Presented in the course subject of Philosophy of Education.

1. CONFUCIANISM
(551-479 BC)
Philosophy of Education
Jaybee Cabañeros

2. “It is not the Tao which could expand a
man, it is the man who can expand the
Tao.” The man without character,
obviously, could hardly abide by the
Tao; still less might he be able to
expand it.
- Confucius

4. • Major system of thought in China
• Developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples:
Mencius and Hzun Tzu
• Concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical
wisdom, and proper social relationships.
• Has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, set the
patterns of living and standards of social value, and provided
the background for Chinese political theories and institutions.

5. CONFUCIUS
• is the Latinized name for Kong-
Tzu or Kung-Fu-Tzu
• was a scholar and well versed in
charioting and archery, history
and numbers, music and rituals.
• For him, philosophy is a kind of a
system of ideas and thoughts that
talk about the human behavior, the
rules to be followed to become
successful in life and about the
government.

6. THE BOOKS OFCONFUCIANISM
Confucianism has four books.
Analects: A compilation of speeches by Confucius and his disciples,
as well as the discussions they held. Since Confucius's time,
the Analects has heavily influenced the philosophy and moral values
of China and later other East Asian countries as well.
Mencius: A collection of conversations of the scholar Mencius with
kings of his time. In contrast to the sayings of Confucius, which are
short and self-contained, it consists of long dialogues with extensive
prose.

7. BOOKS CONTINUED...
Great Learning: Originally one chapter in the Book of Rites. It consists
of a short main text attributed to Confucius and nine commentary
chapters by Zeng Zi, one of Confucius's disciples. Its importance is
illustrated by Zeng Zi's foreword that this is the gateway of learning. It
expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking,
and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and
modern Chinese.
Doctrine of the Mean: Another chapter in Book of Rites, attributed to
Confucius' grandson Zisi. The purpose of this small, 33-chapter book is to
demonstrate the usefulness of a golden way to gain perfect virtue. It
focuses on the Way ( 道 ) that is prescribed by a heavenly mandate not
only to the ruler but to everyone.

8. TERMS CONTINUED…
Shu:
The Notion of Shu is about empathy towards others and being able to appreciate what the
other person in the opposite role would desire. For example If we do not wish to be harmed,
then we should not harm others.
Li:
Behaving properly, even when performing apparently mundane
routines, carries at all times the significance of a sacred ritual.
Wen:
Involves acquiring skills of behavior which are categorized as cultural arts.
Te:
refers to what might be called "moral power." It is ABOUT! what a true leader needs in
order to be able to lead and to create a good and just society, It is their ability to set a
good example for the people and rule them in a proper way.

9. CONFUCIANISM:TERMS
Tao (Dao):
Literally means the way, In Confucianism it refers to the moral order that permeates the
universe and is thus the Way that should be followed. In other words Tao in Confucianism is
kind of like a code or behavior that is in harmony with the natural order of the universe.
Chun-Tzu:
is a person with perfect moral character, a “mature person” or “gentlemen”. It is reference to
a person with such abundant virtues that he is able to contribute to the improvement of
society. It can also be said to embody spiritual perfection in the Confucian sense.
Jen:
Confucianism’s Supreme virtue, often translated as “goodness”, “love” or “benevolence”. It is
a perfect form of benevolence doings one’s best to treat others as one would wish to be
treated. It is the central component of a perfect moral perspective.

10. I. Goal of Education
a. Morality
b. Balanced Intellect
c. Self – Cultivation
d. Spiritual FulfilClment

11. AIMS
• Character building / Moral education
• Create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace,
speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all
things.
• To produce men who are capable to serve in the
government/ in decision roles.
• To resurrect the traditional values of benevolence,
propriety and ritual in Chinese society.

12. II. Systems of Education
• Confucius made education accessible to all, noble or non-noble.
The school was founded has the following characteristics.
1. It was non-governmental.
2. It was a full-fledged college.
3. It was practical.
4. It was non-discriminational.

