Earthquake report on padang earthquake 30 september 2002

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MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.
Department Of CIVIL Engineering
A REPORT ON INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE
PADANG 30 SEPT 2009
DESCRIPTION OF EARTHQUAKE AND AREA OF IMPACT
Prepared by
Jagniyant Lunagariya (civil-EF1)
120570106015

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INDEX
Sr. No Content Page No.
1. Brief introduction 03
2. Seismology of the region 04
3. Time History 07
4. History of Earthquake of Region 08
5. Effect of Earthquake 17
a) Human Impact 17
b) Structural Damage 18
6. Response of Indonesian government 24
7. Final Remark 30
9. References 31

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1) Brief Introduction
Region Western Sumatra
Magnitude M 7.8
Date 30 September 2009
Time 17:16:09
Latitude 0.725S
Longitude 99.856E
Depth 81 Km
Death 1195

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2) SEISMOLOGY OF THE REGION
In most subduction zones, motion of the subducted plate is nearly
perpendicular to the Trench axis . In some cases, for example Sumatra, where
the motion is oblique to the axis, a strike-slip fault zone is seen, and is lying
parallel to the volcanic chain. Since 1975, 12 earthquake having magnitudes
greater than 7.occurred in western Indonesia.

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Padang earthquake which occurred on 30 September 2009, has produced the
maximum acceleration of earthquake waves at Padang region between 200
gals in Padang and 120 gal in Padang Panjang. The maximum intensity is
estimated to be occurred in Padang, to be VIII in EMS98 macroseismic scale,
due to greater damages to engineered structures and a possible site effect.
The maximum intensity was estimated to be VII in Padang Pariama, VI in Bukit
Tinggi and Tandikat landslide area.

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Location of the 30 September 2009 earthquake.

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3) TIME HISTORY
Ground acceleration and response spectra (N-S component) and
design earthquake spectra (BMKG/USGS, 2009).

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4) HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKES OF REGION
List of Indonesian earthquakes
Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
1797 02 10 Sumatra 8.4 >300
Further information: 1797
Sumatra earthquake
1833 11 25 Sumatra 8.9 6000
Further information: 1833
Sumatra earthquake
1861 02 16 Sumatra 8.5 2,000+
Further information: 1861
Sumatra earthquake
1899 09 30 Ceram 7.8 >3000
Earthquake followed by
tsunami.
Further information: 1899
Ceram earthquake
1917 01 20 Bali 8.6 1,500
Further information: 1917
Bali earthquake
1935 12 28 Sumatra 7.7 Unknown
Further information: 1935
Sumatra earthquake
1938 02 01 Banda Sea 8.5 Unknown
Further information: 1938
Banda Sea earthquake
1943 06 08 Sumatra 7.2 Unknown
Further information: 1943
Alahan Panjang
earthquakes

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
1965 01 24 Sanana Island 8.2 71
Further information: 1965
Ceram Sea earthquake
1976 06 25 Papua 7.1 5,000
Further information: 1976
Papua earthquake
1977 08 19 Sumba 8.3 189
Further information: 1977
Sumba earthquake
1981 01 19 Papua 6.7 305
Further information: 1981
Irian Jaya earthquake
1982 12 25 Flores 5.9 13
Further information: 1982
Flores earthquake
1984 11 17 Northern Sumatra 7.2
Further information: 1984
Northern Sumatra
earthquake
1992 12 11 Flores Region 7.8 2,500
Further information: 1992
Flores earthquake
1994 02 15 Sumatra 7.0 207
Further information: 1994
Liwa earthquake
1994 06 03 Java 7.8 200+
Further information: 1994
Java earthquake
1996 02 17 Biak 8.1 108
Further information: 1996
Biak earthquake

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
2000 06 04 Southern Sumatra 7.9 103
Further information: 2000
Sumatra earthquake
2002 10 10 Western New Guinea 7.6 8
2002 11 02 Northern Sumatra 7.3 3
Further information: 2002
Sumatra earthquake
2003 05 26 Halmahera 7.0 1
2004 01 28 Seram 6.7 Unknown
2004 02 05 Western New Guinea 7.0 37
2004 02 07 Western New Guinea 7.3
2004 07 25 Southern Sumatra 7.3
2004 11 11 Kepulauan Alor 7.5 34
2004 11 26 Papua 7.1 32
2004 12 26
Sumatra-Andaman
Islands
9.2
225,000(Only
Indonesia. Total
Death Toll was
290,000 (cause
the tsunami
waves killed 35
thousand in Sri
Lanka, 18,000 in
Further information: 2004
Indian Ocean earthquake
and tsunami

