Canadas Shame Essay

Canadas Shame Essay
The infamous Harp (whitecoat) and Hooded (blueback) seal hunt photos have virtually disappeared from newspapers or television news. That does not
mean that seal hunting in Canada has stopped. The mass killing of seals off Canada&#8217;s East Coast is commercial, cruel, and wasteful, yet
despite furious outcry from Animal Rights activists the government is refusing to take notice. The cruelty of this extensive killing operation, which
starts during the seals&#8217; birthing season, has been denounced for years as &#8220;Canada&#8217;s Shame.';
The senseless slaughter of seals springs from the profit they bring, the use of their pelts for coats, and other products. It has been proven though, ...
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The big commercially owned boats on the other hand have an entirely different method of killing. Seal pups are gathered up individually and incased in
netting &#8211; somewhat like a bag of oranges. Dozens of baby seals in net bags are packed into wire cages and moved by helicopters to fur
farms. After the pups molt, they are killed. Catching seals in nets unavoidably causes a slow and painful death for these beautiful mammals.
Seals are mammals, warm blooded like the rest of us. There is nothing in place to protect them because under Canadian law, these mammals are legally
considered to be fish! Perhaps that is why our government thinks so little about slaughtering these animals. Perhaps that is why the quotas have been
set so high and why both the Government of Canada and the Government of Newfoundland are now providing subsidies to entice more fishermen and
sport hunters to kill seals. The Government of Canada is gambling that the public has forgotten about the cruel and bloody images of the Canadian seal
hunt prior to 1984. The truth is, nothing has changed &#8220;&#8230;about 220 000 seal pups were killed in 1997 alone.'; And this statistic
does not even take into account the thousands of mature seals being killed; it&#8217;s merely the estimated number of seal pups being massacred.
Consequently the Canadian commercial seal
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How Did The Plague Affect Society
The Plague
How terrifying would it be for someone to see the people they know die right in front of their eyes? This is what happened to those who lived in
Europe during the time of the plague. The plague had multiple causes as well as effects on the society as a whole and the people.
There are multiple causes of the plague like bacteria, fleas, rats and people. When rats die, the infected fleas living on them get hungry and and
eventually turn to humans. When the plague started people started to flea and carried the disease out and spread it to others. The plague can be
rat–borne or it can be transmitted from rats to humans by the bite of a flea. Other small mammals are known to harbour the plague bacillus in the wild.
Ground squirrels, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Untreated, bubonic plague kills up to 60% of its victim, pneumonic plague some 90%, and septicaemic plague virtually 100%.(ABC News) There
were too many corpses to bury so they removed the roofs and piled the bodies as high as they could. They often tossed the dead bodies onto rafts and
let them drift out to sea. In 1347–1353 at least 25 million people died.(ABC News) Families had to bury their own children and spouses. Many bodies
were tossed into pest pits, or left to rot in the sun and get eaten by wolves. Between the 14th and 18th centuries about 50 million Europeans have
died.(ABC News) Old women went around and sought out the sick and marked their doors with red crosses and wrote the word "Lord have mercy
upon us". Carts collected the dead bodies at night and filled the graves to the very top. To prevent even more of a spread authorities killed and stray
animals. Fishermen found about 10,000 dead rats and dumped them out at sea. There were about 121 cases of the plague and 133 deaths in the first
outbreak and about 160 cases and 78 deaths during the second outbreak.(ABC News) Deep trenches were dug for the dead to get tossed into, then
they were covered with dirt and more people got thrown on top of

The Controversy Of Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most talked–about topics since the past two decades. The planet and its habitants are suffering from this change and, at
first sight, people think that they are the only affected by climate change, but this thought is incorrect. In fact, the fauna and flora, and of course the
weather are also affected. To combat these problems, many scientists are trying to analyze the behavior of the animals and of the plants to see their
reactions to its changes, 195 countries try to find solutions to slow down this phenomenon at the Conference of the Parties every year, awareness
campaigns are launched so that citizens can contribute to this slowdown and many more. Many disasters are caused by global warming and this is likely
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The jet stream is, in the English Oxford Dictionaries "A narrow variable band of very strong predominantly westerly air currents encircling the globe
several miles above the earth.". By altering this jet, the Arctic warms up before the equator does, which causes extreme weather. This extreme weather
is warming the planet for a lengthy period: this means that heat waves, droughts, etc. will last longer. This warming will especially affect the Northern
Hemisphere in its parallel, consequently hundreds of millions of people will be touched. This phenomenon has already begun, touching Europe with a
heat wave in 2003 and Russia in 2010, Pakistan with a flood in 2010, and many more. As a conclusion, climate change is getting more dangerous for
SINCE? decades and its consequence for the planet and its habitants are awful: disappearance of many species, melting ice, coral bleaching, warming
oceans, extreme heat and much more to come. Every citizen of the blue planet is capable, on his or her scale, of reversing this change by increasing
investments in climate science and in research, by embracing green infrastructures and by supporting climate actions that are made all

Analysis: The Permian Period
The Permian Period was the final period of the Paleozoic Era. This period lasted from 299 to 251 million years ago. The transition from the
Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era was the Permian Period. During the end of the Permian Period, Earth's largest mass extinction occurred. The
time period was named as it was by a British geologist named Roderick Murchison in 1841. He went on a tour to Imperial Russia to include the,
"vast series of beds of marl, schist, limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate" overlay the Carboniferous formations in the eastern part of Russia.
Murchison named it after the kingdom of Permia, and the present city of Perm near the Ural Mountains of Russia. During this period, Gondwana and
Euramerica formed Pangea. The collision of tectonic plates caused volcanic activity. This ended up forming the Urals, Alps, Appalachians, and Rocky
Mountains. Pangea was shaped like the letter "C". The northern landmasses would become Europe and Asia. North and South America formed from
the curved part of the "C." India, Australia, and Antarctica made up the lower part of the land mass. In this landmass was the Tethys Ocean. There
were also glaciers in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synapsids had a skull with a single temporal opening that is believed to have developed into mammals. Sauropsids had a skull with two openings
and were the ancestors of reptiles, including birds and dinosaurs. During the early period, Synapsids were the dominant group. The earliest
Synapsids were the Pelycosaurs; it included a genus called Dimetrodon. The animal had a large lizard like body with a bony "sail" on it's back.
However the skulls, jaws, and teeth are closer to mammals than reptiles. Lystrosaurus was another genus of the Synapsids; it was 3 feet long and
looked like a cross between a lizard and a hippopotamus. A Lystrosaurus had a flat face with two tusks and legs angled away from the body (similar to
the typical reptilian

