Design et Recherche. Présentation faite pour les étudiants chercheurs de la HEAD et de l'ECAL en Suisse

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Research Design
Constructivists, Epistemological and Aesthetical congruences
Jb Labrune, 2014

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Congruences
marcel griaule
martin heidegger

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Outline
• a. Design Masters
• b. Beyond Masters
• c. Design Researchers (who?)
• d. Defining Design & Research (why?)
• e. Design Research Protocols (how?)
• f. Design Justifications (what?)

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Public Domain Dedication
Jb

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Public Domain Dedication
I m a researcher
• PhD in Computer Science / Psychology
• I m interested in phenomenae and
experiences where situations and/or artefacts
are new + appropriate
• I manifest their exaptive nature,
in reference to Stephen J. Gould

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Public Domain Dedication
I m a guest
• Ethnomethodology, participant-observer
• I inhabit exaptive terrains
• I co-create objects, environments and
methods to research,
observe & document
with inhabitants who
manifest hospitality

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Public Domain Dedication
I m a documentor
• Ethnography, Visual
Documentation
• Breaching, cosmopolitical
experience design
• I love to celebrate and
understand relationships
between people & physical
objects, plants, animals
and people.

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Public Domain Dedication
Approach
• I study, create & play narratives
evolving in:
• spoken stories
• physical story-objects
• gestures / non-verbal cues
• spandrels / open spaces

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Public Domain Dedication

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Public Domain Dedication
Terrains
& objects of study
• Kindergarten, Contemporary Art
activities for Children
• Academic Research Ecosystems
• Industrial Innovation Centers
• Artistic & Design residencies / workshops
• Private places held by Collectivities e.g. fablabs
• Individual projects with no category or identity

11. a. Design Masters

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Standard leads to perfection
• Necessity of a «range of measurement» of an
harmonic nature
• Unveiling the «mathematical language»
underlying design and architecture
• France Culture, 1999, les sentiers de la création, interview of
Charlotte Perriand, extract from Le Corbusier http://
www.franceculture.fr/player/reecouter?play=4673312

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Raymond Loewy
Charlotte Perriand

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http://designethistoires.lecolededesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Congr%C3%A8s-Paris1.JPG

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Masters Research
• Raymond Loewy --> Compagnie de l'esthétique industrielle, Maya ( Most Advanced
Yet Acceptable) http://www.tue.nl/en/publication/ep/p/d/ep-uid/275377/
• Charlotte Perriand --> Intuition, Beaux Arts Manifeste 49
• Andrea Branzi --> Domus Academy, Superstudio
• Jacques Viénot --> Technès, ISD esthétique industrielle, Janus (prix)
• Herbert Read, Design Research Unit, Education through the Arts
• Roger Tallon --> Design Programmes, Arts Décoratifs, Euro RSCG, Daniel Buren

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From Masters to (Inter)Disciples
John Chris Jones, «A Systematic Design Method», Design Methods
Nigel Cross, Board of International Research in Design, Design Thinking Research Symposia
Bruce Archer, Courses in Design Research
Richard Buchanan, Service Design
Gabriela Goldschmit, Design Representations
Clive Dilnot, Design History
Catherine de Smet, Graphic Design History
Alexandra Midal, Histoire du design
Bill Gaver, Ludic Design, Cultural Probes
Tony Dunne, Critical Design, Design for Debate

18. b. Beyond Masters

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Christopher Frayling

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Christopher Frayling

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Christopher Frayling
• Research INTO design
• Research FOR design
• Research THROUGH design

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Triangle of Fallman

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(Findeli, A. (2010). Searching for Design Research Questions: Some Conceptual Clarifications, (pp. 278-292). iUniverse.)

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Bruner s Modes
• Enactive (practitioners, explorators)
• Iconic (curators, practitioners, explorators)
• Symbolic (academic, explorators)
School seems to be the
place where all three are
intricated
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE
%7CA320732607&v=2.1&u=mlin_s_stonecol&it=r&inPS=true&prodId=AON
E&userGroupName=mlin_s_stonecol&p=AONE&digest=0ce49d424eb6b21
234c819242bf9e27d&rssr=rss

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Enseignants?
Research into Design

27. c. Design Researchers
(Who?)

