out its various operations, there are some areas that need
improvement to perfect the products and services. One of the
most effective approaches that seem to have what the company
needs to make the necessary major changes that will see

2. improved end results and customer service is the Continuous
Quality Improvement (CQI).
The approach is cyclic in nature where overall performance and
operations are assessed, improvement plans are designed and
implemented, and the results are reassessed. The approach is
applied over and over again until all the defects and errors are
eliminated in the designing, manufacturing, and supply
processes leading to improved quality, services, and sales.
Different researchers have in the past and recently came out
with quality articles that demonstrate the various ways that CQI
can be used to attain long-term goals and objectives effectively.
The fact that Ford has for long been unable to occupy the
leading position in American automobile industry means that
Ford can embrace some of these tips. The tips would assist in
making the necessary large-scale changes that would enable the
company to move to the next level of success. This literature
review article shall analyze some articles on CQI to demonstrate
how Ford can use the approach to attain the much-needed
progressive change.
Literature review
Nadeem, et al, (2013) shares deep insights about CQI approach.
In the article, the authors focus on necessary components that
must be present to make quality improvement possible. The
authors’ claims that a continuous quality improvement method
is highly effective where there is teamwork, quality leadership,
spirit of innovation and creativity, and finances to effect any
necessary change. The authors states that the business for
instance Ford in this case must start by taking into
consideration the presence of the vital components that would
make it possible for the approach to be applied in the first
place.
The article by Nadeem et al (2013); is relevant to this initiative
being addressed as well as the selected business. The more
reason is that for Ford to introduce the large-scale
organizational change, it requires to have the right components
in place that would be collaborated in the cause of approach

3. application. Failure to do so will lead to approach failure since
the right ground was not laid. This is to mean that
understanding the components necessary for a CQI and working
towards their presence is an effective way of laying the right
ground and creating a perfect environment for a large-scale
change.
An article by Silver et al, (2016); offers great tips on exactly
how to start a continuous quality improvement project. The
article considers CQI as a project because it is a continuous
practice that requires being perceived and handled like a project
for success to be realized. The more reason is that this is the
only way the business can set aside resources that would help in
making the approach implementation success. In the article,
Sliver states that the project starts by examining the current
practices and performance for the purpose of recording the
current state of the company. The team of professional should
hence review what should be done to make minimal
improvements.
The article by Silver et al, (2016); is highly relevant because it
talks about an important and critical step in the approach. The
more reason is that it is an article that described how the
initially identified vital elements would be used collaboratively
to kick off the project. This is important because making
mistakes in the early stages have ample potential to compromise
the entire effort leading to a failed mission.
Jones, (2013); is an organizational behavior management book
that deals in organizational theories, designs, and change.
Focusing on change, the author of the book claims that
organizational growth can only be obtained if the business is
positive and committed to change. The more reason is that the
world of business is ever changing and for the business to
remain relevant, it must embrace change as well. In the book,
the change process has been extensively explained as well as
how to handle change challenges for instance resistance to
change. This is a reliable piece of information that any leader
pursuing large scale organizational change should be aware.

4. The source by Jones, (2013); is hence highly relevant to the
business and initiative. The more reason is that for Ford to
embrace the CQI approach, the employees need to be introduced
to the change and be undertaken the entire change process to
promote a smooth and successful transformation. Also, in the
course of approach application, leaders and employees are
likely to be confronted by unexpected challenges. The
information in the book provides tips that can be applied to
handle any challenge.
Aquino, et al (2017) shares same insights about organizational
change from the quality improvement point of view. The authors
in the article narrow down from the wide organizational change
concept to an organizational change that focuses on improving
the quality of products and services. The source shares an
interesting and educative material where it claims that large-
scale change would not be done for the sake it but to attain a
positive output that would place the business in a more
competitive position in the market. This is a message that suits
the Ford business and the desired large scale change of
changing tactics that would see the business progress from the
second to the leading brand in the American automobile and
gradually leader in the global market (Aquino, et al 2017). The
information is relevant because it provides the Ford and its
leader’s information on how to make changes from a quality
improvement point of view and this is what the initiative is all
about.
De Groot, et al (2018); is a unique and highly relevant article
that highlight the various CQI phrases and the specific quality
improvement strategies that should be applied to attain
desirable organizational change. In the article, the authors claim
that CQI entails a continuous repetition of the same production
process until the desired quality levels have been attained. It
entails reviewing the first stage which is the previous practices
that were applied in the last production to detect errors and
areas of weakness. It is also the stage in which professionals
need to be invited to share their insights and employees

