Essay On Chaos Engineering

Essay On Chaos Engineering
Method
A common method used in chaos engineering is direct–sequence spread–spectrum (DSSS)
technique which require good periodic variation properties ,good correlation,a wideband spectrum,
initial condition must be sensitive to improve the security at physical layer. Studies show that if an
intruder may possibly recover a chaotic sequences by a method called blind estimation which will
use the data given from the different sequences to identify the symbols period given from the this
information from your original data. We can enhance this security issue by creating using a varied
period according to the behavior of the chaotic spread in the communication system. How this
works exactly is the information given from the system is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After we choose the value the [xmin, xmax] of the function is then divided into (βm+1) value
intervals, [xmin+jγ,xmin+(j+1)γ],with j varying from 0 to βm and γ being a constant defined
by(3)γ=(xmax−xmin)/(βm+1).Once the input number xl falls in the range of [xmin+jγ,xmin+(j+1)γ],
the value for the other source value βl can finally be determined for example:
(4)βl=f(xl)=⌊xl−xminγ⌋,Depending on the value of βl, will determine (l+1)after that the pulse is
created at the output of the VIPG at the tl+1 given by (5)tl+1=tl+(β+βl)τ,τ is the chip period of the
chaotic sequence {xk} and β is a fixed integer and the value is fixed.
Figure 1 Spreading Scheme below:
Figure 2 PC Simulated image for DSSS system below:
All together you should get :
Despreading scheme chaotic sequence synchronization The local chaotic sequence is regenerated
and synchronized with the incoming called a synchronized chaotic generator (SCG)
This synchronization scheme is used for a conventional chaotic DSSS technique . The SCG is a
synchronization process in which there is two phases separated acquisition and tracking. Looking
into the acquisition phase, we use the correlator to calculate the value between
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DATAAND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
SOLUTIONS MANUAL DATAAND COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS EIGHTH EDITION
CHAPTERS 1 – 12 WILLIAM STALLINGS Copyright 2007: William Stallings © 2007 by
William Stallings All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, in any form or
by any means, or posted on the Internet, without permission in writing from the author. Selected
solutions may be shared with students, provided that they are not available, unsecured, on the Web.
–2– NOTICE This manual contains solutions to all of the review questions and homework
problems in Data and Computer Communications, Eighth Edition. If you spot an error in a solution
or in the wording of a problem, I would greatly appreciate it if you would forward the ... Show more
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2.5 A case could be made either way. First, look at the functions performed at the network layer to
deal with the communications network (hiding the details from the upper layers). The network layer
is responsible for routing data through the network, but with a broadcast network, routing is not
needed. Other functions, such as sequencing, flow control, error control between end systems, can
be accomplished at layer 2, because the link layer will be a protocol directly between the two end
systems, with no intervening switches. So it would seem that a network layer is not needed. Second,
consider the network layer from the point of view of the upper layer using it. The upper layer sees
itself attached to an access point into a network supporting communication with multiple devices.
The layer for assuring that data sent across a network is delivered to one of a number of other end
systems is the network layer. This argues for inclusion of a network layer. –6– In fact, the OSI
layer 2 is split into two sublayers. The lower sublayer is concerned with medium access control
(MAC), assuring that only one end system at a time transmits; the MAC sublayer is also responsible
for addressing other end systems across the LAN. The upper sublayer is called Logical Link Control
(LLC). LLC performs traditional link control functions. With the MAC/LLC combination, no
network layer is needed (but an internet layer may be

The Digital Satellite Communication Systems
DIGITAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
By
Oyudo Richard Chidiebube
(Matriculation Number: 110805082)
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Lagos
(Ref: CSC422/2014–15)
ABSTRACT
Modern wireless communications technology has almost become synonymous with digital satellite
communications. It is hence, a key element in the current era of globalization as it has so largely
been adopted as a primary means of communication. This paper attempts to investigate modern
digital satellite communications providing a progressive transition from a conceptual to a more
technical view of the digital communication process through a satellite from one earth terminal to
another.
INTRODUCTION
Satellite communications today, is an integral part of our everyday life and the world at large. From
providing in–flight communication in airplanes, GPS navigation systems to even determining long–
term patterns and statistical data of the atmosphere for climate monitoring and remote sensing, the
importance of satellite communication systems have become invaluable. More applicable to our
everyday life, it is used in telephone and television communication systems. Satellites are preferred
to other means of communications because they possess features not available in other
communication systems. For example, signals can be received and sent over thousands of miles also
with an added advantage of its immunity to political and geographical boundaries.
The creation and launch of a typical satellite

Tumor Protein 53 and its role in Ovarian Cancer Essay
TP53, also called tumor protein 53 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes p53 and acts as a control
center for the cell to act on when stressed (Brachova). Human p53 is a nuclear phsophoprotein of
molecular weight 53kDa located on chromosome 17 containing 11 exons and 10 introns (Ling). One
of its primary roles is as a transcription factor and in its active state is a homotetramer comprised of
four 393 amino acid residues (Joerger , The tumor suppressor p53). Another main role p53 plays is
as a tumor suppressor and once activated, protects against cancer by "functioning as a sequence–
specific transcription factor, through protein–protein interactions, activating cell cycle arrest,
apoptosis, and DNA damage repair (Brachova)." As one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cancer in the ovaries spreads quickly to other parts of the body and "is the most lethal gynecological
malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance
(Brachova)." The ovaries are composed of three different types of tissue: epithelia, germ, and
stromal, with tumors being named for the kinds of cells the tumor started from and whether the
tumor is benign or cancerous. The American Cancer Society's estimates for ovarian cancer in the
United States in 2014 are about 21,980 new cases and about 14,270 deaths. A woman's risk of
getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 72 and about half of the women
diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older (American Cancer Society). Some signs of
ovarian cancer are swelling or bloating of the stomach, having trouble eating, abdominal pain, or
having to urinate frequently (American Cancer Society). Women are more likely to have symptoms
if the disease has spread beyond the ovaries and if they feel any symptoms every day for
consecutive days, they should see a specialist right away. Physical signs indicating ovarian cancer
are finding an enlarged ovary or signs of fluid in the abdomen (American

Computer Technology : A Technological Time Of Humanity On...
CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY WIRELESS NETWORKING ITC513 ASSIGNMENT 1
MUDDASANI SHARATHDWANTH 11514576 Table of Contents Q1 2 Q2 3 Q3 5 Q4 6 Q5. 7 a. 7
b. 7 Q6. 7 Works Cited 7 Q1 Today 's human is existing in a stunning evolutionary time of humanity
regarding the upgrade and coordination of data and correspondence advances. The machine guided
correspondence and its headway (computerized reasoning) assumes a basic part in the life of 21st
century 's man. Yet Information engineering is the concentrated point that indicates how, when and
where one can correspond with individuals around him. The fate of this Information innovation
centralization is going to build. We "Advanced Citizens" are joined with any kind of system
throughout the day, seven days a week (infosys, 2010) Presently , on the off chance that you possess
a sound, feature players, machines, laptops, ipod, Pdas, another Pdas or on the off chance that you
utilize email and distinctive applications for correspondences, internet keeping money, web
ticketing, web purchasing and offering, then you are a resident of this Digital world. Since human
made a silicon chip, there has been no thinking back in improving advanced engineering. The
upgrade in advanced upheaval could be seen just in the TV joining with all different gadgets like
Pcs, web and cell