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http://92.243.16.139/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/map_design_research_00.pdf

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Conferences
• Academic Conferences
• CHI (Computer Human Interaction)
• DIS
• IHM
• IASDR
• DPPI (praxis & poetics)
• Design & Emotion
• DRS
• Design Conference
• DMI
• Visualised
• ICED
• http://www.norddesign2014.fi/
• NordiCHi
Conférences Professionnelles
• IXDA - Interaction 14 à Amsterdam ‒ 5-8 février 2014
• SDN
• http://designconference.aiga.org/

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Journals (ranked by significance)
http://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/swin:10413
1 Design Studies ‒ journal of the DRS
2 TOCHI - ACM Transaction
3 IJHCI
4 Design issues
5 IJDesign ‒ international journal of design
6 Journal of engineering design
7 Human Factors
8 Journal of Design History
9 Human-Computer Interaction
10 Applied Ergonomics
11 Journal of Engineering Design
12 International Journal of Design
13 Computer-Aided Design
14 Research in Engineering Design
15 Ergonomics
16 The Design Journal
17 A&HCI
18 Design and Culture
19 Journal of Design Research

31. IASDR

51. DPPI

63. d. Defining Design & Research
(Why?)

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18 foundational articles
1979 - ARCHER_Design_as_discipline
1982 - CROSS_Designerly_ways_of_knowing
1993 - FRAYLING_Research_in_Art_and_design_1993
1995 - ARCHER_The_nature_of_research
2004 - BAYAZIT_Investigating_design_A_review_of_forty_years_of_design_research
2004 - FINDELI_La_recherche-projet_une_méthode_pour_la_recherche_en_design
2007 - BONSIEPE_The_Uneasy_Relationship_between_Design_and_Design Research
2007 - CROSS_Forty_years_of_design_research
2007 - CROSS_From_DesignScience_to_DesignDiscipline
2007 - ZIMMERMAN_Research_through_design_as_a_method_in_HCI
2008 - FALLMAN_The_interaction_design_research_triangle
2008 - FINDELLI_Research_Through_Design_&_Transdisciplinarity
2008 -FRIEDMAN_Research_into_by_and_for_design
2010 - FEAST_Epistemological_Positions_Informing_Theories_Design_Research
2010 - SEVALDSON_Discussions_&_Movements_in_Design_Research
2012 - GAVER_What_should_we_expect_from_research_through_design
2013 - DOW_Projection_Place_and_Point-of-View_in_Research_through_Design
2013 - VIAL_Design_et_Episteme

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Design & Research : incomplete definition
A field which common language is
the systematic communication of
descriptions, evaluations and valorisations
of concepts, artefacts and experiences
produced during a process of creation towards
an economic, critical or socio-cultural aim

69. e. Design Research Protocols
(How?)

71. Practical Research
http://www.getcited.org/pub/102698538
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/upm-data/40600_9781849204620.pdf

72. Controlled Experiments

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Action-Research

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Project-grounded Research
• Findeli http://head.hesge.ch/IMG/pdf/De_la_recherche_-_creation.pdf

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Design Ethnography
http://www.humanfactors.com/downloads/jul13.asp

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Ethnography

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Grounded Theory

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Temporal UX (User Experience)

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Alterplinarity
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/DESI_a_00217?journalCode=desi#.Uz_QO61_te8
Alterplinarity (Bremner & Rodgers, 2013)

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Triangulation
https://www.lri.fr/~mackay/pdffiles/DIS97.Triangulate.pdf

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Research THROUGH design
• Schön, D.A. The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action.
Temple Smith, London, 1983.
• Zimmermann, Forlizzi http://goodgestreet.com/docs/JZ_JF_CHI07.pdf
• Gaver http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2208538
• Research through design practice http://
designresearchpractice.wordpress.com/2012/04/18/exploring-research-
through-design-practice-symposium-roundup/
• Research through design conference http://www.praxisandpoetics.org/
researchthroughdesign/

82. f. Design Justifications
(What?)