Americas Discovery Effects
Effects of the Discovery of the Americas Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492. This common rhyme taught to children tells the story of how the
Americas were discovered. Columbus set out across the Atlantic Ocean with only three small ships. His intended destination was Asia; however,
Columbus and his crew discovered two continents unknown to Africa and Eurasia. The discovery of the Americas caused many global changes, mainly
between Europe and the Americas, and between Africa and the Americas. The spread of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas impacted
both places in different ways. A characteristic feature of the Americas was the lack of large domesticated mammals. The Europeans brought cows,
sheep, pigs, and most importantly, horses to the Americas. As a result, the native people started including more meat products in their diets. Similarly,
important food products such as corn, potatoes, and sweet potatoes were introduced to Europe. These new foods became a staple in many European
countries. For example, in Ireland, potatoes became a cheap and efficient source of nutrients. Plants and animals traded between Europe and the
Americas forever changed both continents' cultures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deadly illnesses such as smallpox and typhus were brought across the Atlantic Ocean by the Europeans. The population of the Americas before contact
with the Europeans is unknown; however, scholars estimate that about eighty to ninety percent of the native population died after the Americas were
discovered. Whether Europeans purposefully infected the Native Americans or unintentionally did so is still unknown. Whatever the case, the deaths
of the many people they killed worked in their favor: the Europeans had more room to settle and expand. While the spread of diseases didn't have an
impact in Europe, Native Americans and the Europeans living in the Americas were greatly

Age Of Dinosaurs Research Paper
5.Females for the nourishment of the young could define a mammal as a warm–blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the
possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk. The roots of the mammalian line reach back almost 300 million years. Some of the very early mammal
relatives dominated the landscape millions of years before dinosaurs appeared, and most of these species became extinct. During the age of dinosaurs,
most mammals were not much bigger than small rodents. It was after the extinction of the large dinosaurs that the great diversity of mammals arose.
The timeline in this hall displays the development of such key mammalian physical features as the synapsid opening in the skull, a large hole behind
the eye socket... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 100 million years ago, the dinosaur displayed in the hall lived in Argentina. This dinosaur is a sauropod: a massive plant–eater with a long
neck and whip–like tail. Sauropods roamed the planet for 140 million years and include the largest land animals ever. The skeleton of a titanosaur
includes exact replicas of 84 bones discovered at La Flencha, in Patagonia, Argentina. Missing bones have been modeled, based on analysis of
close relatives of this titanosaur. Altogether, fossils of six different individuals are being excavated. Ranch owner Oscar Mayo and worker Aurelio
Hernandez reported the find to scientists. Paleontologists realized they had discovered a new titanosaur species based on the shape of the femur
and vertebrate. The large size of the femur told them something else: the new species was one of the biggest dinosaurs ever. The titanosaur in the
hall was discovered in 2014, and since this species is so new it does not have a name yet. It stands at 46 feet tall and 122 feet long. In addition, to
weighing approximately 70 tons, which is equivalent to 10 times an elephants weight he lived 102 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period.
Massive animals such as this one usually stand with their legs beneath them to support their great weight, however they can assume other poses. Adult
titanosaurs most likely did not have any predators. Lastly, as far as for goes, they strip leaves with their rake–like teeth, then swallow with stopping to
chew. Their long

Chernobyl3 Lab Report
On April 26, 1987, unit number 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, releasing mass amounts of potent radiation. A mass evacuation was
conducted, moving hundreds of thousands of residents out of the area. The large amounts of radiation traveled into the atmosphere and over time made
its way back to the surface, impacting the wildlife. Multiple studies have been conducted regarding specifically what impact the radiation has had on
the local and international wildlife. These experiments were conducted in the CEZ as well as other countries in the Europe continent. They tested
whether there is a correlation between the population of animals and the amount of radioactivity in the environment that was being tested. Some of the
animal... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Roe deer, wild boar, and Przewalski horses (Figure 6) are some more examples of species that are making a comeback into the area3. Figure 4
shows that these species have grown since the Chernobyl accident in 1987. It is not just larger mammals, a study by Baker et. al. shows that small
mammals seem to be unaffected by the radiation as well. This does not seem to be true for birds however, as described in the barn swallow
experiment which found a considerable decline in nests with eggs. Another finding from Dr. Mousseau, a biologist at the University of South Carolina,
found physical abnormal characteristics life deformed beaks in birds5. However, in Dr. Mousseau's most recent findings, birds in the area have
adapted to resist the effects by producing higher levels of protective found that The short–term effects of the radiation resulted in the decline of the
wildlife populations, but as the lack of human presence enveloped the CEZ, more and more animal life have emerged and repopulated

Big Bear Research Paper
Bears are strong and protective. What is big and strong and is one of the most productive animals at the zoo? Bears, a type of omnivore, are very
big and protect and feed their cubs. Bears are one of the most worldwide animals in the world. Bears have different tastes of their food, but it
depends what bear species it is. They often tend to be peaceful and solitary in life, but when the bears are hunting they tend to be aggressive and
fierce. Bears will eat different kinds of plants and berries. Bears will also eat meat, insects and honey. Bears tend to live in caves that are in forests,
mountains, and plains. Most bears have large and round heads. Some bears have small and flat heads. Big and strong, the bear's appearance will
describe it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All bears have different behaviors because of their size, their mood, and during hibernation. Another reason some bears get moody is because
someone disturbed their territory (Beard). During hibernation of bears, the bears are in a hurry for food so they will be fierce when they find
something they can feed on (Wexo). When there is no food for the bears, they will sometimes eat the cubs which would make the mother so mad
that she would make a male not want to deal with her (Wexo). The Polar bear is the most aggressive bear because there are no berries or plants to
feed on where they live, so they will always eat meat and get very mad, aggressive, and fierce if its prey started to run away from it (Wexo). The
Sun bear and the Panda bear have something in common. The Sun and Panda bear both mostly eat plants. The Sun bear mostly eats plants because
of its size and the Panda bear doesn't eat a lot of meat because its favorite food is bamboo (Wexo). Because of some bears sizes, they mostly eat plants
while others just eat meat, some bears are found fierce and aggressive, but a bear's size don't matter because it is still the same species and if a bear is
being fierce or aggressive it is probably because it has been threatened by an animal or

Raccoon Research Paper
Mammals strive in just about every climate and environment here on Earth, from the Arctic to the scolding Savannah desert. Throughout this video,
The Opportunists, there were many mammals portrayed who know how to take advantage of any situation, thriving in this human dominated
landscape. One in such was that of the witty, black–masked raccoon. Habitat loss and human interference has had grave effects on many different
species of animals throughout the world, although that can not be said for the raccoon. Raccoon population numbers have risen alongside humans
making them one of the most widespread mammals on the continent. They have an extraordinary sense of touch that aids them in locating food. Due to
the sensitive vibrissae on the raccoon's