Wireless Technologies
Wireless Technologies
Introduction
As wireless technology has begun to mature, the demand for wireless products has increased as new
applications for the technology are realized. One application for wireless technology at the U.S.
Naval Academy is to use the wireless capability to enhance classroom instruction. Currently the
Electrical Engineering and Physics Departments have wireless access points and wireless
laptops/desktops available for classroom instruction. The purpose of this report is to provide the
technical research necessary to aid decision makers in determining which wireless technologies the
Naval Academy should invest.
Background
In a wireless network, computers communicate with the network through a radio ... Show more
Each access point can practically service between 32 to 64 users, depending upon manufacturer. The
bandwidth will be shared by all users. The number of radio channels associated with each
technology will vary by technology and product manufacturer. Multiple channels allows for multiple
access points to be collocated in order to provide access for a larger number of users.
Current USNA Uses
The Electrical Engineering Department currently uses the Dell suite with a wireless access point and
24 wireless laptops. They use the wireless network for "in class" projects where the use of either
simulation (OPNET) or design software (PSPICE) is being taught and used.
The Physics department is using a LinkSys 802.11b wireless access point and LinkSys wireless NIC
cards with desktop computers. Their primary use is for internet access.
Recommendation
The best technology system for the Naval Academy would be the 802.11a standard. It has 54 Mbps
throughput capability as well as adequate range, sufficient for classroom use. Since the 54 Mbps is

shared amongst all users, it would allow, at a minimum, 2 Mbps for each user in a class of 20
midshipmen operating simultaneously. It also has higher data rates at comparable distances

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our
world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us.
Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and
future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security
vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart
grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to
it and makes use of innovative information, control, and communication technologies to save
energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current
electrical power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has
upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features adds more vulnerability to the system.
[2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system,
transmission network, data management and processing system, smart metering system, and
customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Why Potato Is Becoming The Most Important Crop
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth highest produced crop in the world and the most
important non–cereal food crop, with world production estimated to be over 350 million tons in
2013 (http://faostat.fao.org). Potato is a versatile crop, and is utilized as not only food and feed but
also in industrial materials and fuels (Kikuchi et al. 2015). Potato is becoming the most important
crop in developing countries and its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other
crops primarily because of increasing industrialization (Guchi et al. 2015). Potatoes in India are
grown under varied climatic conditions ranging from tropics, subtropics to temperate highlands.
Consequently, the spectrum of insect–pests and diseases is very large and limit potato production
upto 85% depending upon the weather/region. Fungal disease plays a pivotal role for yield losses.
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (oomycete pathogen), is the most destructive disease
of potato worldwide (CIP, 1989). During the last two decades, disease has increased globally and the
average global crop loss of potato has increased upto 21.8% (Fry and Goodwin, 1997; James, 1981;
Forbes, 2012). Worldwide losses due to late blight are estimated to exceed $5 billion annually and
thus the pathogen is regarded as a threat to global food security (Latijnhouwers et al. 2004).
Management strategies consist either in exclusion, avoiding contact between plant and pathogens, or
by pest eradication, and

Security Implementation Requirement
Security implementation requirement
When we discussing security from the point of view an end user, the essential WiMAX security
concerns are protection and data safety, clients need conformation that nobody can snoop on them
and the data that sent over the connection is not altered. This paramount as wireless signals might be
easily sniffed by outsiders and if the data is not secured, information leaks could happen.
For that reason, WiMAX ensures powerful security protocols to verify that private data is encrypted
for secure transmission over networks, since StarFruit Communication aims to use WiMAX
technology to share voice and data among headquarters and branches. The protection of connection
will be done by using strong authentication and access control methods. In this way, our group chose
to set up a private network connection (VPN) over the WiMAX internet connection.
IEEE 802.16 protocol architecture and security solutions
The IEEE 801.16 classified into two layers that are physical layer (PHY) and medium access control
(MAC) layer. The PHY help four particulars which are single carrier (MAN–SC), Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM). WiMAX PHY is founded on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to
creating transmitter to achieve high speed data transfer. Physical layers are intended for non–line of
sight operation in frequency bands lower 11 GHz.
As well, MAC layer

Synthesis Of HPV
Abstract
Background: The association between high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and cervical cancer
has been firmly established. HPV is present in nearly all cases of cervical cancer and detection of
viral DNA, in combination with histology, could be a surrogate marker of micrometastasis in peri–
tumor tissues and pelvic lymph nodes.
Methods: We analyzed primary cervical carcinomas, peri–tumor biopsies and lymph nodes in 20
women with invasive cancer (FIGO stage I–II) who underwent radical pelvic surgery and
lymphonodectomy. HPV DNA was searched by broad spectrum PCR in 142 DNA samples extracted
from paraffin embedded tissues. Viral genotypes were identified by direct sequencing analysis.
Results: HPV DNA sequences were identified in all

Pangloss Belief In Voltaire's Candide
Have you ever wondered about the different perspectives that people can have on any subject or
topic? Sometime in one's life has a person had some form of discrepancy with one another over a
topic that may have been highly significant or even pointless, but this is still an example of the
different views that people may have towards a topic. Have you ever heard of the question "Is the
glass half–full or half–empty?" This is yet another instance where there may be different ways of
looking at the situation, but this is a question that is somewhat related to the attitude that one has
towards life. In Candide, Voltaire displays many situations which are obviously negative; however,
the character named Pangloss is a metaphysician who seems to believe ... Show more content on
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The belief in a God was most likely the cause for why Pangloss believed that this was the best of all
possible worlds and that everything in the world happens for a reason. To specify, Pangloss felt that
since God created the world, it must have been perfect, meaning that everything that happens on
Earth was planned out by God before it even happened, and Pangloss believes that this is the best of
all possible worlds since the originator of it was God, who was perfect himself. This led Pangloss to
believe that God created a perfect world, which was because he was flawless himself. However, the
thinkers with the opposing thoughts of Pangloss believed that there was not an almighty god who
was faultless, which is why the world and the people within it are full of flaws and imperfect. Since
Pangloss believed that this was the best of all worlds since it was created by God, he explained to
the Familiar of the Inquisition his reasoning as to why there were faults in the world, which was
directly shown in the book called Candide when Pangloss declared, "the Fall and curse of man
necessarily entered into the system of the best of the worlds" (Voltaire 11). When Pangloss says this,
he particularly means that the human beings of the world have corrupted the world, which was not
an act of God. The people of the world have corrupted society by using weapons against their own
kind in order to kill each other because of conflicting opinions. However, Pangloss' idea of a God
creating a perfect world seems to be supported by another quotation from "Leibnizian Optimism" in
which Catherine states, "the best–of–all–possible–worlds theory follows directly from the
application of two principles. The first, the principle of sufficient reason, entails that God's choice
among possible worlds must have been made according to some criterion" (Wilson 767). Overall,
the existence of a God

