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03 anaesthetic considerations in maxillofacial trauma surgery
1.
2. Dentoalveolar surgery
Maxillofacial trauma
Orthognathic surgery
Temporomandibular Joint disorders
Salivary gland surgery
Head and Neck tumours
Reconstructive surgery
7. SYNDROME DESCRIPTION
Down Large tongue, small mouth make laryngoscopy difficult;
small subglottic diameter possible
Laryngospasm frequent
Goldenhar Mandibular hypoplasia and cervical spine abnormality
make laryngoscopy difficult
Pierre Robin Small mouth, large tongue, mandibular anomaly; awake
intubation essential in neonate
Treacher Collins
(mandibulofacial
dysostosis)
Laryngoscopy difficult
Turner High likelihood of difficult intubation
11. Major cases have a heavy reliance on
GA
Shared operative site between the
anesthesiologist and the surgeons
More challenging airways than any
other specialty
Major cases require a precise and
delicate anesthetic management
12. ABCDE of ATLS protocol
Does not come in isolation
Airway complicated by loose teeth, oral
/ pharyngeal bleeding, foreign bodies,
collapsed bones and anterior neck
injuries
Associated C spine injuries very
common; further complicate airway
management
13. Things to look for
› Mandibular mobility
› Tongue mobility and size
› Status and fragility of dentition
› Amount of oral secretions
› Hemorrhage, foreign body or a mass in oral
cavity / pharynx
14. 1. Recognize airway obstruction
2. Clear airway
3. Reposition patient
4. Utilize artificial airways
a. Oral airway
b. Nasopharyngeal airway
c. Other airway adjuncts
5. Perform endotracheal intubation
6. Cricothyrotomy
7. Tracheostomy
21. Rapid sequence intubation
• Sellick maneuver
• Pre oxygenation
• No ventilation
• Never nasal intubation
? Fiberoptic intubation Expertise required
in emergency situation
22. Preferably nasal intubation; except
• Nasal & BOS #
Be cautious about posterior pharyngeal
lacerations
Intra op Nasal Oral Nasal shift (panfacial #)
Other possible routes; esp when post op IMF and
nasal packing planned
• Submental
• Retromolar
• Buccal (cheek laceration)
23. PATHOLOGIC STATE DIFFICULTY
Laryngeal fracture Airway obstruction may worsen during
instrumentation
Cervical spine injury Neck manipulation may traumatize spinal cord
Maxillary/mandibular
injury
Airway obstruction, difficult mask ventilation,
and intubation; cricothyroidotomy may be
necessary with combined injuries
Upper airway tumors Inspiratory obstruction with spontaneous
ventilation
Lower airway tumors Airway obstruction not relieved by tracheal
intubation
Radiation therapy Fibrosis may distort airway or make
manipulations difficult
24. PATHOLOGIC STATE DIFFICULTY
Inflammatory
rheumatoid arthritis
Mandibular hypoplasia, temporomandibular joint
arthritis, immobile cervical spine, laryngeal
rotation, cricoarytenoid arthritis all make
intubation difficult and hazardous
Ankylosing spondylitis Direct laryngoscopy maybe impossible
Soft tissue, neck injury
(edema, bleeding,
emphysema)
Anatomic distortion of airway
Endocrine/metabolic
acromegaly
Large tongue, bony overgrowths
31. Reassurance & confidence building
Venous access
Monitoring
Warm fluids and
Ensure availability of blood products
32. Thermal control
Eye protection
› Keep them in surgical field Protective
lubricant or tape
› If covered Thick padding
Urinary catheterization
› > 4 hours
› Urinary output monitoring
NG tube insertion
33. Pre medication
• ‘Localized neurogenic shock’ Lesser pain after facial
trauma
• Sedation with Midazolam
• Anti emetics
• Anti cholinergic; Atropine or Glycopyrrolate
Induction
• ? Barbiturates Hypotension
• Ketamine increases catecholamine levels & maintain
BP and cardiac output
• Etomidate (0.3 – 0.5 mg/kg)
• Propofol
• 20-30 % decrease in BP
• Decreases heart rate
34. Surgical position
• Ideal
Longer circuit
RAE (Ring-Adair-Elwyn) tube
Machine away from head; ? Foot end
Secure tube and connections
Suture tube columellar suture
Intra operative
• LA delivery; Surgeon informs anaesthetist
• Adequate muscle relaxation
• Orbital # Forced duction test Oculocardiac reflex Vagally
mediated bradycardia
• Panfacial #; nasal oral nasal (Bottom – top approach)
Previously trachys or other routes
IMF + nasal packing Trachy
• Current ORIF techniques Post op IMF not common
35. Pre requisites
• Good health
• Hematocrit at least 34 %
• Hb at least 11 g / dL
Fe sulphate 150 mg OD; 2/52 before donation
• Continue till day of surgery
• After hospital discharge
36. Careful estimate of blood loss
Autologous blood transfusion
Hemodilution
Aprotinin
• Serine protease inhibitor
• Inhibits plasmin, and plasminogen
• Anti fibrinolytic No evidence of thrombosis
• 200 mL stat (2,000,000 KIU)
• Continuous infusion. 50 mL (500,000 KIU)
37. Deeper anaesthesia
• Narcotics, e.g. morphine, pethidine, nalbuphine, fentanyl,
sufentanyl
• Inhalational agents, e.g. Isoflurane, Sevoflurane
• Relaxants
Pharmacological
• Adrenergic blockers, e.g. Labetolol, Esmolol, Atenolol
• Ganglion blockers, e.g. guinethidine, Trimethaphan
• Direct acting vasodilators, e.g. Nitroprusside,
Nitroglycerine,
• Calcium channel blockers, e.g. Nicardipine
38. Head-up posture
Minor degree of reverse Trendelenburg
tilt (10 – 15 degrees)
1 cm rise in surgical area 0.77 mm Hg
fall in BP
10 degrees tilt = 6 inches = 15 cm =
Decrease of 11.5 mm Hg