3.india

 One of the most significant characteristic of India’s
population is its size. Over 1.2 billion people-more
than 15 percent of the world’s population-live in the
country.

 India’s population is ethnically diverse.

 Most Indians are Dravidians that have lived in the
south for 8000 years.

 Aryans came from Central Asia 3000 years ago, they
developed Hinduism and the caste system.

 Indians identify themselves by religion.

 You are born into a jati (caste) that determines your job and
social position for life in Hinduism. Although “illegal” today
in India, it has been around for 4000 years.

 Your karma from your last life determines which
caste or jati you are born into.

 The jati or caste system determines a person’s job,
wealth, and position in society, based on skin tone.

 Brahmins are the priestly class, in charge of
religious ceremonies and education.

 Kshatriyas (KSHA•tree•uhz), or warriors
families. Sometimes people from other castes
could move into this caste.

 Vaisyas (VYSH•yuhz), or commoners, mostly
farm owners and merchants.

 Sudras (SOO•druhz) made up the great bulk of
the people population. Peasants doing manual
labor with few rights.

 The Untouchables given menial, degrading jobs
like collecting trash and handling dead bodies.

 Not considered human
 They tap two sticks together so that others hear them
coming and avoid them.

 India’s population density (1,024 people/sq mi) is
seven times the world average.

 Clark County’s population density is 247/sq mi;
India has 4.14 more people everywhere.

 Could you imagine 132 people in this classroom?

 Geography affects population density.

 Hardly anyone lives in the Thar Desert or
Himalayas.

 More than 2,000 people per mile sq live in the
Gangetic Plain and the coasts.

 Most of India’s population remains rural (70%).

 They practice subsistence farming, with part of the
crops going to the owners of the fields.

 Like Central America, people have been internally
migrating to urban areas.

 Public infrastructure has not kept up.

 3 cities to put on your maps

 20 million live in Mumbai (Bombay) the main port
city on the Arabian Sea.

 Kolkata (Calcutta) is the center of India’s iron and
steel industries.

 Delhi is part of a megalopolis, a bunch of cities that
run into each other, like Las Vegas and Henderson.

 Complete 1-7 handout with your shoulder
partner

 India’s ancient history continues to influence its
populations today.

 India’s history began more than 4,500 years ago
along the Indus River.

 Between 3000 and 1500 BCE, the Indus River had an
advanced civilization from the Himalayas to the
Arabian Sea.

 Two major cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had
populations of 35,000 -40,000.

 In total, more than 1,052 cities and settlements have
been found.

 They had a writing system of 400-600 Indus symbols
that remains a mystery.

 Both carefully planned cities had public wells
and bathrooms with drainage systems.

 Both carefully planned cities had public wells and
bathrooms with drainage systems.

 Perhaps each city had its own ruler.

 Others argue that Harappan society had no rulers,
and everybody enjoyed equal status.

 In sharp contrast to Sumer or Ancient Egypt
they did not build large monuments palaces or
temples.

 Although primarily agricultural, they traded
extensively with Mesopotamia and Egypt.

 Some scholars believe that the Harappans
worshipped an Earth Mother Goddess.

 Others see the beginning of Hinduism in seated
figures.

 Climate change, floods, and earthquakes weakened
Indus civilization.

 Around 1500 BCE, the Indo European Aryans
conquer Indus Civilization. By 500 BCE, they
control most of India.

 Like other nomadic peoples, the Aryans were good at
war.

They had iron weapons and tool like a plow that
helped clear jungle for farming.

 By 1000 BCE, they created Sanskrit.

 Between 1500 -400 BCE many small Aryan rajas
(princes) constantly fought with each other.

 During this time the caste system developed and
Hinduism grew.

 Life in ancient India centered on the family.
 An extended family with grandparents, parents, and
children living under the same roof the best.

 Children support their parents as they aged.

 In patriarchic families, the oldest male held
 legal authority over the entire family unit

 Only males could inherit property, receive
education and become a teacher (a guru) or be a
priest.

 Upper-caste men completed 12 years of study
before they married.

 Men progress four stages
student, provider, hermit and
holy man.

 Parents arranged marriages for daughters,
thought an economic drain on the family.

 Divorce not allowed.
 Husbands could take a second wife if the first
was unable to have children.

 Indians burned the dead
on pyres.
 Suttee required a wife to
throw herself onto her
dead husband’s flaming
funeral pyre.

 Yet, no culture celebrates love for a women
more.

Maurya ( 322- 232 BCE)
Gupta (320-467 CE)

 The strong village culture based on caste, and
local rajas made political unity difficult and not
important in India.

Alexander the Great’s invasion forced India to
unite politically in the 300’s BCE.

 The Macedonians were the first of many invaders
from the West.

In 322 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya
(CHUN•druh•GUP•tuh MAH•oor•yuh) defeats
Seleucus.

By 321 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya defeats the
rajas in eastern and northern India, unifying India
for the first time.

 He created a standing army of 500,000.

 He establishes the
capital at Pataliputra
in the northern
Ganges Valley.

 The city had a moat, walls, and 570 watchtowers.
ancient Pataliputra india

 Gold and Silver columns decorated the palace
hall.

 Trade flourished merchants exported elephants,
silk, spices, cotton and perfume to China.