The Importance Of Transfer Between Cells
Though the previous experiment does indicate that when a seed is inserted into a cell it can form
amyloid fibers, it fails to include parameters that describe how these proteins are transferred
between cells. In order for an infectious agent to become infectious it must have a method for not
only leaving the host cell but also entering a non–infected cell. A study lead by Christian Münch set
out to show the pathway that a prion like protein in an amyloid fiber can transfer between cells. The
first test that was done in this study was to grow cells in a media containing a mutant SOD1 (a
common ALS causing protein) granule coated fibrils. These fibrils were labeled with Dylight dyes
and when examined the majority of the grown cells were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One clear example of how mutations in the Prion like domains can affect the protein is shown in a
study done by James Shorter and J. Paul Taylor, continuing the research of Hong Joo Kim et al.
During the original research, mutations were found in the PrLDs of both hnRNPA1 and
hnRNPA2/B1, that may have a connection to forms of multisystem proteinopathy (MSP) such as
ALS. When looking into a family that was afflicted by a MSP they found a mutation within RNA
binding proteins known hnRNPA2/B1. These proteins are two isoforms of the same protein with the
longer of the two being known as hnRNPB2. In this case both forms of the protein had a mutation in
a highly conserved portion of the protein. The mutation consisted of an aspartate residue, located at
D290 in hnRNPA2 and D302 in hnRNPB1, being replaced with a valine. In a previous study
conducted by Dr. Eric Ross and James Toombs a prion propensity cart was created. According to
this study the prion propensity of the original aspartate was 0.080, much lower than that of the new
valine residue which scores a 0.81. Another contributing factor to the importance of this mutation is
that it occurs within the C–terminal PrLD that is present in both proteins. The second mutation that
this study followed was present in a similar protein

Application Of A Distributed Agricultural Sensor Network
Abstract– As the world's population continues to grow, new agricultural technologies will be needed
to keep up with the growing demand. To accomplish this, agricultural systems must increase
production while at the same time more effectively utilizing and conserving the resources that go
into that production. One possible solution is the collection and analysis of environmental data. IoT
sensor networks can cheaply provide distributed data that can be used to improve plant health,
increase harvest yields, and decrease waste. The primary focus of this project will be to prototype a
distributed agricultural sensor network that will be able to monitor the environment, network and
analyze the data on the cloud, and finally provide feedback to ... Show more content on
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This is an active area of IoT research and will be the primary focus of this project. If data can be
effectively gathered, networked, and analyzed, then that data can then be used to impart real and
significant change on the environment. For agricultural systems this will result in improved plant
health, increased harvest yields, and decreased waste. A. Background One of the most utilized and
standardized IoT stacks is the IEEE 802.11.4, 6LoWPAN, RPL, and CoAP stack. The IoT stack
layers are similar to OSI and they share many of the same abstraction layer divisions. These
similarities assist with the interoperability of IoT protocols with those of the Internet. The
IEEE802.15.4 protocol defines the physical and link layers of stack. These layers define how data is
modulated onto the channel, how the channel is shared between multiple users, as well as the low–
level packet checks and retransmissions. IEEE802.15.4 operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band using
Quadrature Phase–Shift Keying with additional Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum encoding. This
allows the radio to better reject noise and other interference. IEEE802.15.4 utilizes 16, 5MHz
channels in order to generate a data throughput of 250kbps. The maximum payload size is 127 Bytes
[1]. Compared to WiFi, the data rate and maximum packet size is significantly less. These
characteristics are the result of the limited hardware used for

Investigation Of Security Issues Of Wimax Networks
Investigation of Security Issues in WiMAX Networks
1. Introduction
Wired Systems are secure but being a wireless system, WiMAX has security vulnerabilities [1].
Security is of utmost concern in the real world and WiMAX was developed after the security
failures were analyzed from IEEE 802.11 networks [2]. When the wireless network technology has a
higher coverage area as high as in WiMAX, security becomes one of the most important issues.
WiMAX, both mobile and fixed, has many attractive features such as connection–oriented MAC
layer, provision of the QoS for different applications, efficient mobility, and power–saving features.
Needless to say, all these attractive features must be protected against malicious activities by
security mechanisms.
The lowest layer i.e. PHY layer, is open to PHY layer attacks such as jamming and rushing.
Jamming is done by introducing a source of strong noise to significantly lower the capacity of the
channel, therefore, denying services to all stations. However, jamming is detectable with radio
analyzer devices [3]. Rushing or scrambling is another type of jamming, but it takes place for a short
interval of time aimed at particular frames. The PHY layer is not protected from being interfered or
even catastrophic failures. So, it is essential to include technologies to secure PHY layer and higher
layers for a converged routable network and devices within the system and thus follow a cross–layer
approach.
2. Survey of Relevant

Essay On Image Annotation
CHAPTER 4 ALGORITHM & IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 Implementation Here we introduce
effective data hiding for image annotation, High fidelity is a demanding requirement for data hiding
for images with artistic or medical value. This correspondence proposes image watermarking for
annotation with robustness to moderate distortion. To achieve the high fidelity of the embedded
image, the model is built by mixing the outputs from entropy and a differential localized standard
deviation filter. The mixture is then low–pass filtered and normalized to provide a model that
produces substantially better perceptual hi–fidelity than existing tools of similar complexity. The
model is built by embedding two basic watermarks: a pilot watermark that locate ... Show more
4.3 Introduction The proposed model combines the outputs of two simple filters: entropy and a
differential standard deviation filter to estimate visual sensitivity to noise. The two outputs are
mixed using a non–linear function and a smoothing low–pass filter in a post–processing step. As a
result, image localities with sharp edges of arbitrary shape as well as uniformly or smoothly colored
areas are distinguished as "highly sensitive to noise," whereas areas with noisy texture are identified
as "tolerant to noise." This ability can be particularly appealing to several applications such as
Compression, de–noising, or watermarking. In this paper, we focus on the latter one with an
objective to create a tool that annotates images with 32 bits of meta–data. Note that we do not
impose any security requirements for the watermarking technology [4]. The developed
watermarking technology embeds two watermarks, a strong direct–sequence spread spectrum (SS)
watermark tiled over the image in the lapped bi–orthogonal transform (LBT) domain [5]. This
watermark only signals the existence of the meta–data. Next, we embed the meta–data bits using a
regional statistic quantization method. The quantization noise is optimized to improve the strength
of the SS watermark while obeying the constraints imposed by the perceptual model. We built the
watermarks to be particularly robust to aggressive JPEG compression and