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
India, 8200 in
Thailand, 600 in
Myanmar, 100 in
Maldives, 80 in
Malaysia, 300 in
Somalia, 10 in
Tanzania and
Remaining in
Bangaadesh,
South Africa,
Kenya and
Yemen.)
2005 01 01
Off the West Coast of
Northern Sumatra
6.7
2005 02 19 Sulawesi 6.5 Unknown
2005 02 26 Simeulue 6.8
2005 03 02 Banda Sea 7.1
2005 03 28 Northern Sumatra 8.6 1,346
Further information: 2005
Sumatra earthquake
2005 04 10
Kepulauan Mentawai
Region
6.7
2005 05 14 Nias Region 6.7
2005 05 19 Nias Region 6.9

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
2005 07 05 Nias Region 6.7
2005 11 19 Simeulue 6.5
2006 01 27 Banda Sea 7.6
Further information: 2006
Banda Sea earthquake
2006 03 14 Seram 6.7 4
2006 05 16 Nias Region 6.8
2006 05 26 Java 6.3 5,780
Further information: May
2006 Java earthquake
2006 07 17 Java 7.7 730
Further information: 2006
Pangandaran earthquake
and tsunami
2006 07 23 Sulawesi 6.1
2006 12 18 North Sumatra 5.8 7
2007 01 21 Molucca Sea 7.5 4
2007 03 06 Sumatra 6.4, 6.3 68
Further
information: March 2007
Sumatra earthquakes

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
2007 08 09 Java 7.5
The shock was located
100 km (62 mi) east-
northeast of Jakarta, at a
depth of 289 km
(180 mi).[2]
2007 09 12 Sumatra 8.5, 7.9, 7.1 23
Further
information: September
2007 Sumatra
earthquakes
2008 02 20 Simeulue 7.4 3
2008 02 25
Kepulauan Mentawai
Region
7.0, 6.4, 6.6
2008 11 16 Sulawesi 7.5, 5.6 4
Further information: 2008
Sulawesi earthquake
2009 01 03 West Papua 7.6 4
Further information: 2009
Papua earthquake
2009 02 12 Talaud Islands 7.2
Further information: 2009
Talaud Islands
earthquake
2009 08 16
Siberut, Mentawai
Islands
6.7
Further
information: August 2009
Sumatra earthquake

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
2009 09 02 Java 7.0 15
Further information: 2009
West Java earthquake
2009 09 30 Sumatra 7.6 1,117
Further information: 2009
Sumatra earthquakes
2010 04 06 Sumatra 7.8
Further information: April
2010 Sumatra earthquake
2010 05 19 Sumatra 7.2 Unreported
Further information: May
2010 Northern Sumatra
earthquake
2010 06 16 Papua 7.0 17
Further information: 2010
Papua earthquake
2010 10 25 Sumatra 7.7 435
Further
information: October 2010
Sumatra earthquake and
tsunami
2011 04 03 Java 6.7 Unreported
2011 09 05 Northern Sumatra 6.6 1 [3]
2012 01 10
Off the West Coast of
Northern Sumatra
7.3 0
2012 04 11 Off the westernmost
Aceh province of
8.6[4]
10 Further information: 2012
Indian Ocean

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
Northern Sumatra earthquakes
Indonesia and other
countries with coasts
facing the Indian Ocean
issued a tsunami warning
after an earthquake with a
magnitude of 8.6 hit
waters off the
westernmost Aceh
province.[4]
2012 04 11
Off the West coast of
Northern Sumatra
8.2[5]
0
Further information: 2012
Indian Ocean
earthquakes §
Aftershocks
Aftershock of magnitude
8.2 hits West Coast of
Northern Sumatra, 2
hours and 5 minutes after
the first shock
2012 12 10
North-West of Saumlaki,
Tanimbar Islands
7.2[6]
2013 04 06
Enarotali near Irian Jaya,
E. Indonesia
7.1
2013 07 02 Northern Sumatra 6.1 35[7]
Further information: 2013
Aceh earthquake
2013 11 19 1. 68 miles
offTobelo,Halma
6.3 0

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Date[1]
Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
hera Island
(5) EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE
a) HUMAN IMPACT:-
On Wednesday September 30, 2009, at 5:16 p.m., an Mw 7.6 earthquake
struck the west coast of Sumatra, affecting an area with a population of about
1.2M people, including 900,000 in Padang and 80,000 in Pariaman. Padang is
the capital of West Sumatra, situated on the coast of the Indian Ocean
between the Sumatra fault and the Sunda Trench fault. The earthquake caused
1,195 deaths and significant damage to about 140,000 houses and 4,000 other
buildings (Satkorlak, 2009).
The casualties (383 deaths, 431 serious injuries) in Padang were mostly due to
building damage and collapse. These numbers would likely have been higher
had the earthquake struck earlier, when Schools and offices were in session.
Landslides in the outlying rural mountain areas buried several villages,
damaged roads, and caused over 600 deaths. That the earthquake did little
damage to roads and bridges in and around Padang facilitated the restoration
of power, communications and infrastructure to most regions within a week.