Ap Guns Germs And Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 1: "Up to the Starting Line" 1. When did the history of humans begin?
Around 50,000 years ago. "Human history at last took off around 50,000 years ago..." (Page 39)
2. Humans developed on what continent?
Humans developed in Africa. "..., indicates that the earliest stages of human evolution were also played out in Africa." (Page 36)
3. The Giant Leap forward occurred when?
Around the time human history started, 50,000 years ago.
"Human History at last took off around 50,000 years ago, at the time of what I have termed our Great Leap Forward. (Page 39)
4. How does Diamond explain the mass extinction of large mammals in some areas?
He explains the existence first and then explains how the dates of their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Founder Crops
"...may be thought as farmer crops..." (Page 100)
3. How did Native American hunting and gathering societies become farmers?
They were replaced by European Farmers
"....or largely replaced by arriving European farmers..." (Page 102)
4. People in areas with a head start on food production gained what?
According to page 103, "The people of areas with a head start on food production thereby gained a head start on the path leading towards guns, germs
and steel."
5. The arrival of founder crops enabled local populations to become what?
Sedentary

"The arrival of founder domesticates enabled local people to become sedentary..." (Page 100)
6. What crop was domesticated in Ethiopia before spreading around the globe?
According to the chart on page 100, Coffee and Teff.
Chapter 6: "To Farm or Not to Farm"
1. Food production meant what to hunting and gathering societies?
Having neighbors as farmers and most likely adopting it themselves.
"In some cases the hunter gatherers adopted the neighboring system of food production..." (Page 108)
2. What is a factor that influenced a group to adopt agriculture?
The density of the population grew larger
"A gradual rise in population densities impelled people to obtain more food..."
(Page 111)
3. Why did the transition to food production not happen earlier?
People always dropped the idea of food production
"....food production systems were abandoned in favor of hunting gathering."(Page 109)
4. Hunter–gatherers in

The Columbian Exchange : The Transatlantic Exchange Of...
The Columbian Exchange was the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and ideas that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.
(1) Author and historian Dr. Alfred Crosby is credited with developing the term (3). Rather than an established system, the Columbian Exchange refers
to an era in which the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere exchanged goods and ideas, and cultural influences were explored between the
peoples of Europe and the Native American tribes. The exchange began with the arrival of Columbus in 1492 and continued throughout expansion and
colonization.
While trade and exchange between the two worlds was essential to the existence of both Europeans and the Native Americans, it was the unforeseen
circumstances and unseen biology that inevitably doomed the population of the Native American tribes. What was a source of commerce and trade was
also a source of "misunderstanding and mistrust". (1)
One difficulty in trading and communicating with the New World the Europeans faced was the lack of written communications from the Native
Americans. Comparatively speaking, the Europeans were highly educated and most tribes did not have a written language of their own and relied on
blood oaths as their highest form of agreement. (2) A culture of academic and religious education and a culture of superstition and prophecy were about
to collide. For this reason, Europeans found any form of treaty difficult to uphold with the Native Americans.

White Nose Syndrome Essay
White nose syndrome is a fungus that grows on hibernating bats' muzzles that has killed nearly 6 million of them. Although traditionally found in
most if not all eastern states, bats in caves as far south as Mississippi, as far west as Oklahoma, and as far north as Canada have been found with the
devastating fungus. Infecting 47 species of bats, the disease was first noticed in the winter of 2006–2007 in New York, because of the odd behavior of
the bats. It was later discovered that the fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causes infected bats to exhibit uncommon behavior such as flying
during the day. Scientist have discovered that this fungus, which distributed hydration cycles, caused the bats to awake early during hibernation in order
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Rangers at the Mammoth Cave National Park took very seriously the prospect of human transmission of White Nose syndrome to their bat populations
and took several preventative measures to stop the spread of it. All the visitors were screened to see if the fungus was on their cloths, shoes, or
accessories as they entered the park. Although they took these preventative measures, they were unable to stop the fungus from infiltrating their
populations. Bats in areas of the cave that the average visitor was not permitted to explore began showing signs of having the disease in about 2013,
proving it was not introduced by humans. To somewhat contain the fungus, visitors, as they leave, they walk across bio–hazardous mats, which collects
the dirt from people's shoes where the fungus harbors. Because humans are one of the two known carriers of the fungus, this measure was
introduced in the hopes that they will not take with them the fungus as they return to their home. Having already begun to spread west from its east
coast roots, using these protocols could delay the western expansion of the fungus. The rangers also have geography on their side. The vast open
plans that separate the national park from the mountains on the west coast will also serve as a buffer in the spread. If the fungus can be contained,
scientist will have an easier time studying its effects allowing for a speedier recovery of the bats, a species who desperately needs our

The Replication Of Y Chromosomes And How They Have Evolved...
When fertilization occurs within mammals, the sex is immediately determined. Each parent will contribute one or more chromosomes during the
fertilization process, depending on the species. In the male heterogametic (XY) system, the absence of the Y chromosome results in a female offspring
and the presence of the Y chromosome results in a male. The evolution of the sex determination system consists of the rise and development of sex
chromosomes and concurrently the emergence and evolution of genes that guarantee the formation of equivalent traits and functions. This paper will
examine three studies: the replication of Y chromosomes and how they have evolved overtime (Cortez et al. 2014), the structural variation found in Y
chromosomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014).
The purpose of the experiment was to understand how reproductive cells can divide and reproduce and what is being reproduced in the duplication
process. This process will assist researchers in understanding the role of the Y chromosome and its evolution over time. An experiment was conducted
where RNA–sequence data for 166 tissue samples from nine mammals and two birds were observed (Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014)
sequenced genomic DNA from two individuals and then assembled the Y and W linked transcripts. Next, the Y/W transcripts were validated by
aligning the male and female Illumina genomic readings. In order to validate this, a large–scale subtraction approach was used. Next, Cortez et al.
(2014) reconstructed the Y–linked genes using genomic data and then defined the Y gene names and the X gametologues. Experimenters predicted the
multi–copy genes and the characterization of x–linked contigs and genes in platypus. A phylogenetic analysis was used to align the coding sequences
for phylogenetic tree reconstructions based on amino acid sequences. All trees were inspected for evidence of gene conversion but could not find any.
Thus, it is not frequent in the evolution of sex chromosomes (Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014) have concluded that the XY system is not only
unique to males, but similar to the ZW system found in female birds.