Internet : A Multi Disciplinary Perspective
Introduction:
Today's world is of inter–connectivity. People and organizations are inter–connected to each other
via internet. Organizations are moving their businesses to internet by exploiting the internet
resources made available to them through internet. The internet has revolutionized the means of
business communication. Therefore, organizations are extensively moving their data to internet to
make it available to others for business purposes. Internet provides the required resources like
memory, storage for executing business operations. Along with lots of benefits and business
opportunities, internet introduces you with the complex and system expanded new vulnerabilities
that puts security risks to organizations. These vulnerabilities are both technical and managerial. The
increasing rate of cyber–crime in the world of internet has provoked the think tanks to consider it as
a crucial and important aspect of secure software development (Dhillon, G., & Backhouse, J. 2001).
A minor difference while considering the development of a secure software is that it should be
considered from a multi–disciplinary perspective. Traditional software development does not
consider human as the major component of software development. Whereas, for developing an
information secure system, human are considered as an integral part of it.
Statement of purpose:
As a minor effort to both technical and managerial aspects of software vulnerabilities that can be
exploited by the users, we

Sunshine Health Corporation Essay
Running Head: SUNSHINE HEALTH CORPORATIONS 1 Sunshine Health Corporations Natasha
Bing Grantham University SUNSHINE HEALTH CORPORATIONS 2 Abstract Decommissioning
is considered to be a tremendous savings for organizations. Primarily, it is because the benefits of
decommissioning can either be considered to be tangible or intangible. Ultimately, the goal of the
head person in charge and generally the IT organization is to ensure that the applications are
distributing in the most effective way to attain value. SUNSHINE HEALTH CORPORATIONS 3
Known to many as Wi–Fi, its actual name is "Wireless Fidelity." Wi–Fi is considered to be what
correlates to wireless networking technology of which allows computers amongst other devices to
communicate over a wireless signal. The designation 802.11 ... Show more content on
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Although to answer their many questions and concerns, IEEE expanded even further and created
802.11g. Having 802.11g was like having the best of both worlds with and achievable speed of 12 to
25Mbps, top speed of 54Mbps, 2.4 GHz frequency band and the production cost was low what
could top that one would have to ask. The disadvantage is that it cost more than the 802.11b, to
include the change in modulation created the same congested problems as that of 802.11b. The
advantage is that it was compatible with both 802.11a and 802.11b, which made previous
compatibility issues null and void. Similar to 802.11a, 802.11g transmit faster because it uses
OFDM instead of CCK

Optic Essay
Fibre optic possibly the future of wires. Made to transfer light at impressive speeds allowing the
ever growing internet, faster. But it isn't only for the internet; it can be used as a light guide in
surgeries, wiring in aircraft for field networking.
What materials make up fibre optic cable, and why these?
Core – The inner piece of the cable with a high refractive index.
Cladding – The outer piece of the cable with a low refractive index.
Jacket – The outer protective layer usually made of polyurethane.
Buffer – It is another protective layer usually made. A tight buffer usually consists of polymer which
is coated in intimate contact with the primary coating applied during the manufacturing.
So we know the core needs a higher refractive index then the cladding but what is a refractive index
anyway? Well the refractive index of an optical medium (material which electromagnetic waves can
transmit through) is a number without association that outlines light/ radiation that spreads through
the medium. So n=c/v , n being the refractive index, c being the speed of light in the vacuum
(Space) and v is the speed of light in the material. E.g. the refractive index of olive oil is 1.47 so
light travels 1.33 times slower in olive oil then a vacuum. Light is contained inside the core by total
internal reflection; total internal reflection is when a transmitting wave hits a medium boundary at
an angle larger than the particular critical angle to the normal of the surface. This

Ptcl Internship Report
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Internship Complementation Report Wireless
& Transmission FTRP Faisalabad Submitted by: ABDUL BASIT BSc Electrical Engineering
(2010–14) Registration No. 2010–GCUF–4180–522 Government College University Faisalabad
Submitted to: Mr. Muhammad Mehmood Manager, MSC Wireless FTRP Faisalabad Contents Topic
| Page No. | Background | 3 | Introduction | 3 | Wireless Communication General Process | 4 |
Fundamental of Cellular Communication | 4 | Speed affecting factors in Wireless communication | 6
| Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Code Division Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Wireless Local Loop |
9 | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each user operates independently with no knowledge of the other users. Thus, not only all users in
the same cell share all the time–frequency degrees of freedom, so do the users in different cells.
Wireless Communication General Process Figure 1: General Process of Wireless Communication
Fundamentals of Cellular Communication The area served by Mobile phones is divided into small
areas known as cells. Each Cell contains a base station which communicates with the mobiles in the
cells. There are two types of transmission downstream and upstream. The transmission from the
base station to the mobile is called downs stream, forward link or downlinks. While the transmission
from the mobile to base station is referred to as upstream, reverse link or uplink. There are certain
terminologies associated with the Mobile Communication, which is given below with the Brief
description to understand how the communication is actually done. MS Mobile Station which can
originate or receive calls and can communicate with the concerned BTS. BTS The Base Transceiver
Station has the radio transceivers that defines a cell and handles the radio link protocol with the
Mobile Station. The BTS transmit and receive signals realizing the communication between radio
system and Mobile Station. BSC The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources of one or
more BTS. It controls the Call connection and disconnection. It deals with the mobility
management; it deals with the

The Bibliography Of Heady Lamarr
Part 1: The Bibliography of Heady Lamarr
Hedy Lamarr was born Hedwig Maria Eva Kiesler in Vienna, Austria on November 9, 1914 to Emil
and Gertrud Kiesler. According to several sources Hedy was extremely spoiled by her father as he
doted on her constantly and encouraged her love of scientific exploration, conversely her mother
Gertrud was reportedly much sterner with Hedy. According to Hedy and her family, Hedy's goal was
always to be an actress so it was no surprise to her contemporaries when she dropped out of school
to join the theater. It's important to note that the theater was a well–respected well–attended media
outlet in Vienna at that time, the culture of Vienna was accepting and often based on the philosophy
and biases expressed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is how Hedy gained the knowledge necessary to work with George Antheil in the development
of the "Secret Communication System". The biggest issue for Hedy while she was married to Friz
was that she was not allowed to work, she described her marriage to him as "Being kept in the
Gilded Cage" and she eventually had to escape the marriage and flee to Paris. This is where she
eventually met up Louis B Mayer, a talent scout in Europe, who helped her move to America,
change her name to Hedy Lamarr, and begin her Hollywood career.
Furthermore interesting is that after Hedy patented her invention, the Navy denied to use it; stating
that it just took up too much space onboard their already over packed ships. But Hedy had a will to
help with the war efforts, so she went on a campaign to sell war bonds through the influence of her
celebrity status. After which she continued her film career for a total of 33 movies [3], raised three
children one of which she adopted, and married and divorced five more times. Hedy eventually died
on January 19, 2000 in her home in Casselberry, FL, ironically enough she spent most of her last
few years in seclusion only communicating with her family via a cellphone, the very technology her
invention helped create.
Part 2: Analysis of the Historical Contributions of Hedy Lamarr
Spread Spectrum is a term used to describe various

