Yolanda Richardson  1 posts Re:Module 3 DQ 2 Krashen (1977) proposed that when learning a second language, the sequence of elements learned depends little on the first language of the learner. Why might this be? Does the sequence support the language-learning model of either Chomsky or Skinner? Why or why not? The reason(s) that when learning a second language, the sequence elements learned depends little on the first language of the learner, as Krashen (1977) proposed, is because there is a natural order for grammatical morphemes, regardless of the first learned language.  The individual’s second language order of acquisition is different from the first language order (Wagner-Gough, and Hatch, 1980).  Chomsky believed that language was innate, individuals are born with a capacity for language and occurs during critical periods of developmental stages.  The acquisition of language.  Language rules are influenced by experience and learning, however the capacity to learn a language itself exists with or without environmental factors or influences (Widdowson, 1987).  Skinner believed individuals were born with nothing, “empty vessel, for which language had to be placed into or taught to them.  Both, Chomsky and Skinner believe that environment plays a role in language acquisition.  I believe that Krashen’s (1977) model of language is supported by both, Chomsky’s and Skinner’s theories because both theories suggest that a second language could be learned in spite of the individual’s first language. References: Wagner-Gough, J., & Hatch, E., (1980).  Comparative method experiments in foreign language             teaching.  Department of Educational Research Language Learning 25, 297-308. Widdowson, H., (1987).  The significance of simplification: Studies in language acquisition.             New York, NY: Pearson. Chris Traffanstedt  1 posts Re:Module 3 DQ 2 Stephen Krashen does not stress the grammar learned in a previous language learned but rather stresses the importance of a natural order that exists before any other language was acquired. In other words there are some innate structures that help people learn languages. Krashen (2002) at this point is clearly reflecting Chomsky who held that all language begins with our innate structure. Thus, language is built into humanity, there is a natural order to it. However, Krashen (2002) does not end there and moves on to stress acquisition and learning. Acquisition comes by using real communication and then one has to learn or gain knowledge about the second language. Here is see a bit of Skinner as one’s behavior of communicating and gaining knowledge helps a person learn a second language. There is a monitoring effect where the older style grammar instruction helps a student oversee what is being learned but there is no real learning going on here. This would be directly opposed to Skinner and the stress that grammar gives the basic behavior patterns needed to learn. It is here that Krash.

1. Yolanda Richardson
1 posts
Re:Module 3 DQ 2
Krashen (1977) proposed that when learning a second language,
the sequence of elements learned depends little on the first
language of the learner. Why might this be? Does the sequence
support the language-learning model of either Chomsky or
Skinner? Why or why not?
The reason(s) that when learning a second language, the
sequence elements learned depends little on the first language
of the learner, as Krashen (1977) proposed, is because there is a
natural order for grammatical morphemes, regardless of the first
learned language. The individual’s second language order of
acquisition is different from the first language order (Wagner-
Gough, and Hatch, 1980).
Chomsky believed that language was innate, individuals are
born with a capacity for language and occurs during critical
periods of developmental stages. The acquisition of language.
Language rules are influenced by experience and learning,
however the capacity to learn a language itself exists with or
without environmental factors or influences (Widdowson,
1987). Skinner believed individuals were born with nothing,
“empty vessel, for which language had to be placed into or
taught to them. Both, Chomsky and Skinner believe that
environment plays a role in language acquisition.
I believe that Krashen’s (1977) model of language is supported
by both, Chomsky’s and Skinner’s theories because both
theories suggest that a second language could be learned in
spite of the individual’s first language.

2. References:
Wagner-Gough, J., & Hatch, E., (1980). Comparative method
experiments in foreign language
teaching. Department of Educational Research
Language Learning 25, 297-308.
Widdowson, H., (1987). The significance of simplification:
Studies in language acquisition.
New York, NY: Pearson.
Chris Traffanstedt
1 posts
Re:Module 3 DQ 2
Stephen Krashen does not stress the grammar learned in a
previous language learned but rather stresses the importance of
a natural order that exists before any other language was
acquired. In other words there are some innate structures that
help people learn languages. Krashen (2002) at this point is
clearly reflecting Chomsky who held that all language begins
with our innate structure. Thus, language is built into humanity,
there is a natural order to it. However, Krashen (2002) does not
end there and moves on to stress acquisition and learning.
Acquisition comes by using real communication and then one
has to learn or gain knowledge about the second language. Here
is see a bit of Skinner as one’s behavior of communicating and
gaining knowledge helps a person learn a second language.
There is a monitoring effect where the older style grammar
instruction helps a student oversee what is being learned but
there is no real learning going on here. This would be directly
opposed to Skinner and the stress that grammar gives the basic
behavior patterns needed to learn. It is here that Krashen’s
(2002) method has so changed the way people understand how
to learn a language for he stressed there is only way to learn a

3. language was by a widespread input of that language. Finally
Krashen (2002) stresses that there is an affective filter that can
stand in the way of our learning. Confidence, anxiety, and
embracement can get in the way of one learning a language.
Thus, when the filter is down language is acquired in a better
way.
Overall, Krashen flows out of the Chomsky camp but he is
unafraid to dip into a bit of behavior issues as well. His model
could be argued to be the best of both worlds.
Krashen, S. (2002). Second Language Acquisition and Second
Language Learning. Retrieved from
http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/sl_acquisition_and_le
arning.pdf
Critical Infrastructure Risks and Vulnerabilities
BSS/482
December 14, 2015
Introduction
SCADA
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems are systems used to control many different things that