A Feedback Loop Is A Section Of A Control System Inside An...
A feedback loop is a section of a control system inside an organisms body, that can self–correct to then change a section of the control system according
to difference between the actual/desired set point. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/feedback+loop There are two types of feedback loops negative
and positive, .They are both occur due to the Stimuli. However negative feedback loops operate differently then they do in a positive feedback loop. A
negative feedback loop is used to suppress or discontinue the effect of a stimuli. A negative feedback loop occurs when the stimuli (change in the
environment) is detected and a response occurs, to discontinue the Stimuli. For example the temperature of the human body increases above it's set ...
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Biology book, class notes.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone most commonly found in the female reproductive cycle. The following diagram represents three feedback loops for
the menstrual cycle. The blue feedback loop shows two hormones, FSH and LH, secretion as to begin the growth of the follicle then the hormones
work together to start the estrogen secretion the estrogen then has a negative feedback from FSH causing it to stop been desecrate. The red feedback
loop shows, increased levels of estrogen occur midpoint in the cycle causing positive feedback to respond on the LH cells in the pituitary. As LH levels
rise ovulation will occur. The purple feedback loop concludes after ovulation and shows the follicle cells transform into corpus luteum which secrets
then builds up progesterone and estrogen levels forming the endometrial lining the hormones work together and a second negative feedback signal is
sent to allow the release of FSH and LH. The corpus luteum then deteriorates dropping the production of estrogen and progesterone allowing
menstruation to occur. https://sbi4u2013.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/the–menstrual–cycle–feedback–loop/
The mammal that is equipped to live in dry water conditions (e.g. desert) is mammal 1. Mammal 1 shows the lowest excreation of water through
evaporation, urine and faeces. It is

Seaworld Research Paper
Anyone who has been to SeaWorld has seen trained whales, dolphins, and seals. SeaWorld guests are entertained by the sea mammals in the tanks,
jumping in the air on command by whistle. These tricks draw guests into the park. What may seem to be fun for the viewer, is torture for the
mammals. There is a deadly truth behind all sea mammals in captivity: they don't survive well there. Though sea mammals provide entertainment, they
do not belong in captivity. Imagine being at home and then somebody broke in and you were forced, without any choice, to join the circus. This is
what the mammals have to go through every day. It is not fair for the mammals to go through this. Why should anyone want them to? Now imagine
being a six foot man living... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other trainers tried everything to get Tili away from Dawn. They slapped the water to signal to Tili to come over to them. Tili ignored them and
continued to drag Dawn. Dawn eventually got out of Tili's grasp and when she thought she was safe, Tili swam up from under her and yanked her
back down into the water by her arm. The paramedics got Dawn out of the water but some of her arm was left in Tili's mouth. Dawn had no
heartbeat. Tili had killed her. This wasn't Tili's first death. He had killed and injured previous trainers before Dawn. (Zimmerman, Tim) The
documentary "Blackfish" is focused on Tili, and reveals that SeaWorld has abusive punishments for whales who do not behave. SeaWorld denied the
documentary's allegations, and was very upset when it aired. SeaWorld claimed that they never use punishment based training. (Brower, Kenneth)
Whatever the case, for trainers like Dawn, no matter how hard one struggles to get away from such a deadly beast, they are not a match for the
strength of a whale. Orcas were put on this earth to be killers of the sea, not performers or entertainers. Whales typically do not like loud noises.
Performing many different times a day every day in captivity, loud noises alarm the animal and can lead to the whale not performing like he should.
(Thorn, Adam) Whales are the largest of the dolphin family. They are also the top predators of the ocean. They are the smartest animals in world and

Woolly Mammoth Research Paper
Mammoths
10,000 years ago, when our ancestors were trying to survive the ice age, so too, were woolly Mammoths. Mammoths are ancient relatives to our
modern day lovable elephants. Their habitat coexisted with our ancient ancestors, and many people believe that they are now extinct because of us.
The animals we know as Mammoths (Mammuthus primogenus) are a species of ancient extinct elephant. Mammoth adults were about ten feet tall at
the shoulder, with long tusks and a coat of long reddish or yellowish hair (Haynes). This is why they are sometimes described as woolly mammoths.
Males weighed up to 6 tons and a newborn calf weighed about 200 lbs. (Sloane). The woolly mammoth was well adapted to its cold environment and
were predominant in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These factors were: 1) food scarcity, ultimately the result of a changing climate and 2) increased human contact and hunting. This deadly combination
led to their disappearance. The mammoth population was already low by time that they were hunted by humans some experts argue that even if every
human on the planet at the time killed a mammoth once every three years, the woolly mammoth would have become extinct (National Geographic). So,
while climate change dealt the mammoth a crippling blow, it may have been human hunters who landed the killer blow in sealing their fate as an extinct

A Brief Note On The Scottish Coastal Waters
Cetaceans in Scottish waters
Abstract
Scottish coastal waters accommodate several populations of cetacean species. However, the interference of human activities on the marine habitat has
been increasing gradually and thus, impacted the marine creatures negatively. This paper introduces different cetaceans that can be found in seas
surrounding Scotland, threats that can affect them and how humans can tackle the problems through conservation and management. Some suggestions
may not be successfully carried out but they still act as potential methods that can be applicable.
Introduction
The seas around Scotland are the richest seas in Europe for their marine mammals, holding over twenty species of cetaceans. Both residential and
migratory communities are increasingly interfered by human activities such as fishery by–catch, shipping, tourism and pollution, which are disrupting
the natural behavioural patterns of marine creatures, causing injuries and even death. To prevent these marine mammals from extinction, we have to
take actions to protect them and increase their population abundantly. The majority of Cetacean species are marine; some estuarine and freshwater
species can be found in tropical and sub tropical niches. Cetaceans are aquatic, they have undergone more extreme anatomical adaptation then their
terrestrial ancestors. The mysticetes perform a lot of long distance seasonal migrations, while odontocetes also migrate seasonally but without a
common pattern like

The Questions Surrounding The Neanderthal Extinction
While it is important to understand the significance of each hypothesis, the questions surrounding the Neanderthal extinction takes on assorted factors
that are not mutually exclusive. Numerous studies have been conducted focusing exclusively on climate, competition or disease as a function of
Neanderthal extinction. However, conflicting conclusion suggest that there are several factors involved that overlap and/ or arising from one another.
This paper will attempt to better understand how climate, competition, and disease might operate together to account for Neanderthal extinction. First
by summarizing each argument of the three arguments and identifying the potential implications for father research. Secondly, aim to develop a
framework that will include the most relevant hypothesis.
Climatic Extinction
Hypothesis supporting climate change as a factor in Neanderthal extinction has taken on two forms – Neanderthals inability to adapt to harsh
environments and prey extinction. Traditionally, Neanderthal extinction has been contributed to sudden climate change in which the species was
unable to adapt (Houldcroft & Underdown 2015). Despite the fact that Neanderthal fossil exhibit ecomorphological characteristics that suggest they
were adapted to colder 'ice age' environments; there is considerable evidence that supports the hypothesis that climatic changes are responsible for their
sudden disappearance (Rae et al 2011; Stewart 2005). Neanderthal species were unlike any

Infanticide Evolved As A Mating Strategy Fore Males
The evolution of infanticide has been researched by many scientists. It has been found that infanticide evolved as a mating strategy fore males.
(Boyko & Marshal, 2009). Boyko and Marshall (2009), explain that males will use infanticide when taking over a new group or for bonding with a
new female. It is an adaptive strategy that males use to reduce the time they have to wait fore females to be able to have his offspring (Boyko &
Marshall, 2009). Broom, Borris & Koenig (2004) explain a similar hypothesis in their research. They outline that infanticide has a reproductive
advantage for the males, and it will only occur when 1) the infant is not their own, 2) the loss of an infant enables the female to conceive sooner and 3)
the male has a high chance of being kept for breeding (Borris, et al.,2004)
Lukas & Clutton–Brock (2014) explain that the main evolutionary cause for monogamy, other than infanticide, was due to males not being able to
defend and area large enough for more than one females. Their research explains that this behaviour is derived from an ancestral state in which males
and females were living in undefined groups. (Lukas & Clutton–Brock, 2014). van Schaik & Dunbar (1990) also agree with this theory along with
possible hypotheses for the evolution of monogamy. They also proposed that monogamy evolved because it was advantageous for females. The males
would be vigilant against predators, and this would allow for females to spend more time caring for their

Placentophagy Research Paper
When preparing for delivery, I assume pregnant women are usually excited, anxious and ready to bring a new life into the world. After labor and
delivery, most women want to make sure their child is healthy and are ready to obtain some rest. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus
that provides nourishment to the child and is the only organ that is shared between 2 people. Afterward, the placenta is sent for testing, thrown away or
will be incinerated depending on the hospital's policy. It is not considered natural to keep the placenta after delivery, even though the majority of
non–human mammals eat their placenta for after birth benefits. placentophagy is the practice of ingesting the placenta. This practice is widely
accepted in Traditional Chinese Medicine and has been documented as early as 1578.There are multiple ways of ingesting the placenta including raw,
cooking it and pill capsulation. Just like any meat, the placenta has to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If mothers were informed of the benefits, I believe more women would be open to the idea. Women who practicechildbirth with doulas and midwife
are more likely to have the idea mentioned. Once introduced to the idea I know some concerns include unpleasant taste, odor, hot flashes and other
side effects. The stigma of being labeled a "cannibal" is a risk also. Cannibalism is a negative in Western societies anyway that you look at it. I believe
that is the main reason why it is not mentioned in hospitals and simply discarded. If an authority figure like a doctor introduced, placentophagy then it
would ease the stigma of cannibalism. When an authority figures mention something controversial it seems to be accepted with more ease. Also, the
pill encapsulation lightens the concerns of the taste of the taste and

What Is Canis Lupus Signatus?
Behaviour, ecology and conservation of the Iberian Wolf, Canis lupus signatus
Introduction The Iberian wolf, Canis lupus signatus, is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) found on the Iberian Peninsula. It is smaller than
other wolves, with white marks on the upper lips and dark marks on the front legs and tail, from which it gets its name, signatus (marked). The grey
wolf was historically distributed across all of Europe (Mech and Boitani, 2010), however through the 18th and 19th centuries C. lupus was eradicated
throughout Northern and Central Europe, with only some surviving populations found in Italy, Iberia and Eastern Europe (Breitenmosser, 1998; Mech
and Boitani, 2003). The recognition of wolves as a keystone species as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the threats against wolves comes from conflict with humans due to the rarity of wild prey, genetic isolation and habitat loss. Wild ungulates
are in low density or completely absent in many areas of the Iberian Peninsula. To combat this, there have been efforts to reintroduce roe deer to areas of
Portugal, providing a wild prey source for the wolves (Cruz et al., 2014). Studies suggest that having a higher density and diversity of wild ungulates
decreases livestock predation (Meriggi and Lovari, 1996). Whilst reintroduction of wild prey holds promise in the long–term, it is not immediately
effective as the ungulate population will need to replenish itself. With no wild ungulates, wolves will continue to feed on livestock. Livestock is
often free ranging and unguarded, making them an easy target for wolves. Farmers then retaliate against the wolves: in one study of 80 dead
wolves, 38% died either from shooting, poaching or poisoning (Barroso and Pimenta, 2008), and it was also noted the actual number could be
higher due to the difficulty of determining whether a wolf has been poisoned (Torres and Fonseca, 2016). In areas where wolves prey mainly on wild
ungulates, there were no reported wolf deaths by poison, however in locations where livestock was the main prey source, poison was the leading
cause of death in wolves (ГЃlvares, 2003). Farmers who experience livestock loss

George G Simpson Accomplishments
George G. Simpson George Gaylord Simpson is known as being one of the most influential empirical paleontologist of the twentieth century due to his
crucial contributions in the modern evolutionary synthesis. He is known for his expertise in extinct mammals and their intercontinental travels; more
specifically, discovering evidence in fossils for the theory of linear evolution in horses. Furthermore, Simpson is an important figure in the studies of
paleontology due to his exceptional dedication to his career through his education, which is shown through his many achievements throughout his life.
Background Simpson was born in Chicago, on June 6th, 1902, as the youngest child of three and only son. His father, Joseph A. Simpson, was a
successful... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to enjoying the outdoors as a kid, he credits his interests in Geology back to these family trips and adventures. At the age of eight,
Simpson urged his parents to purchase the eleventh edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, in which he assisted in the purchase of, and read it from
start to finish. He was exceptional at school and worked through his elementary years with ease, graduating at a young 11 years of age. In 1918,
age 16, Simpson enrolled at the University of Colorado. Unfortunately, his father lost his mine not soon after, throwing the family into a financial
crisis and he briefly dropped out. When he returned to the university, he stayed until his senior year, but in 1922 he was advised to transfer to Yale
for his studies. He finished his AB degree in 1923 and enrolled in graduate school there to pursue his interests in paleontology. Later that year,
despite Yale's regulations, Simpson secretly married Lydia Petroja. Three years later he earned his Ph.D. in geology. In a span of six years after his
marriage, four daughters were born, but unfortunately, the marriage ended in divorce in 1932. In 1938, Simpson remarried to psychologist Anne Roe,
who was noted as a childhood friend from Denver, and remained married until his

North America Research Paper
Hundreds of millions of years ago, all of earth's major landmasses were joined in a single world continent, which geologists call Pangaea. About 200
million years ago, the world continent split into a northern and a southern land mass. The northern continent, Neogea, consisted of what is now North
America, Europe, and Asia; the southern continent, Gondwanaland, was made up of South America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica. About 130
million years ago, South American separated from the rest of Gondwanaland and became, in effect, a gigantic island; its creatures, which included
marsupials and edentates–precursors of today's sloths, anteaters and armadillos–developed in isolation. North America separated from Eurasia much
later; by then it was already well populated with the ancestors of our cats, dogs, rodents, weasels, and other present–day mammals. It was also inhabited
by monkeys, which had migrated from their original home in Africa up through Europe and into North America before the continental separation was
complete. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thicker sections fo the plates are the continents; the thinner parts make up the ocean beds. When two plates meet, the result is geologic upheaval
on a vast scale. Such an encounter occurred about 20 million years ago in the region between North and South America. The Cocos Plate, a piece of
the Pacific crust some 300 miles wide, moved eastward until it met the crustal plate underlying the Caribbean. The eastern edge of the Cocos Plate
was driven beneath the western edge of the Caribbean Plate. As the Cocos Plate was forced downward, the friction, as well as the hear deep within the
earth, liquefied its rock into magma, which found release by thrusting up in a chain of volcanoes. The volcanic islands that resulted formed a line of
stepping–stones between the northern and southern