Types Of Networks : Local Area Network
Types of networks: LAN– LAN means Local Area Network. It is a computer network that distances
quite a small area. It is mostly restricted to a room or a building etc. WLAN– WLAN means
Wireless Local Area Network. It is a wireless version of a LAN. It allows a mobile user to connect
to a local area network through a wireless connection. WAN– WAN means Wide Area Network.
They are mostly connected through public networks. For example: Telephone systems. It can also be
connected through satellites. WAN consists of two or more local area networks. MAN– MAN means
Metropolitan Area Network. It's a network that interrelates users with computer resources in a
specific area or a larger region than the amount covered by the LAN and smaller than the WAN.
PAN– PAN means Personal Area Network. It is the interconnection of IT devices within a specific
range of a person. It is most likely to be a range of 10 metres. This kind of network can become
wireless to the internet and other networks. Network topologies: Bus– This is once a private cable
joins all of the workstations, digital computer, printer and alternative elements along. At every finish
of the bus are some things referred to as a 'Terminator' this can be a hardware piece that prevents
signals bouncing forward and backwards. It's simple to put in and to feature additional workstations.
Ring– In a ring network layout, all the computers are connected to each another in a circle
formation. The data passes

Data And Data Analysis Paper
The world is converging toward a critical point in history where the question has to be asked, will
there be enough resources to go around? Populations around the globe are growing and moving out
of poverty towards the consumption based lifestyles of western countries. This means more is
needed, more oil, more water, and more food. These resources are finite, limited, and often wasted.
Through the use of technology and data, these resources can be better utilized. Data and data
analysis will allow these systems to be optimized to produce more and waste less. The goal of this
project is to use data and apply it to the field of plant growth and agriculture. The Internet of Things
(IoT) is a data driven technology that seeks to integrate and connect everyday devices and sensors.
This data infrastructure can be used for a variety of applications such as home automation, industrial
manufacturing, healthcare, and smart agriculture. Although each application is derived from a
significantly different field, the underlying communication protocols are very similar and must
adhere to similar constraints. The constraints of low power devices, lossy links, noisy environments,
and embedded microcontrollers with limited memory and processing power. These protocols are the
basis of the IoT protocol stack. They create the framework that determines how data is transferred
within an IoT network [3][4]. The focus of active IoT research is shifting towards data, how data is
sent, how

Cellular Wireless With Unlimited Numbers Of Base Station...
Summary of "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas"
EE –584–Wireless Systems Security XIAN ZHANG Email: xzhang84@stevens.edu Fundamental
ideas and Issues paper addresses 1 Core ideas 1 2 Core ideas 2 3 Potential applications & future
opportunities created by the technology 4 Reference 5 Summary of Fundamental Ideas and Issues
Addresses The paper I read is "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base
Station Antennas" written by Thomas L. Marzetta. This paper was published in IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 9, NO.11, NOVEMBER 2010.
The pilot signal is a direct sequence spread spectrum signal continuously sending by the base
station. It makes the base station could send data in the forward–link and demodulate cell phone
signals in the reverse–link. The pilot signal is known as confessed, like 000000 or 111111. In
frequency re–use technology, we divide the space into several cells. Due to the same or correlated
pilot sequence re–use in contiguous cells, the base station will inadvertently send data to terminals
in other cells or collect and combine reverse–link signals from terminals in other cells when
processing. This is called pilot contamination. In this paper, the author mainly talk about the
environment of multi–user(MIMO) operation with an infinite number antennas in the base station.
He thinks that in this

The Unmanned Aerial System can also loiter at a different...
The Unmanned Aerial System can also loiter at a different speed presenting the opportunity of other
aircraft to overtaking the UAS. Due to this ability, potential midair collision scenarios are numerous.
Two critical technological functions will separate the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle's architectures in the
system. The vehicle's ability to control the vehicle, survey and avoid must be addressed by the FAA
to mitigate the risk of midair and ground collision factors. UAS technology can perform hovering
functions and offers potential advantages of lethal or non–lethal weapons; Thermal infrared–visual
EO sensors; video recorders, detectors, spectrometers, spectrophotometers; just to name a few. All
of these items and then some could aid in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The information could take longer to receive due to windows of opportunity, and other forms of
interferences. Emergencies would not receive the depth of perception supplied by the capabilities a
UAS can provide. There would still be intrusion into our lives but in some cases (depending on who
you are) on a smaller scale. The possibility of midair and ground collisions would occur. It
unrealistic to say our condition would be worst but forward progress would be hampered.
Recommendations The FAA is bound by Title 49 of the US Code that governs transportation;
Subtitle I of Title 49 which governs the DOT, and Subtitle VII which governs aviation programs.
This charges the FAA that they "shall consider ....assigning and maintaining safety as the highest
priority in air commerce" and "enhancing safety" (Weibel, 2005). The classification of UAVs is so
broad in nature any craft could fit; as one writer stated, "Could also include paper airplanes"
(Weibel, 2005). It is recommended the FAA continue to work with all other relevant governing
agencies, and public entities to create better regulations that are specifically applicable to every class
of Unmanned Aerial System. Although there are guidelines set forth by the FAA, laying a better
foundation of classification of each Unmanned Aerial System that covers capabilities, flight
envelope, and specified usage. These guidelines must be applicable across the board. The FAA
should put just as much thought