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b) STRUCTURAL DAMAGE :-

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A Mw 7.6 earthquakehit the western Sumatra and Padang city on September
30th 2009. A reconnaissanceteam was dispatched to the area by IIEES. There
was no ground motion record available to estimate the earthquakePGA or the
responsespectra. The damage observation covers building and houses, water
supply network and transportation system. A quick survey of hospitals was also
performed during the reconnaissancetrip.
The buildings in the region can be categorized mainly as masonry and RC
buildings. The damagelevel for the houses wereestimated as following by
local officials
Level of damage Padang city Total
High 33597 114797
Medium 35816 67198
Light 37615 67738
Low quality material and incorrectconstruction methods wereidentified as the
main reasons of damage as shown in the following pictures. Soft storey effect
was observed in severalRC buildings in the Padang city. Considerabledamage
to historical buildings was observed.

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Collapse of Padang city governmentbuilding.
4-story building with extensive nonstructuraldamage.

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Partially collapsed SMK 9 NegeriHigh School

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Masonry building constructed by Dutch in 1908
Damage to home shop is common in Padang

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5) Response of Indonesian government
The government response to the earthquake tested the extensive planning
that had been done in Indonesia in the nearly five years since the 2004
Sumatran earthquake and tsunami. Following the massive destruction in Aceh
Province, the Indonesian National Government identified Padang as one of six
cities in which to make a focused investment of resources, planning activities,
and public education. While there was substantial evidence that the disaster
preparedness planning and training for tsunamis had a positive effect in
Padang, the earthquake taught new lessons for disaster planning and
response, some of which are critical to protecting lives, property, and
continuity of operations.
Initial response and communication
The strong ground motion shaking served as immediate notification of danger
to all residents of the city. Consistent with prior training and preparedness
plans, the principal officers responsible for emergency operations in the city
contacted each other by radio, and within five minutes the mayor activated the
emergency plan for the Padang. The principals met first at the Radio Station of

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RRI, since the station had a back-up generator and they could communicate a
rapid assessment of the situation to the public. Since the City Hall building had
been damaged, the mayor established the Emergency Operations Center at his
residence, which was undamaged and could accommodate the many
organizations engaged in response operations. Communication was limited as
the earthquake had damaged electrical power, cell phone, and landline
telephone communications.
Coordinationamong response agencies andgovernmental jurisdictions
In most important respects, prior training improved coordination in response
operations among agencies within the city, within the province of West
Sumatra, and among provinces across the nation. However, key elements of
the response bear re-examination. The preparedness exercises in the years
2005-2008 that emphasized tsunami warning and evacuation led to
spontaneous mass evacuation by city residents, including emergency response
personnel and their families. The absence of key personnel from response
operations in the first crucial hours after the earthquake hampered the overall
response and coordination. Most critical was the absence of police to direct
the traffic for evacuation, and to clear roads so fire personnel could respond to
the 36 fires that broke out following the earthquake. Coordination was further
limited by damage to the City Hall buildings, where GIS mapping resources
were lost.

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Reinstatement of corroded wall

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Defective Column

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Reinstatement of column

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6) Final Remark
Damage to older concrete buildings is not unexpected, since they were
designed and constructed to codes with insufficient seismic loading
requirements and without ductile reinforcing bar details. On the other hand,
the damage to newer buildings was greater than expected and demonstrates
the needs for more training for engineers and contractors, and for more
rigorous enforcement of building code provisions. While the Indonesian
government has aggressive goals to rebuild quickly, the reconstruction should
not bypass the needed improvements to the planning, design and construction
practices that will result in safer buildings. The earthquake is a reminder of the
serious futureseismic threats faced by Padang and West Sumatra. The number
of casualties in collapsed and damaged buildings would have been larger had
the earthquake occurred earlier in the day, and a tsunami would have caused
more fatalities, as tens of thousands of people did not evacuate quickly
enough. The evacuation demonstrated that horizontal evacuation routes will
not accommodate the large population in low-lying areas. Without an
improved evacuation infrastructure (wider roads, better directions, improved
coordination) and more effective vertical evacuation (designing better new
buildings, and assessing and retrofitting existing buildings), many people will
remain in harm’s way.

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7) REFERENCES:-
http://earthquaketrack.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.earthquake.usgs.gov