13. III. Upholding Man’s Virtuous Nature
• “Men are nearly similar to one another in their nature; it is the
habits that make them different.”
• Jen in the sage’s ideology, was the essence of man and, in the
meantime, a synonym of the word ‘love.’

14. IV. Learning about Tao through inquiry and
practice.
• “Nine Think-ofs”, which may be summarized in two words:
“BE WATCHFUL”
or
“KEEP YOUR MIND ON WHAT YOU ARE DOING.”

15. Nine Think-of’s:
(Be Watchful; Keep your mind on what you
are doing.)
1. Think of clearness when you look (See clearly).
2. Think of comprehension when you listen (Listen carefully.)
3. Think of mildness when you appear (Make your facial expression friendly.)
4. Think of respectfulness when you meet people (Show respect).
5. Think of truthfulness when you talk (Tell the truth).
6. Think of seriousness when you do something (Do it earnestly).
7. Think of asking others for an answer when you have a doubt.
8. Think of the dangers when you are angry (Beware of the dangerous
consequences of your anger).
9. Think of righteousness when you see a gain (Take no gain which is at the
expense of justice).

16. Grasping the Vast and Big
• The master had told his students practically the same thing:
“A gentlemen does not want to be just an instrument.”
In other word, specialization to an excessive degree had no place in
the Confucian system of education.
The master knew there was always a need for leaders who have an
eye for the whole, not the parts; who know how to put the
specialists to work in the place of himself. Good leaders are those
who are able to grasp the vast and big.

17. The Book of Change makes its readers aware of the constant as well
as of the variable and changing. While the Tao remains always the
same and is always there, its manifestations, that is, the multitudes
of things and events, are varied and changing.
No gentleman’s education is complete without a knowledge of the
contents of the Book of Change.

18. Curriculum
• He taught hisstudents morality, proper
• Speech, government, andthe refined arts.
• Emphasizes the “SixArts”- ritual, music, archery, proper
speech, government and computation.

19. Textbooks and Curricula
• Confucius had two sets of textbooks and two sets of curricula for
the students in his private school:
1. The Elementary Textbooks and Curriculum
Li and Yueh (music)
growth, archery and chariot-driving for their physical build
up,
Mathematic and Writing (or history) for their development.

20. 2. Advanced Textbooks and Curriculum
Six Classics as the main subjects:
• The Book of Songs – speech and literature
• The Book of Documents – historical documents
• The Book of the Li (Yi-Li) – rules ; marriage, funeral, sacrifice, etc.
• The Book of Music – lost; number of tune which accompanied the Songs
• The Book of Springs and Autumns – approval of disapproval of a certain
act by a certain man
• The Book of Change – most important and difficult to read among six
classics. Existence of opposites in the universe and human
society.

21. Method
• Confucius' pedagogical methodsare striking.
• He never discourses at length on a subject. Instead he poses
questions, cites passages from the classics, or uses apt
analogies, and waits for his students to arrive at the right
answers.
• He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or
intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a
subject comes from long and careful study.

22. Methods of Instruction
1. Exercise and Practice.
2. Doubting and Believing.
3. Using the correct names.
4. Seeing unity in duality.
5. Teaching the students to teach themselves,
by not teaching them until they wish to teach themselves.
6. Learning to be objective.
7. Teaching the students individually.

23. The Way of a Teacher.
1. Remaining a student after becoming a teacher.
2. Learning through teaching.
3. Silent teaching.
4. Dedication.
A good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of
the past and the practices of the ancients.
“Friends as Teachers.”

24. Character Building
Never tempted by profit or softened by the threat of death, he lives
and dies for one thing only: the Tao.
“The Tao remains the same with him before and after he becomes
an official in the government. It means jen and yi. It means he should
be mild and well-meaning to other persons; he should speak
politely, act cautiously, show respect to everybody and control his
own emotions; he should have love for all and never hesitates to do
whatever should be done.”

25. THANK YOU…