A Wireless Sensor Network usually is formed by numerous...
A Wireless Sensor Network usually is formed by numerous wireless sensor devices. Routing is an
important mechanism which will help the data to get forwarded to the right destination. Internet
Protocol is an important protocol which helps in routing process. Generally the nodes in a Wireless
Sensor Network are integrated and routing using IP version 4 is difficult as the address space is
limited. IP version 4 uses 32 bit addressing mechanism which is not sufficient to complete the
routing process. The other option is the use of Internet Protocol version 6. IPv6 is the latest version
of Internet protocol and it uses 128 bits addressing mechanism. The IETF working group had
defined a standard which enable the transmission of IPv6 packets ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
Fig. 3 IP version 6 packet Header
The new mechanism called as Anycast helps in finding the "nearest" or "best" destination as viewed
by the routing topology. Data is routed using the defined path. These mechanisms are used in
6LoWPAN.
4. SECURITY MESURES
It is essential to provide secure environment while routing data in Wireless Sensor Network. IP
version 6 provides necessary security. The length of the address is big and the header format is
completely changed. Further, IPSec is part of the protocol suite. A Quality of Service feature can be
implemented using the Flow Label field of the IPv6 header. This feature is used to provide priority
levels to the data packets. Stateless Address Auto Configuration is a feature that helps version 6
addresses to get configured automatically when the hosts are connected to IP version 6 networks.
IP version 6 supports globally unique addresses with which the activity of every device can be easily
tracked. The elimination of NAT reduces complexity and every device using IP version 6 is on the
public network. The various transitioning techniques like Dual Stack, Tunneling and Proxying helps
in communication between both the versions of IP addresses without increasing any kind of
overhead. Considering all the mentioned factors, a proper framework needs to be defined for secure

data transmission.
The prime security goals

Networking
1. List two advantages of wireless networking. User mobility in the workplace, and cost effective
networking media for use in areas that are difficult or too costly to wire.
2. What are the three areas defined for the IEEE 802.11 standard? Physical Layer (PHY): The
method of transmitting the data, which may be either RF or infrared (although infrared is rarely
used.)
Medium Access Control (MAC): The reliability of the data service, access control to the shared
wireless medium, protecting the privacy of the transmitted data.
MAC management protocols and services: Authentication, association, data delivery, and privacy.
3. What is an ad hoc network? In this network, the wireless clients (stations) communicate directly
with each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
23. What is the purpose of the paging procedure in Bluetooth? The paging procedure is used to
establish and synchronize a connection between two Bluetooth devices.
24. Define the term backscatter. It refers to the reflection of the radio waves striking the RFID tag
and reflecting back to the transmitter source with its stored unique identification information.
25. What are the three parameters that define an RFID system? Means of powering the tag,
frequency of operation, and communications protocol (also called the air interface protocol).
26. Explain how power is provided to a passive RFID tag. By rectifying the RF energy transmitted
from the reader which strikes the RF tag antenna.
27. Cite three advantages for using an active RFID tag. The power consumption of the G2C501 is
10μA in the sleep mode and uses two AA batteries with an expected lifetime of five years, it works
in the standard 915 MHz range, and it also has location capability.
28. What are the three frequency bands typically used for RFID tags? Low Frequency, High
Frequency, and Ultra–High Frequency.
29. What is the WiMax frequency standard for the United States? Unlicensed: 5.8GHz and licensed:
2.5 GHz spectrum.

30. Why was OFDM selected for WiMax? This signaling format was selected for the WiMAX
standard IEEE 802.16a standard because of its improved NLOS (non line–of–sight) characteristics
in

A Hybrid Approach Of Rfid And Wsn System For Efficient...
A Hybrid Approach of RFID and WSN System for Efficient Data Collection
A.Sivabalasubramanian1 1M.E Communication & Networking National Engineering College
kasbala.bala@gmail.com V. Jackins M.E2 2Asst.Professor, Dept of IT National Engineering College
jackinsv@live.in
Abstract– Radio frequency identification (RFID) and Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are two
significant wireless technologies. RFID and WSNs are well known both identification and data
transmission they are widely used in applications for environmental and health monitoring. Though
the integration of RFID and WSNs fascinates little attention from the research community. In this
paper, a Hybrid RFID and WSN system (HRW) that cooperatively integrates the traditional RFID
and WSN systems for efficient data collection in large–scale mobile monitoring applications. HRW
has hybrid smart nodes that combine the function of RFID tags, the reduced function of RFID
readers, and wireless sensors. Hence, nodes can read each other's sensed data in tags, and all data
can be rapidly transmitted to an RFID reader through the node that first extends it. The RFID
readers transmit the collected data to the back–end

Nt1310 Unit 4
7.1 What is the relationship between the bandwidth of a signal before and after it at has been
encoded using spread spectrum? When fed into a channel encoder it yields an analog signal with a
relatively narrow bandwidth around some center frequency. Therefore, is wider before and after
being encoded (Stallings, 2005, p. 160). 7.2 List three benefits of spread spectrum. 1. Helps provides
immunity for various kinds of noise and multipath distortion, other words, can be used for anti–
jamming (Stallings, 2005, p. 161). 2. Can be used for both hiding and encrypting signals. (Stallings,
2005, p. 161). 3. Multiple users can individually use the same higher bandwidth very slight
interference. This property is used in cellular applications and is known as CDM or CDMA
(Stallings, 2005, p. 161). 7.5 What is direct sequence spread spectrum? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In direct sequence spread spectrum, the torrent of information to be transmitted is divided into small
pieces and each allotted across to a frequency channel across the spectrum (Rouse, 2015). An
informational signal at the point of transmission is added with a higher data–rate bit sequence,
which is referred to a chipping code that splits the information by way of a spreading ratio (Rouse,
2015). This redundant chipping code provides the signal the ability to resist interference and also
allows the original information to be recovered if informational bits are damaged during
transmission (Rouse,

Gi-Fi Technology
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Wi–Fi (ieee–802.11b) and Wi–Max (ieee–802.16e) have captured our attention. As there are no
recent developments which transfer data at faster rate as video information transfer taking lot of
time. This leads to introduction of Gi–Fi technology. It offers some advantages over Wi–Fi, a similar
wireless technology. In that it offers faster information rate (Gbps), less power consumption and low
cost for short range transmissions. Gi–Fi which is developed on an integrated wireless transceiver
chip. In which a small antenna used and both transmitter–receiver integrated on a single chip, which
is fabricated using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. Because of Gi–
Fi transfer of large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So to have higher data transfer rate at lower power consumption we move onto Gi–Fi technology.
➢ The 802.11b and 802.11g flavours of Wi–Fi use the 2.4 GHz spectrum, which is crowded with
other devices such as Bluetooth, microwave ovens, cordless phones, or video sender devices, among
many others. This may cause degradation in performance. Other devices which use microwave
frequencies such as certain types of cell phones can also cause degradation in performance.
➢ Power consumption is fairly high compared to other standards, making battery life and heat a
concern.
➢ Not always configured properly by user. Commonly uses WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
protocol for protection, though has been shown to be easily breakable. Newer wireless solutions are
slowly providing support for the superior WPA (Wi–Fi Protected Access) protocol, though many
systems still employ WEP.
CHAPTER 3 GI–FI
Gi–Fi or gigabit wireless is the world's first transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at
60GHz on the CMOS . process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video data at up to 5
gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at one–tenth the cost.
NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57–64GHz unlicensed frequency
band as the millimeter–wave range of the spectrum makes possible high component on–chip
integration as well as allowing for the