Guns Germs And Steel Chapter Summary Of Blood Diamond
In this chapter, Diamond examines if humans on one continent had an advantage over others by examining the evolution and spread of humans to
other continents. Diamond first examines human origin around 7 million years ago when a population of African apes evolved into some of the
earliest humans. This evolutionary process occurred and remained in Africa until around 1.5 million years ago when Homo erectus spread beyond
Africa. By about .5 million years ago, human populations had differentiated with Neanderthals in Europe, relatively modern structured humans in
Africa, and humans different from both in East Asia. It wasn't until 50,000 years ago when biologically and behaviorally modern humans ,the
Cro–Magnons , appeared did humans advanced from crude stone tools to multipiece tools, sewn clothing, arts, and boats. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the Great Leap also allowed for the colonization of Australia and nearby islands with watercrafts causing many megafaunas to be hunted
to extinction. While the megafauna could have gone extinct due to a severe drought, Diamond finds it unlikely for creatures that survived previous
droughts to die ,soon after the arrival of humans , in all

Case Study : Animal Cloning : Moa ( Dinornithidae ) And...
Case Study 2: Animal Cloning
Organism: Moa (Dinornithidae) and Sheep (Ovis aries)
The first successful mammal was cloned in the form of Dolly the sheep in 1996. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, and
lived there until her death when she was six years old. Animal cloning refers to the production of genetically identical whole organisms, or 'clones'.
This is carried out with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning is designed to quickly and efficiently to produce many identical copies of an
organism (generally with desired traits). Somatic cell nuclear transfer is the process of transferring a nucleus from a donor cell to an enucleated egg
(an egg that has had the nucleus removed). An pulse of electricity fuses the nucleus and enucleated egg together and the resultant egg is then left to
divide artificially for about 5 days (known as a blastocyst). The blastocyst will then be transferred into a surrogate mother that will give birth to the
offspring. This offspring will have the identical DNA to the organism the somatic cell (nucleus) came from unless a mutation occurs, which will cause a
slight change in the DNA coding sequence. However, the offspring will carry the mitochondria from the donor egg cell rather than the somatic cell
which can unfortunately lead to nuclear–mitochondrial incompatibilities that can lead to death. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be
successfully cloned from a somatic cell. Following Dolly's death at the

Taking a Look at the Tertiary Period
"The Tertiary Period began 65 million years ago and ended just 1.8 million years ago. It was made up of 5 different epochs." "Paleocene epoch that
was 65 to 54 million years ago." " Eocene epoch that was 54 to 38 million years ago." " Oligocene epoch 38 to 24 million years ago." " Miocene epoch
24 to 5 million years ago." "Pliocene epoch 5 to 1.8 million years ago."
Tertiary is the third era. "During the Tertiary period placement of the continents were different than were they are located today." "There were only
the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean." " Continents were North America, Greenland, northern Europe, Asia, and Iberia." Climate
change from the beginning to end was very significant. "During the beginning the earth was warm and moist compared to the weather now." By the
middle of the period earth started to cool. This was cause by volcanoes that kept giving off carbon dioxide." After a while by the end of this period it
was so cold that the last ice age had started." "However this had to be the most important time period for mammals." "The time period before Tertiary
which was the Cretaceous period." "The Cretaceous period ended with the extinction of dinosaurs, large reptiles, and many different others." "After all
the extinction of the other animals mammals became the dominant species on Earth." "This is why the Tertiary Period is called the age of mammals."
"There are to unusual mammals that we have researched on from this period that were

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Chemicals, cosmetics, household products, and medical devices have been tested on animals such as mice, rabbits and rats, and more for a number of
years. It is assumed that a humans' response to these types of products will often correlate with the responses of an animal (Testing). Animals are
tested because they are deemed as key information to help develop new medicines, and discover more about human health and biology. Some believe
using animals only for human advantage is morally wrong, while others believe not experimenting at all would hinder our understanding of well–being
and ailment, which would affect the progress of new and vital treatments. Researchers are mandated to follow specific instructions in order to
minimize the harm experienced. The first of the instructions is using a substitute like human volunteers, cell culture, or computer modelling when
applicable. Next, is bettering experimental procedures and communicating with other researchers so that the same experiments are not being repeated
by several people, which will accordingly reduce the number of animals used. Lastly, less invasive procedures are used when possible to reduce
stress or discomfort, and expand medical care and living conditions (Should animals be used in research, 2017). As with any other topic, there are
numerous lists of pros and cons. Over the last one–hundred years, many of the medical breakthroughs are credited by animal research and testing. The
discovery of insulin occurred when an experiment had the pancreases of dogs removed. This information was significant because it was able to
further the process in saving a diabetics life. In 1988, there were 350,000 cases of polio recorded globally. As of 2016, there were only 27 cases
recorded. Without the polio vaccine being tested on animals, polio would still be a major disease continuing to affect thousands of people. Other
major advances in the medical field due to research on animals are cystic fibrosis, brain injury, tuberculosis, breast cancer, and other various conditions
(Animal Testing). On the other hand, animal testing is cruel and inhumane. It is believed that animals used in experiments were deprived of water and
food, force fed, wounds and pain were

Hedgehogs Research Papers
Hedgehogs–spiny, solitary mammals that are a part of the Erinaceinae subfamily–have seventeen known species that can be found in various areas of
Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand. Like most mammals, hedgehogs are nocturnal animals that sleep under grass, rock, bush, or in dens, and can be
mostly found around hedgerows. The name "hedgehog" originated around 1450 from the Middle English term heyghoge–heyg (hedge) from digging in
hedges, and hoge (hog) from its pig–like nose. A hedgehog's spiny appearance resembles that of a porcupine, causing people to believe that the two
are from the same family. Porcupines are a part of the family Hystricomorph Hystricidae, which is unrelated to the hedgehog. Hedgehogs are easily
recognized by their spines, which do not come out of their bodies easily–like a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commonly found in European gardens, this species is a favorite due to its appearance and its diet of mostly garden pests, including slugs, beetles,
earthworms, and millipedes. Sometimes, this hedgehog will eat fruits or mushrooms as well.
The long–eared hedgehog, a species native to Central Asia and some Middle Eastern countries, can be identified by its long ears and is said to be much
smaller than the European hedgehog. Long–eared hedgehogs are insectivorous, which means that they mostly feed on insects like beetles and
caterpillars. They may also feed on plants or small vertebrates. These are only a few of the hedgehog species that are native to Europe and other
parts of the world. Native to India and Pakistan, the Indian hedgehog mainly lives in sandy desert areas and is identifiable by its long nose, large
ears, and small, dark eyes. This species has a very diverse diet of insects, frogs, bird eggs, snakes, and scorpions. Unlike most hedgehogs, the Indian
hedgehog does not hibernate. They can slow down their metabolism whenever food is

