5. FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Noam Chomsky: “Languageisinnate.” We are bornwith rules of language in ourheads= Universal grammar JeremyHarmer: “Unlessthereissomethingwrongwiththemmentallyorphysically, allchildrenacquire a language as theydevelop” (Harmer,1988).
7. FLA stages (l1) TWO-WORD STAGE 18-24 months Mini-sentenceswith simple semanticrelations. Examples: More cereal, papa away, no bed, byebye car, dry pants. HOLOPHRASTIC STAGE 9-18 months Childrencommunicatewith 1 word, relatingittomany similar things. Theyunderstand more thanthey can produce.
8. FLA stages (l1) TELEGRAPHIC STAGE 24-30 months Word combinations: Me wantthat Whathername? Chairfalldown! Thesesentences resemble to short messages in a telegram. There are a lot of syntaxerrors. MULTIWORD STAGE 30 + months Grammaticalorfunctionalstructures emerge (thesintaxstage). Childrenlanguagebloomsintofluentgrammaticalconversation.
9. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Students learning a second language go through five stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, and Advanced Fluency (Krashen & Terrell, 1983). Students already have previous knowledge of language (L1). Speed of progress through the stages depends on level of education, family background, amount of exposure to the target language, among others.
10. Krashen’s theory of Language acquisition VS. Language learning ACQUISITION Itis natural. Itis informal. Itissubconscious. Notaware of grammar. Itiscommunicative. LEARNING Ithappens in an artificial setting. Itis formal. Itis rule conscious. Thereisawareness of grammar and vocabulary.
11. Activitiesassociatedwithlearninghavetraditionallybeenused in languageschools and havegoodresults in knowledge “about” language, butnot in fluency. ( Yule, 1955 ). "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." Stephen Krashen
12. SLA STAGES (L2) Pre-production (silent period) The learner: Has minimal comprehension. Does not speak at all. Nods "Yes" and "No." Draws and points. Uses gesturing. Repeatslike a “parrot” everything Thisstagemaylast up to 6 months. Early production The learner: Has limited comprehension Produces one or two-word responses. Uses present-tense verbs. Answers yes / no questions. Benefits from: realia, vocabulary with pictures, listening activities. From 6 monthsto 1 year.
13. SLA STAGES (L2) Intermediatefluency The learner: Has excellent comprehension. Makes few grammatical errors. Willing to express opinions and share thoughts. Writing will have errors. From 3 to 5 years Speechemergence The learner: Has good comprehension. Can produce simple sentences. Makes grammar and pronunciation errors. Asks simple questions, that may or may not be grammatically correct, such as: May I go to bathroom? From 1 to 3 years.
14. Whyveryfewpeoplemanagetoacquire a secondlanguagefluently? Learners are notallowedtohave a silentperiod, they are askedto produce whenthey are notready = Interlanguage Interlanguageisthe mixture of L1 and L2 tobeabletocommunicate =interference. Interference = errors. Fossilization: no furtherlearningappearspossible. Learnerswillhavethesame error despite of anycorrectionorgrammaticalexplanation. CriticalPeriod: Beforetheage of 12, fluencymaybereached. After, thisis no longerpossibleduetothechanges in thebrain. Affectivefilter: Motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety all affect language acquisition.
15. SLA STAGES (L2) AdvancedFluency The student has a near-native level of speech It takes learners from 5 to 10 years to become fluent.
16. Whychildrenseemtoacquire l2 betterthanadults? Childrenhaveaccessto Universal Grammar. Adults are more influencedby L1. Children are more motivatedthanadults. Childrenrecieve more imput in thesecondlanguagethanadults do.
17. The use l1 in the l2 classroom ADVANTAGES Accordingto Paul Seligson: Unavoidableanyway. Reduces affectivefilters. Practicetranslation. Providesfeedback. Discussidioms.
18.
19. references Yule, George. (2006). The study of language third edition. [on line]. Fourth Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publishers . Retrieved on October 4, 2009 from: http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=yule+the+study+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaSFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false Everything English as a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.php Luria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and Linguistics in Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc. [on line]. Google books. Retrieved October 5, 2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books
20. Pinker, S. Language acquisition. [on line]. Technical Report NIH grant HD 18381 and NSF grant BNS 91-09766. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT Press. Retrieved October 3, 2009, from: http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.html. Society for Research in Child Development (2009, September 21). Children Under Three Can't Learn Action Words From TV -- Unless An Adult Helps. ScienceDaily [on line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/09/090915100947.htm. Schütz, R. (2007, July 2). Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. [Review of the book Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learningby Stephen Krashen]. Retrieved October 4,2009, from http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html. You tube videos retrieved on October 3, 2009, from: http://www.youtube.com/
![HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT THIS??? ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)