The Internet Of Things Can Be Developed And Refined
The Internet of Things seeks to connect everyday devices and sensors in order to monitor and
influence their environment. In the coming years everything from your refrigerator to your car will
be networked together to collect data and simplify your life. However, in order for this future to
come to fruition, the underlying infrastructure must be developed and refined. This infrastructure
needs to be able to support the high volume of data that will be generated as well as the lossy
channels over which that data will be communicated.The Internet of Things is still a new and
upcoming technology and as such much of the state of the art still concerns itself with the
development of the underlying protocols and architectures. One of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It can be used to connect 6LoWPAN networks directly to other networks and the Internet through an
IP router. The 6LoWPAN protocol is designed for low power radio transmitter that have to operate
over lossy channels. 6LoWPAN implements header compression to reduce the overhead needed to
send an individual data packet. It is able to accomplish this by removing redundant header fields and
using a compressed version of the routing address. To accommodate for the limited packet sizes,
fragmentation and reassembly is required to transmit large packets. [2]The unique constraints of IoT
networks also require a specialized network routing protocol. Currently the leading candidate is the
RPL protocol. Typically, all sensor nodes in an IoT network are connected the root node via a multi–
hop path. The root node often serves as the data/network coordinator as well as a gateway to the
Internet. For each root node a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph is used to optimize the
path from any node back to the root node. This Graph is created by calculating shortest path to the
root node that adheres to specific set of constraints. Some of these constraints might include:
minimizing the number of hops, only using encrypted links, avoiding battery operated devices, etc.
Once, the graph is created data can be forwarded along the graph to the root node [4].The CoAP
protocol operates at the application layer and is similar to HTTP, but with

Networks Essay
Wireless Local Area Networks
A wireless local area network (LAN) is a flexible data communications system implemented as an
extension to, or as an alternative for, a wired LAN. It uses radio frequency (RF) technology, to
transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections. A wireless LAN
system can combine data connectivity with user mobility.
The data to be transmitted is modulated onto the radio waves, called carriers, and then are removed
from the carriers at the other end by what is called a transceiver. End users in a wireless local area
network access the network through adapters such as PC cards in laptop notebook computers. And
PCI cards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the receiver is not on the right frequency, a spread–spectrum signal looks like background noise.
The two types of spread–spectrum radio are frequency hopping and direct sequence. (Behrouz,
2004)
Frequency–hopping spread–spectrum (FHSS) is a method that uses a narrow band carrier that
changes frequencies in a distinct pattern. The signal hops to a variety of frequencies, with the exact
sequence of changes, known as the hopping sequence. At any moment, the broadcast signal uses
only one frequency, or even several frequencies is not enough to effectively affect the
communication between devices. The FHSS is used between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz and operates at a
data rate of about 1.6 Mbs per channel. Direct sequence spread–spectrum (DSSS) generates a bit
pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip or chipping code (Kurose,
2003).
Another technology that can be used in wireless networks is infrared light (IR). Infrared systems use
very high frequencies, which are those just under visible light, to transfer data. IR cannot pass
through dense objects. Therefore it must be used in line–of–sight or with diffused technology (Dean
2000). Line of sight, or directed, technologies have a very limited range, many times less than five
feet, and are very unrealistic for people who work in environments clustered with things which
would prevent line–of–sight between

Feminist And A Work Of The Sublime
Kathy Acker: Postmodern Feminist or a Work of the Sublime?
Much has been said about Kathy Acker who was known as a punk feminist who dared to cross the
line between writing about living in a patriarchal society and becoming a patriarchal writer herself.
Acker is known for her novels such as Blood and Guts in High School and her retelling of George
Bataille's My Mother to the last novel that was a retelling of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure
Island. A common divide among the critics of Acker is whether she was a true postmodern feminist
writer or if she failed to achieve postmodern feminist status. Another argument is that Acker was, in
fact, a post–modern feminist but that she worked under the Sublime as detailed by Edmund Burke in
his 1757 book entitled The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. I and later
Immanuel Kant in his novel entitled Observations of Feeling of the Beautiful and The Sublime.
Although Kathy Acker is known as a postmodern feminist, she was also a writer of the Sublime
through her works such as Blood and Guts in High School, My Mother: Demonology, and Pussy,
King of The Pirates. Acker was, in fact, a postmodern writer who "created fictions that were
theories–in–performance, speculative fictions that act out suppositions of poststructuralism and
feminism" (Sciolino, 438). Each of the characters in her novels was a mix of sex–positive women
who have power while also not having power over their own bodies. Kathy Acker would often take
an

Unit1assign2 wireless Essay
Jason Fessel
Unit 1 Assign 2
Review Questions
2.2 Why can waves with very low frequency follow the earth's surface? Why are they not used for
data transmission in computer networks?
Below 2 MHz radio waves more or less follow earth's surface. One reason is diffraction. An
additional factor is electrical power which is induced in the surface by the waves. This slows down
the wave front near the surface so that the wave front is brought in a curve and travels along the
surface. The reasons why low frequencies are not used for radio data transmissions: Low
frequencies give us only low data rates because the bandwidth is smaller than for higher frequencies.
Regarding the large wavelength of low frequencies for generation and receipt of the ... Show more
Users move, rotate, flip the phones etc. Phones are in bags and pockets while operated hands–free.
There is no chance of directed transmission. New developments comprising fast signal processors
and multiple antennas may exploit directed characteristics of antennas. There are several ways of
improving the gain of an antenna: right dimensioning, multiple antennas plus a signal processor
combining the signals, active and passive components attached to the antenna.
2.13 What are the main benefits of a spread spectrum system? How can spreading be achieved?
What replaces the guard space in Figure 2.33 when compared to Figure 2.34? How can DSSS
systems benefit from multi–path propagation?
The main benefits are very robust against interference, inherent security, basis for CDMA
technologies, can be used in the background of existing systems if the signal level is low enough.
Spreading can be achieved by XORing a bit with a chipping sequence or frequency hopping. Guard
spaces are now the orthogonally of the chipping sequences or hopping patterns. The higher the
orthogonally, the lower the correlation of spread signals or the lower the collision probability of
frequency hopping systems. DSSS system typically use rake receivers that recombine signals
travelling along different paths. Recombination results in a stronger signal compared to the