Stereotypes Of Pangolin
Chances are that you have seen some kind of add on tv or felt some kind of way when those really really sad commercials on abused animals come
up during your Saturday morning routine. Well, this is actually more severe and as we encompass this journey, ill fitting. I'm going to roll the dice
once more and say, you probably have never heard of this animal or if you have well according to National Geographic, its one of the most trafficked
mammal, Pangolin (Nationalgeographic.com, 2015). Pangolin's are found throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. These strange looking four legged
animals are covered with scales made of keratin, which interestingly, is the same material our human nails are made of. It's course of menu items
consist of about 20,000

Causes And Effects Of The Bubonic Plague
.In a place called Kaffa, a tartar army threw the infected corpses of their own over
Genoese walls.(11)Europeans sailors heard of a "mysterious" disease before it hit
England.(11)The Black Death arrived in Britain from Asia in 1348.(10)The Black Death had started moving at a speed of 2.5 miles per day once it
hit Europe.(11)The disease was most likely an airborne disease so it spread through coughs, sneezes, and breath from infected.(10)French physicians
explained the disease by saying that Jupiter soaked up evil vapors from Earth and Mars ignited them, spreading the evil through the air.(11)The
infected to be those who were poor or already ill.(10)The plague still is here and infects several thousand people every day.(10)
C.The bubonic plague

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
In 1981, a spirochetal bacterium was discovered in a nymphal tick, Ixodes scapularis and named Borrelia burgdorferi. This species has now been
divided into multiple species, three of which cause human infection. Agents belonging to the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes, which are bacteria
shaped like corkscrews and are actively motile, cause Lyme borrelioses, also called Lyme disease. As discovered from its sequenced genome, B.
burgdorferi depends entirely on its host for nutrients. Another unique characteristic of thesebacteria is that it does not require iron for growth in vitro,
which helps the parasite overcome a common host response of limiting iron. This pathogen causes infection not through toxins but through migrating
through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is in the primary vectors, which vary by geographic location. In the western U.S., the main vector is I. pacifus, and in the
northeastern and north central U.S., the vector is I. scapularis. In Europe the sheep tick, I. ricinus is the primary vector and in Asia, the vector species is
I. persulcatus. Horizontal transmission occurs in the northeastern and north central U.S. among both larval and nymphal ticks and rodents such as
white–footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and chipmunks (Tamias spp.). White–tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are the preferred host of ticks
in this region and play a critical role in their survival. In the western portion of the U.S., two cycles promoting transmission are found to intersect.
Here, different species of wood rat are either bitten by ticks that do not usually bite humans or they are bitten and infected by Borrelia bissettii, which
is non–pathogenic. In the southeast portion of the U.S., lizards are commonly fed upon by nymphal ticks but are resistant to the infection due to
complement–mediated killing of the spirochete. In Europe and Asia animal hosts range from small and large mammals to birds and reptiles with
immature ticks in Asia preferring smaller animals and adults preferring larger animals. Different species of Borrelia have different

Rabies Virus Research Paper
Rhabdovirus (rabies) is a viral disease that is transmitted through the saliva or tissues from the nervous system from an infected mammal to another
mammal. It's an RNA virus who's genome encodes 5 proteins designated as N, P, M, G, and L. The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA
genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. It belongs to the order of mononegavirales which are virus with a non–segmented negative stranded
RNA genome. Under the rhabdoviridae family is the lyssavirus genus which rabies virus falls under. Rabies is a zoonotic disease (meaning it can be
transmitted between animals and humans).
The target host for this virus are all warm blooded mammals except Lagomorphs (rabbit).The most common mode of transmission is through the bite
and virus–containing saliva of an infected host. Another form is through contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), although
aerosol transmission, and corneal and organ transfer has rarely been documented. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this period this newly infected animal does not show symptoms. This said period is called the incubation period. The rabies virus has a
variable of incubation period running from 30 days to 18 months. When the virus eventually reaches the brain it begins to multiply creating an
inflammation and then starts the first sign of rabies. Which is later moved to the salivary glands. Studies have shown that ferrets, dogs and cat can be
excrete this virus in its saliva couple days before the disease is obvious. The excretion of this virus before and after the beginning of clinical signs
varies because different factors which include the site of exposure, immunity in the bitten animal and the type of rabies affect

European Bestiaries and Legends
In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk could be a legendary reptilian putative to be king of serpents and same to possess the facility to cause
death with one look. consistent with the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, the basilisk of Cyrene could be a little snake, "being less than twelve
fingers long," that's therefore venomous, it leaves a large path of deadly venom in its wake, and its gaze is likewise lethal; its weakness is within the
odor of the musteline mammal, which, consistent with Pliny, was thrown into the basilisk's hole, recognizable as a result of all the encompassing
shrubs and grass had been scorched by its presence. it's doable that the legend of the basilisk and its association with the musteline mammal in Europe
was galvanized by accounts of bound species of Asiatic snakes and their natural predator, the genus Herpestes.
Accounts
The basilisk is termed "king" as a result of it's putative to possess on its head a mitre– or crown–shaped crest. Stories of the basilisk show that it's not
fully distinguished from the mythical creature. The basilisk is purported to be hatched by a rooster from the egg of a serpent or frog . In Medieval
Europe, the outline of the creature began taking up options from cockerels.
One of the earliest accounts of the basilisk comes from Pliny the Elder's explanation, written in roughly seventy nine AD. He describes the catoblepas,
a monstrous cow–like creature of that "all UN agency see its eyes, fall dead upon the

Homo Sapiens And The Extinction
Homo sapiens Role in Neanderthal Extinction
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change"(Evolution
Quotes). So far in the saga that is Earth humanity has been on the winning side of change. Humans have evolved over time from simple hunter gathers
to an advanced species of builders and thinkers. Humans have built complex cities, created advanced medicine, and even left their own plant for the
moon. Despite all these remarkable achievements humans were not the first species of Homo to expand across the globe. Before Homo sapiens
dominated the Earth, their cousins Homo–Neanderthals roamed Europe and Asia hunting big game and thriving. However, between 30,000 and 40,00
years ago the Neanderthal population began to decrease drastically. It is unclear what caused this drastic drop in Neanderthal population, but one
leading theory points an evolutionary finger at Homo sapiens. The introduction of Homo sapiens into the Neanderthal environment negatively affected
the Neanderthal population size through increased food completion, Homo Sapien violence, and interbreeding Homo Neanderthals were a stocky
species, which had an average height of about 5ft 5in and a large brain similar to humans. Neanderthals were well adapted to live in the cold
temperature of northern Europe, and in their prime the Neanderthal population is estimated to be as large as 70,000 individuals (Bocquet 2013, 1).