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Production Regimes
http://www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/a23-hook.pdf
Research INTO design
Research FOR design
Research THROUGH design

85. Forms, Concepts, Tools
Artefacts, Theories, Methods

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Form, Concept, Tool
• Research THROUGH design --> Form
Theories
Intermediate
Knowledge
• Research INTO design --> Concept
• Research FOR design --> Tool
(material,
method)

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Form, Concept, Tool
• Aesthetics Wissenschaftstheorie Constructivism
Theory
( concept )
Apparatus
( tool )
Artefact
(form)

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Form, Concept, Tool
« "And, irrespective of what one might assume, in the life of a science,
problems do not arise by themselves. It is precisely this that marks
out a problem as being of the true scientific spirit: all knowledge is in
response to a question. If there were no question, there would be no
scientific knowledge. Nothing proceeds from itself. Nothing is given.
All is constructed.", »
Gaston Bachelard (La formation de l'esprit scientifique, 1934)

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FORM CONCEPT TOOL
• Artefact (sketch, mock-
up, probe, prototype)
• Product (market)
• Photo, Video,
VideoPrototype
• Documentary, Film,
Design Fiction
• Annotated Portfolio
• Political Debate
• Exhibition
• Intervention
• Conference Paper
• Journal Paper
• Master s Thesis
• PhD s Thesis
• Strong Concept
(Intermediate
Knowledge)
• Guidelines
• Methodology
• Press Article
• Toolkit (arduino,
processing,
openframeworks, ...)
• Fabrication Tool (new
machine)
• Documentation Tool
• Methodology
• Competition / challenge
• Funding Tool
• Infrastructure
• Instruments

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Challenge for design research
•Peer-Reviewing.
•Historical grounding.
•Evaluation.
Significant
Contribution

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Peer-Reviewing : design research map
http://pw.louiseveillard.com/2014-carto-design-research/

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Peer-reviewing
• International Design Research social network, question de la
francophonie
• Email Lists (in french ARD, Design Recherche, Phd Design list,
autres...)
• Conferences and physical seminars (Swiss Design Research Network)
• Inter-institutions collaborations

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Historical Grounding
«‘la longue durée’...
which he called a
formalized social past»
http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94#.U0Kw38cduAV

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Historical Grounding
http://nala.io/weblens/

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Archiving and Research libraries
• Sharing Documentation (from within schools, contests...)
• Design Research Database.
• Database with conceptual articles
and also physical artefact docu-
mentation in Open Access
DESIGN

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Evaluation
• How to evaluate design ?
• Quantitative vs Qualitative Evaluation
• KPI (Key Performance Indicators)
• Evaluating Forms, Concepts and Tools, inspiration from HCI ?
• CHI (Generalist)
• DIS (Forms)
• UIST (Tools)
• CSCW (Concepts)
• what about experiential research ???

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References
• Jones, J C and D G Thornley (eds) (1963) Conference on Design Methods, Oxford, UK: Pergamon
Press
• Archer, Leonard Bruce (1965). Systematic Method for Designers. London: Council of Industrial
Design. OCLC 2108433.
• Simon, Herbert Alexander (1969). The sciences of the artificial. Karl Taylor Compton lectures.
Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. OCLC 4087.
• Archer, Leonard Bruce (1979). "Whatever Became of Design Methodology?". Design Studies 1 (1):
17‒20. ISSN 0142-694X.
• Cross, Nigel (2006). Designerly ways of knowing. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-300-0.
OCLC 63186849.
• Cross, Nigel (2007) [2006]. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Basel [u.a.]: Birkhäuser.
ISBN 978-3-7643-8484-5. OCLC 255922654.
• Schön, Donald Schön (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York:
Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06874-6. OCLC 8709452.
•