5. undertaken intensive training.
The second phase entails coming together to come up with
creative ideas that should be implemented. These are ideas that
can be incorporated into initial practices to make them better or
have the initial practices scrubbed off and new practices
implemented. The third phase entails working used the
improvised or new strategies and reviewing the production
process to notice the changes. The source by de Groot et al
(2018); is a relevant one as per the initiative under discussion.
The more reason is that it identifies the various quality
improvement strategies that should be embraced in all CQI
phases until desired results are obtained.
The last source is that by Altmiller, (2012); and wraps off by
addressing the importance of issuing feedback as the only way
to make CQI approach to have the right momentum. In the
article, the author claims that when feedback at the end of the
process is issued, it becomes possible to detect improvement or
areas of weakness that would need improvement. The source is
relevant because the CQI approach heftily relies on feedback
from the previous process in order to make the necessary
changes in the current process. This is to mean that Ford
company employees working in all units must give feedbacks
after they complete their tasks and performance because it is
from these feedbacks that new resolutions to be implemented
would be created.
References
Aquino, A. T. D., Silva, J. L., Melo, R. M. D., & Silva, M. M.
(2017). Organizational change in quality management aspects: a
quantitative proposal for classification. Production, 27.
Altmiller, G. (2012). The role of constructive feedback in
patient safety and continuous quality improvement. Nursing
Clinics, 47(3), 365-374.
de Groot, J. J., Timmermans, M., Maessen, J. M., Winkens, B.,
Dirksen, C. D., Slangen, B. F., & van der Weijden, T. (2018).

6. Quality improvement strategies for organizational change: a
multiphase observational study to increase insight into
nonparticipating organizations. BMC Health Services Research,
18(1), 1011.
Jones, G. R. (2013). Organizational theory, design, and change.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson,.
Nadeem, E., Olin, S. S., Hill, L. C., Hoagwood, K. E., &
Horwitz, S. M. (2013). Understanding the components of quality
improvement collaboratives: a systematic literature review. The
Milbank Quarterly, 91(2), 354-394.
Silver, S. A., Harel, Z., McQuillan, R., Weizman, A. V.,
Thomas, A., Chertow, G. M., ... & Chan, C. T. (2016). How to
begin a quality improvement project. Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology, 11(5), 893-900.
Due Date: Saturday at 11:59 pm EST of Unit 4
Points: 35
Overview:
The goal of your Final Paper is to describe how you would
implement a major program
of organizational change as if you were a senior leader of the
company, using one of
the following approaches:
tal Quality Management Initiative (TQM)

7. Additionally, the Final Paper’s purpose is to draw upon as much
of the course material
as possible, but specifically from Units 5 -7.
In this assignment, you will create an outline for your final
paper.
Instructions:
Your outline will contain headings and notes on the following
points:
selcted (i.e.:
TQM, Six Sigma, etc.)?
program? For
example, improve Return on Investment, Market Share,
reduction in
errors, etc.
-in” by the employees be gained?

8. implementation of your
organizational change approach?
nizational culture.
HRM335 – Organizational Behavior
Unit 4.2 Assignment: Final Paper, Part 3
You are expectd to review the feedback given to you on your
outline and apply it to you
draft of the Final Paper due in Unit 6.
Requirements:
matted using double spaced, 12 point Times New
Roman font.
or reference pages.
.
more than ¼ of the
page.
citations is required.

9. Be sure to read the criteria by which your work will be
evaluated before you write
and again after you write.
Evaluation Rubric for Unit 4.2 Final Paper, Part 3
CRITERIA Exemplary Proficient Needs
Improvement
Deficient
(5 points) (4 points) (2-3 points) (0-1 points)
Explanation of
Selected
Organizational
Change
Approach
Detailed and
thorough
explanation.
Explanation is
present, but
missing minor
details.
Explanation is
present, but
missing key
details.
Explanation is

10. missing or
poorly
presented.
What are Your
Goals and How
Will They be
Measured?
Goals and
measurements
are present
including all
details.
Goals and
measurements
are present,
but missing
key details.
Goals and
measurements
are present, but
missing minor
details.
Goals and
measurements
are missing or
poorly
presented.
Program
Implementation

11. Detailed and
thorough
description of
implementation
is presented.
Description
present, but
missing minor
details.
Description a
present, but
missing key
details.
Description is
missing or
poorly
presented.
Discuss the
Organizational
Change
Approach to
Achieve
Results
Detailed and
thorough
discussion of
organizational
culture is
presented.
Discussion is

12. present, but
missing minor
details.
Discussion is
present, but
missing key
details.
Discussion is
missing or
poorly
presented.
Discuss
Employee Buy-
In
Detailed and
thorough
discussion of
employee buy-
in is presented.
Discussion
present, but
missing minor
details.
Discussion is
present, but
missing key
details.
Discussion is
missing or

13. poorly
presented.
Discuss
Implications on
Organizational
Culture
Detailed and
thorough
discussion on
organizational
culture is
presented.
Discussion
present, but
missing minor
details.
Discussion is
present, but
missing key
details.
Discussion is
missing or
poorly
presented.
Clear and
Professional
Writing and
APA Format
Writing and

14. format is clear,
professional,
APA
compliant, and
error free.
Few errors that
do not impede
professional
presentation.
Significant errors
that do not
impede
professional
presentation.
Errors impede
professional
presentation;
guidelines not
followed.