Netw360 Lab1 Essay
iLab Grading Rubric Category | Points | Description | Screenshot of OPNET properly prepared (25
points)D–number displayedCorrect project highlightedCorrect number of files displayedCorrect
project files listed | 10555 | Using the example provided, capture a screenshot of your OPNET files
using Windows Explorer on Citrix.Requirements: Must clearly show D–number, project, total files
in directory, and a listing of the project files. | Spread Spectrum Comparison (45
points)IntroductionFHSSDSSSComparison TableConclusion | 101010510 | Using your textbook and
web research, in your own words, summarize what you have learned about LAN modeling using
OPNET ITGuru. Requirements: Minimum one paragraph per section; best practice is two or more ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, one of the most problematic aspects of the technology is to initially synchronize the
transmitter and receiver. Although most issues can be worked through, a significant amount of time
must be initially allotted to learning this process.
* Why is it important?
ANS: Using FHSS technology improves privacy, it is a powerful solution to avoid interference and
multi path fading (distortion), it decreases narrowband interference, increases signal capacity,
improve the signal to noise ratio, efficiency of bandwidth is high and difficult to intercept also this
transmission can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with
minimal interference.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Guidelines
* What is it?
ANS: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a transmission technology used in local area
wireless network transmissions. In this technology, a data signal at the sending station is combined
with a high data rate bit sequence, which divides user data based on a spreading ratio.
* How does it work?
ANS: The entire process is performed by multiplying a radio frequency carrier and a pseudo–noise
(PN) digital signal. The PN code is modulated onto an information signal using several modulation
techniques such as quadrature phase–shift keying (QPSK), binary phase–shift keying (BPSK), etc. A
doubly–balanced mixer then multiplies the PN modulated

Introduction Of Microorganisms And Antimicrobial...
Introduction to microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance
Microorganisms have lived between us on the earth for more than 3.8 billion years and show the
greatest metabolic and genetic varieties. They are vey essential component and play an important
role in maintenance of the ecosystem. They compose almost 50% of the living biomass. In order to
survive, microorganisms have developed different mechanisms that enable them to respond to
selective pressure applied by environment and different challenge. For example; microorganisms
that cause diseases for human have developed resistance mechanism to fight antimicrobial agents.
(Byarugaba.D.K.,2009)
Antibiotics are drugs used for fighting infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the last 60 years,
antibiotics have become one of the cornerstones of new medicine. They have a critical role in
reducing illness and even death from infectious diseases. Without this miracle drug, many of the
new therapies and medical procedures that are used today wouldn't be possible, for example; organ
transplants, chemotherapy and joint operation.
. (Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg German National Academy of Sciences
Leopoldina, 2013) Antibiotics are selective agents that act on vital microbial functions without
affecting host functions. They act in different ways, and the understanding of these ways is essential
to understand mechanism of bacterial resistance. These agents are described either

Information Disclosure and Cybercrime
Information Disclosure. It is essential to protect any con dential information exchange during the
communica–tion process. Also any unauthorized access too the critical data stored on nodes must
bepossible. In ad hoc networks, such information may contain anything, e.g., the specific status
details of a node, the location of nodes, private keys or secret keys, passwords, and so on. The
control data are more critical for security than the trac data. Forinstance, the routing directives in
packet headers such as the identity or location of thenodes can be more valuable than the
application–level messages.Confidential or importantinformation may be leaked to unauthorized
nodes present in the network by compromised node. Such information may contain information
regarding geographic location of nodesor optimal routes to authorized nodes in the network,the
network topology.Routing AttacksThere are several attacks which can be mounted on the routing
protocols and mayinterrupt the proper operation of the network. Brief descriptions of such attacks
aregiven below:1. Routing Table Over owIn the case of routing table over ow, routes to nonexistent
is created by theattacker. To create enough routes to prevent new routes from being created or
tooverwhelm the protocol implementation is the goal.In the case of proactive routingalgorithms,
discovering routing information is necessary even before it is

The People
1. Cost effective networking for areas that are difficult or too costly to wire, mobility in the
workplace. 2. Physical layer , the medium access control (MAC) and the MAC management
protocols and services 3. Another term used to describe independent networks. 4. To add additional
range to the wireless network 5. (DSSS), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum , frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Infrared and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 6.
Have 14 channels over apron. 90 MHz of RF spectrum in the 2.4 GHz ISM. Uses w/ Bluetooth ,
cordless phones and microwave ovens 7. It's the sequence appears to be random but in fact does
repeat typically after some lengthily period of time. FHSS requires ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
19. 2.4 GHz frequency band 20. three Power Class | Maximum Output Power | Operating Distance |
| 123 | 20 dBm4 dBm0 dBm | ~100 m~10 m~1 m | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
21. Piconet is an ad hoc network of up nto eight Bluetooth, and when an establishment of a
connection has been completed the Bluetooth will had to establishes it 22. To determine weather any
Bluetooth devices are available 23. To establish and synchronize a connection between two
Bluetooth devices. 24. The reflecting of the radio waves striking the RFID tad abd reflecting back to
the transmitter source 25. Means the power tag ,frequency, and communication protocol 26. Power
is provided to the tag by rectifying the RF energy, transmitted from the reader that strikes the RF tag
antenna. 27. Passive, semi–active, active. 28. Low frequency 125/134kHz, high–frequency 13.56
MHz, ultra–high frequency 860–960 MHz 29. Unlicensed 5.8GHz and the licensed 2.5 GHz
spectrum 30. Due to the improved NLOS characteristics in the 2 GHz to 11GHz frequency range 31.
WiMax is a broadband wireless system that has been developed for use as broadband wireless
access (bWA0 for fixed and mobile stations and can provide a wireless alternative for last mile
broadband access for fixed and mobile stations and can provide a

Type Of Networks What It Is? How It Works?
Assignment 10.1
Type pf networks
Type of networks What it is? How it works?
Local area network Local area network is a group of desktop computers linked through a network
that are all located at a single business site. The LANS can have more than 100 users. Users can use
printing and other kind of services needed through applications run on the lan server. Can be used as
web server. It can also be shared to others at the same lan.
Metropolitan area network Metropolitan area network is a high speed network designed to link
together sites within a city. The metropolitan area network usually interconnects a number of local
area network using a high capacity backbone technology such a fiber optitical links and also
provides up link ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data is sent from one node to another simultaneously to all other nodes in the work
Mesh network Mesh network is where not all the nodes are linked together. All nodes cooperate in
the distribution of data in the network. Designers of mesh networks can employ a flooding technique
or a routing technique.
Star network A local area network where all the every node are connected to a common central
computer. Has one machine at its centre whose operation controls the whole networks
Tree network A combination of two or more start networks that are connected together. Each star
network is a local network in which there is a central computer or server to which all workstations
nodes are directly linked.
Network components
Network components What it is? How it works? image servers Servers are computer that hold share
files, programs and the network operating system. Servers provide access to network resources to all
the users of the network workstation They 're simply personal computers attached to a local area
network Each workstation has its own cable to the server.no workstation can interact with another
without going through the server.
Network card Each computer in a network has a special expansion card called a network interface
card. sends data, receives data, and controls data flow

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