Compare And Contrast Jamestown And Chesapeake Bay Colonies
Chesapeake Chesapeake were the Virginia colony named after Maryland. it's the area around the bay where Virginia and Maryland started. Jamestown
an England colony was the first colony in Chesapeake. In 1607, English men and boys arrived to America to start settlement, they picked Jamestown,
Virginia which became the first English settlement in North America. European were settling the area before Jamestown. Chesapeake bay was named
after Chesapeake. Pocahontas was famous people of Chesapeake, she married English tobacco planter John Rolfe in Jamestown, Virginia. Native people
encountered Spanish. Spanish people connected with Powhatan (native people of Virginia) and became powerful 60 villages. Chesapeake colony
progressed. The attacking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They hunted mammals for food and clothes and they hunted small animals as well. Also, women and men gathered the food and prepared it. The
Paleo–Indian faced an iced sheet a mile high when they were moving south. They took more than one route when they came to America and as the
climate became warmer, they moved south. In the other hand, during Clovis culture most mammals died because of the global warming. When the ice
sheet that covert northern American began to melt, it increased the sea level and weather began to change. The weather became warmer and some
lakes dried and megafauna and mammals died out. During the Archaic period, the Mesoamerica culture was established. In Mesoamerica people
raised turkey and they ate parrots and dogs which became their source of food. People during the Archaic period pursed different kind of food such as
fish, nuts and berries (p.9). They also hunted ducks, squirrels, deer, moose for food. During the hunting and gathering period most of the food was
obtained by using atlatl and using other advanced hunting tools. The Archaic people began constructing mounds. In the other hand, The Hohokam
people created a dependable system of allocating water and they raised corn, beans and squash. While the Hohkam people were developing agriculture,
the Anasazi developed a similar culture. They were skilled stonemasons so their buildings survived. In the other hand,

What Was Life Like Before The Black Death
The Black Death
By Ben Georges The Black Death was one of the worst tragedies in medieval Europe. The main topics that will be focused on is. What is the Black
Death?, What was life like before the Black Death compared to what life was like after the Black Death in medieval society? And How did the black
death impact on the feudal system in society?
The Black Death, a plague that first shocked Europe in the 1300s. After the outcomes of the disease, surviving Europeans lived longer. The estimated
number of deaths are between 75 million to 200 million, or between 30 percent and 50 percent of Europe's population. Victim's fevers and rashes, and
vomited blood. The sign that gave the disease its name was black spots on the skin where the skin had died. The tragic disease known as the Black
Death went through Europe in the years 1348–53. The tragedy was extraordinary. In the course of just a few months, 60 per cent of Florence's
population died from the plague. The Black Death was the most shocking disease that has impacted human kind. It was carried to Europe in 1348 on a
ship, that nobody knows the backgrounds of. They found the ship, and every person was dead. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Britain in the early fourteenth century was terribly crowded since way before the Black Death. Fleas that typically moved on rats, but flew off to
other mammals when the rat died passed the plague. It most likely first seemed in humans in Mongolia around 1320. Typically, people who came
down through the plague first complained of headaches, fever and chills. Their tongues frequently appeared a whitish color before there was simple
swelling of the lymph nodes. Also, black and purple spots showed up on the skin of the distressed; death could follow within a

Analysis: The Black Death
The Black Death was the "worst demographic disaster in the history of the world" (James), killing millions of peasants, nobles, knights, and even
asians to the east. Rats from modern outbreaks of the plague have been linked to the spread and cause of this dreadful disease. The path of the
migration of rats shows how the Europeans got infected by Asian rats. The climate in Asia turned too hot and dry for rats, so the rats migrated to the
camps of Mongol nomads that were camped in the plains of the Asian Interior ("The Black Death"). Then the first human beings got infected with the
Black Death (the mongols) ("The Black Death"). Meanwhile in Europe, the climate changed from "good" conditions to cold and wet, perfect for rats
(Butler). The plague ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However the bacteria didn't allow for flea to swallow the blood, so when it bit a human or any other mammal, it would vomit the bacteria back up
onto the human (Coroners Report: Plague). So when the rats started to die from the disease, the fleas couldn't find as many rats, so they would bite
other warm–blooded things like humans ("The Black Death"). The Black Death rapidly spread through Europe and Asia once it was in contact with
man. European sailors travelled to Asia, and when they returned, they brought the rats and fleas that were infected by accident in their cargo
("Social Classes, Life and Plague"). Also, the sailors would get infected themselves, so then spread it to others through ports ("Social Classes, Life
and Plague"). And merchant caravans and traders spread plague through ports and markets some of the plague even made it into India and Arabia
("The Black Death"). Once the plague reached Europe, there was no stopping it from spreading. The Black Death hit Italy in 1347, France and lower
European countries in 1340, and England and Scandinavia got hit in 1349

Dinosaurs And The Past ( Triassic Period )
Dinosaurs were huge animals that existed in the past (Triassic period). Species came in different sizes and forms. Some had huge bodies while other
tiny bodies and shape. From historical evidence prevalent today, dinosaurs were found in all continents but differed in sizes and physical attributes. The
landmass prevalent in different regions denoted the type of species that existed within its boundaries. Some Dinosaurs were herbivores; therefore their
teeth and digestive systems were developed to handle the plants they consumed. The planet at the time was covered with green plantations that the
animals fed on. Their sprawling posture that Dinosaurs possessed depicted their ability to eat leaves on high branches and twigs. Other Dinosaurs
survived on meat from other animals. A famous example includes Tyrannosaurus Rex (Kays and Wilson). The animal jaws and muscles were very
strong with pointed teeth. This enhanced its hunting skills as well as helped with feeding. During this period there were a lot of herbivores roaming the
earth (Johnson). Africa, Asia and Europe were the major continents. Through splitting, other continents were formed. Water bodies, such as the
Mediterranean Sea that is found between Europe and Africa, separated these regions. Thus, dinosaurs were distributed sparingly within these
continents. There were many different species of dinosaurs, such as Megalosaurus, Herrerasaurus, and Tyrannosaurus rex. Evidence of existence and

Lactase Intolerance
Only one–third of the human population is capable of digesting lactose, which is the sugar found in milk. This is most likely because only certain
societies amongst the globe domesticated cows for a food and income source around ten thousand years ago. People who had ancestors that were apart
of these communities are more likely to be lactase persistent than those who do not. Communities such as these were often seen in places such as
Europe and Africa, which can likely be an explanation for why lactase persistence is often found in those with European and African ancestry, while
those with Asian backgrounds are often lactase intolerant.
Lactose, which is the main sugar in milk, is very difficult for the small intestine to process. Because of this, cells are required to make an enzyme
referred to as lactase, which is only found in newly born mammals, along with lactase persistent adult mammals. Lactase then breaks lactose into
glucose and galactose, possibly through the process of hydrolysis, and then the two sugars are entered into the blood stream where ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They compared the lactase gene on chromosome two between those who were lactase persistent and those who were lactase intolerant and found that
there was a one base difference, being a T instead of a C. This can be considered a mutation found in European countries.
The lactase persistent mutation found in Europe was almost nonexistent in Africa. A different mutation was found, but it was still seen in the lactase
gene and allowed African adults to digest milk. Both European and African backgrounds evolved independently, with two different mutations that
essentially allowed them to do the same thing. This can be considered a great example of evolution and adaption in two different parts of the

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