4. can be scattered miles across land or water. The collection of
data and the control of these assets are crucial to ensure the
stability of the infrastructure. The SCADA system is used in
distribution systems such as oil and gas, wastewater, and water
distribution. The SCADA system will monitor the systems for
even electrical distribution and the transportation systems.
SCADA watches over these systems to ensure that they are
performing correctly and at top performance. If anything goes
wrong with one of the systems that SCADA looks at it will send
out alarms so that they can be repaired. SCADA is a system that
watches over all other systems that may be scattered out over
long distances and collects data in a centralized location.
Attacks on SCADA
Since SCADA watches out over all systems that are crucial
to the nation’s infrastructure any type of an attack on the system
can be devastating. The attack could interrupt reports on these
assets and the distribution of the material being received or put
out. The wastewater system is monitored by SCADA and if
anything malfunctions SCADA will report that and have the
issues corrected immediately. If an attack on SCADA
interrupted this report of the wastewater system, then it may
lead to having wastewater mix with the distribution of good
healthy water. This in return contaminating water and leading to
an even bigger health issue.
SCADA Vulnerabilities
Every computer system in the world has vulnerabilities. SCADA
systems are no exception, and because many older SCADA
systems do not have security features, they are more vulnerable
to attacks than newer systems (Department of Energy, n.d.).
Finding vulnerabilities can be challenging. It takes several
analyzations of the separate parts of a system to figure out what
those vulnerabilities are. Scanning the SCADA, evaluating the
host, analyzing network devices, and testing passwords are just
a few ways to search for SCADA vulnerabilities. According to
Wiles et al (2007) “the majority of security vulnerabilities
found in the technical systems are a result of system

5. configuration issues or lack of up-to-date patching.” This means
that most of the vulnerabilities of a SCADA system come from
programing issues. Other vulnerabilities can include physical
security such as contracted cleaning services, employee
discussions in non-work locations, and building layout
configurations.
The detection of vulnerabilities leads to the acceptance that
there may be a threat to the system as a whole. External threats
can be as simple as industrial espionage or as complicated as
international espionage. SCADA systems connected to networks
are exceptionally vulnerable to international attacks. Servers
connected to the network may not have the necessary
programming to stop things such as computer worms or viruses.
In 2015, Hilary Clinton was investigated by the Federal Bureau
of Investigation for using a private server to send and receive
emails containing classified government information. During
the investigation it was found that Hilary’s server was
connected to the internet and was scanned by an anonymous
hacker from Serbia (Associated Press, 2015). Not only was
Hilary’s server vulnerable to be scanned, but also controlled.
Any hacker with enough brains to get in to the server could
have controlled it from afar without ever having to change out
of their pajamas. Given the fact that Hilary was the Secretary of
State for the nation during this time period, it becomes relevant
that she potentially put the country’s infrastructure in great
danger.
Tools and techniques used to protect against a global attack on
SCADA.
An SCADA firewall can be used to protect against a global
attack on SCADA. However, the firewall must provide
protection from all cyber-attacks and hackers that may be
released from the internet, inside the business network or other
networks under WiFi. Also, the firewall must be able to identify
and inform probes, attacks, and abnormalities. It should have
the ability to control and manage changes to the policies (Grau,
2012). There are some vulnerabilities that are identified for the

6. control systems that are increased exposure, interconnectivity,
common computing technologies, and increased automation.
Pierluigi (2012), "Increased Exposure, which communication
networks linking smart grid devices and systems will create
many more access points to these devices, resulting in increased
exposure to potential attacks. When it comes to
interconnectivity, the communication networks will be more
interconnected, further exposing the system to possible failures
and attacks. Common computing technologies are smart grid
systems that will increasingly use common, commercially
available computing technologies and will be subject to their
weaknesses. Lastly, increased automation that communication
networks will generate, gather and use data in new and
innovative ways as smart grid technologies will automate many
functions. Improper use of this data presents new risks to
national security and our economy” (para 24).
Describe how resilience should be incorporated into SCADA
systems.
According to "Increasing the Resilience of Critical SCADA
Systems Using" (2010), “To achieve increased SCADA system
resilience against cyber threats in large-scale systems, a
minimally intrusive and low cost communication overlay onto
legacy SCADA systems using Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technologies
which shows our approach efficiently prevents data loss due to
node crashes, and detects and remedies data integrity attacks.
Path redundancy refers to multiple paths between pairs of peers;
data replication implies distributed and redundant data storage
across the network” (para 4).
Conclusion
Purpose and History Paper 1
Critical Infrastructure Risks and Vulnerabilities 2

7. References
Associated Press. (2015, October 13). Private server used by
Hilary Clinton while secretary of state was vulnerable to
hacking: report. New York Daily News. Retrieved from
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/clinton-private-
server-vulnerable-hacking-report-article-1.2396187
Department of Energy. (n.d.). 21 Steps to Improve Cyber
Security of SCADA Networks
Grau, A. (2012). Protecting SCADA devices from threats and
hackers. Retrieved from
http://www.embedded.com/design/safety-and-
security/4397214/Protecting-SCADA-devices-from-threats-and-
hackers-
Increasing the Resilience of Critical SCADA Systems Using.
(2010). Retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262251133
Pierluigi, P. (2012). The importance of security requirements in
design of SCADA systems. Retrieved from
http://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/7314/security/the-
importance-of-security-requirements-in-design-of-scada-
systems.html
Stouffer, K., Falco, J., Kent, K. (2006, September). Guide to
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and
Industrial Control Systems Security. National Institute of
Standards and Technology. Retrieved from
https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/csd-nist-
guidetosupervisoryanddataccquisition-
scadaandindustrialcontrolsystemssecurity-2007.pdf
Wiles, J., Claypoole, T., Drake, P., Henry, P., Johnson Jr., L.,
Lowther, S., Windle, J. (2007). Techno Security Guide to
Securing SCADA. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc.