this will be brief introduction about research designs in nursing

1. ReseaRch
designs
by
Mrs.jasmi manu
Asso.professor
Rama college of
nursing

2. Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion you should be able to do the
following:
1-Define and explain the
*concept of a research design
*Purposes of research design
*Characteristics of good design
2-Identify and explain the different categories
and sub-categories of research design
At the end of the discussion you should be able to do the
following:
1-Define and explain the
*concept of a research design
*Purposes of research design
*Characteristics of good design
2-Identify and explain the different categories
and sub-categories of research design

3. Introduction
• The research design provides the back bone
structure of the study, it supports the study and
hold it's together.
Def:
• The research design refers to the researcher
overall plan for answering the research
question or testing the research hypotheses

4. Research Design
A research design is:
• a framework for the research plan of action.
• a master plan that specifies the methods and
procedures for collecting and analyzing the
needed information
• a strategy for how the data will be collected.

5. Purposes of Research Design
• It provides the scheme for answering research
question.
• It maintains control to avoid bias that may
affect the outcomes.
• It organize the study in a certain way
defending the advantages of doing while being
aware and caution about potential
disadvantages

6. Characteristics of good design
• 1- Appropriateness to the research question.
• 2- Lack of bias.
• 3- Precision.
• 4- Power.
• Research design can be either quantitative or
qualitative. Both designs complement each
other because they generate different kinds of
knowledge that are useful in nursing practice.

7. ELEMENTS

9. QUANTITATIVE

10. Qualitative

11. Experimental research

12. TRUE OR CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN•
True or classical experimental design
includes six major designs.
They are
• Pre-test___ post - test control group
design
• Solomon four – group design
• post - test __ only experimental design
• Factorial design
• Randomized block design
• Cross over design or repeated measures
design.

13. Quasi experimental design:-
two types

14. Pre experimental designs

15. • Non experimental research designs

16. Types

17. Designs for nursing research
The four types most commonly used in nursing
are:
* descriptive / exploratory survey
*correlational
*experimental
*Quasi Experimental Design

18. A- Descriptive: (exploratory
survey) studies
• Its purpose is to provide a picture of a situation
as it naturally happen,
• No manipulation variable is involved
• Some studies contain two variable, others may
include multiple variables.
• They use this design to search for accurate
information about the characteristics of
particular subject, group, and event or about
the frequency of the phenomena.

19. • Advantages of descriptive:
• The great deal with information obtained from
large population and is surprisingly accurate.
• Disadvantages of descriptive:
• The information collected is very brief and
superficial.
• It is a time consumer process

20. B- Correlational design
• It examine relationships between or among
two or more variables in a single group.
• It requires a large sample size. Subjects are
not divided into groups
• The correlational design doesn’t test the cause
and effect relationship

21. Advantages OF Correlational
studies :
• An increase flexibility when investigating
complex relationship among variables.
• An effective and efficient method of collecting a
large amount of data about an issue of interest.
• Exploring a relationship between variables.
Disadvantages 0F Correlational studies
• The researcher is not employing the
randomization in the sampling procedures.
• The researcher is unable to determine the causal
relationship between the variables because of lack
of manipulation, control and randomization.

22. C) Experimental Research Design
• Test a causal hypothesis (Cause and effect
relationship) between the intervention or
treatment and the outcomes
Elements of true experiment
design:
1- control group
2-sample randomization
3-manipulation of the independent variable.

23. Types of Experimental Design
There are 3 types of experimental design:-
1-Pre test – post test control group design:-
• the experimental and control groups are both
randomly assigned from the sample that was
randomly selected.
• The treatment is under control of the
researcher, the dependent variables is
measured twice before and after manipulation
of the independent variables .
• the researcher observes the two groups to
determine effect of manipulation (post test).

24. Advantages of Pre test – post test
control group design :-
• Threats to internal validity are minimized
(control group )
• Presence of randomization leads to equal
chance for the subject to be selected.
• Allow the researcher to examine changes
occurs.
• Disadvantages :-
• The results can not be generalized on both
groups.
• Mortality can affect one group rather than the
other

25. 2-Post Test Only Experimental
Group Design:
• The pre test can not be established, and also
subject response to post test can be altered by the
effect of the pre test, so post test only is
performed.
Advantages:
• Random assignment decreases the threats to
validity.
Disadvantages
• Without the effect of pre test the researcher
become unable to determine the effect of the

26. 3-Solomon four groups of
experimental design
• Four groups can be used one experimental and
three are control, some times are divided
equally two control and the other are
experimental .
• It is a stronger design than the post test only
but require so complicated statistical analysis.
• Advantages
• Allow the examiner to examine the effect of
the pre test on the post test.
• Disadvantages

27. General Advantages of
Experimental Design
• Are most appropriate for testing the cause and
effect relationship between the variables.
• Most appropriate for testing hypothesis.
General Disadvantages of Experimental
Design
• For some ethical reasons manipulation can not
be achieved especially on the human studies.
• Pre test can affect the response of post test.

28. D) Quasi Experimental Design:-
• Quasi experiment is research design in which
the researcher initiates an experimental treatment
but some characteristic of true experiment is
lacking either control or randomization.
• it also used to test cause and effect relationship,
the basic problem with the quasi experiment is the
weakened confidence in making causal assertion
so it is usually exposed to the subject
contamination.
• Example: examining differences in the amount of
pain that the patient feel during painful procedure
and the effect of nursing intervention on the
experimental group. It might be impossible to

29. How and When to use
Quasi-experimental
research
• Used when you have control over the “when
and the whom of measurement”, but lack
control over the “when and to whom of
exposure.”(complete control is not possible)
• Common in educational research.

30. • FACTORS AFFECTING
RESEARCH
DESIGN
CONT…

31. 1. Nature of the research problem.
2. Purpose of the study.
3. Researcher’s knowledge &
experience.
4. Researcher’s interest &
motivation.
5.Research ethics & principles.

32. 6. Subjects & participants.
7. Resources.
8. Time.
9. Possible control on extraneous
variables.
10.Users of the study findings.

33. VALIDITY OF RESEARCH
DESIGNS
1.INTERNAL VALIDITY.
2.EXTERNAL VALIDITY.

34. INTERNAL VALIDITY
THREATS TO INTERNAL
VALIDITY
1.History.
2.Maturation of subjects.
3.Testing.
4.Instrumentation change.
5.Mortality.
6.Slection bias.

35. EXTERNAL VALIDITY
FACTORS AFFECTING EXTERNAL
VALIDITY
1.Hawthrone Effect.
2.Experimental Effect.
3.Reactive effect of pre test.
4.Novelty effect.
5.People.
6.Place.
7.Time

36. CONCLUSION
• A research design is a master plan that
specifies the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed
information.
• It is a strategy for how the data will be
collected.
• It provides the scheme for answering research
question(s).
• It maintains control to avoid bias that may
affect the outcomes.

37. THANK YOU