 He gave up the throne and become a Janis
monk. He led such an ascetic life that he
starved himself to death

 His secular rule greatly reduced the power of
the Brahmans.

Asoka is considered the greatest ruler of India (268-
232 BCE).

Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)
He converts to Buddhism
after the gruesome
battle of Kalinoa in
262 BCE.
 Dedicated his life to
Buddhism.
 Built extensive roads and trade.


 He built hospitals for
people and animals,
roads with trees and
shelters to shade
travelers.

He issued laws against violence and practiced
religious freedom.

He carved the laws into pillars placed in the
center of towns.

 Merchants converted to Buddhism and trade grew.
India the middle of international trade going from
the Pacific to the Mediterranean.

 Why would merchants like Buddhism ?

 Asoka spread Buddhism and built temples all over
South and Central Asia.

 A stupa is a mound-like structure with
Buddhist relics, used as a place of
meditation.

Title: Great Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
Artist: n/a
Date: Erected 3rd century BCE; enlarged c. 150-50 BCE
Source/ Museum: n/a
Medium:
Size: height 3 1/3" (8.5 cm)

Title: Yakshi bracket figure, detail from great Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India
Artist: n/a
Date: n/a
Source/ Museum: n/a
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a

 Vihara is a Buddhist monastery.

 Vihara is a Buddhist monastery

 Sangharama is a free
standing temple and
monastery including its
gardens.

 After the death of Asoka died the empire
degraded into many small warring states.

 The Silk Road reached from the city of Changan in
China across central Asia to Mesopotamia, about
6,436 km.

 People and camels transported luxury goods
through mountains and deserts, winding up at
Antioch in Syria.

 Chinese merchants made large fortunes trading
luxury goods, such as silk, spices, teas, and
porcelain.

 Indian merchants sent ivory, textiles, precious
stones, and pepper.

 The Romans desired silk and considered it worth
its weight in gold.

 The Buddhist Kushans hired Hellenistic sculptors
and artists. They developed the Gandaran school
of sculpture.

Title: Standing Buddha, from Gandhara (Pakistan)
Artist: n/a
Date: Kushan period, c. 2nd-3rd century CE
Source/ Museum: Lahore Museum, Lahore
Medium: Schist
Size: height 7'6" (2.28 m)

Title: Buddha and Attendants, from Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India
Artist: n/a
Date: Kushan period,c. late 1st-early 2nd century CE.
Source/ Museum: Government Museum, Mathura
Medium: Red Sandstone
Size: height 271/4" (69.2cm)

 They held a great council of Buddhist monks to
regulate Buddhism, creating Mahayana
Buddhism.

 The Gupta Empire
considered the
Golden Age of
Indian culture.
Gupta Empire: 320 – 467 CE

Gupta Rulers
 Chandra Gupta I
 r. 320 – 335 CE
 “Great King of Kings”
 Chandra Gupta II
 r. 375 - 415 CE
 Profitable trade with
the Mediterranean
world!
 Hindu revival.

 Universities
 Literature
 Painting
 Sculpture
 Metalwork
 Mathematics
 Roads

 Time of great learning
 No women were allowed to attend, except for the daughter’s of teachers
 Upper Castes only

 Buddhist school.
 Eight colleges
 Three libraries
 Hospital
 Monastery
 Courses in Buddhist
and Hindu
philosophy

 Caraka a great doctor developed a code of ethics
for doctors
 Health care free

 Advance in iron making.
 Medical advances and tools
like scalpels.
 Plastic surgery

 Indian numbers latter borrowed by Arabs are what
we use today along with the zero.
 0123456789

 In 628 AD, Brahmagupta
solved quadratic equations.
 Ax2 +Bx=C

 Writers wrote poetry,
fables, and folktales,
and plays.
 Many focuses on
Hindu law and
religion

 Described many Hindu
legends, which had
been passed down
orally.

 Themes relate to
Hindu values of good
versus evil.

 The Bhagavad Gita is the most famous book.

 The warrior Arjuna struggles with the problem of
battle against his family.

 Krishna (Vishnu) tells him
to obey the warrior code,
emphasizing the duty to
one’s caste.

 Beyond India to
Greece and Persia.
 Gupta folktales
inspired the Arabian
story of Aladdin and
the lamp.

Gupta
Art
Greatly influenced
Southeast Asian art & architecture.

 The stupa became elaborate often with scenes of
Buddah’s life. Style spread to Buram and
Thailand.

 The rock cut temples carved into solid cliffs.

 Principle chamber was the Chaitya.
 Ajanta 29 chambers

Title: Cave-Temple of Shiva. View along the east-west axis to the Shiva shrine. Elephanta, Maharashtra, India
Artist: n/a
Date: Mid- 6th century CE
Source/ Museum: n/a
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a

 Free standing temples hug the ground, rather than
go to sky Hindu belief that divinity related to earth.

Title: Buddhist Temple of Borobudur
Artist: n/a
Date: Sailendra dynasty, 835-60 CE
Source/ Museum: Java, Indonesia
Medium: Lava stone
Size: perimeter of lowest gallery 1,180', diameter of crowning stupa 52'

 Best examples outside India, like Ankor Wat
Cambodia.

 Dedicated to Vishnu, the Khmer Empire of
Cambodia built this temple in the 12th C.

 The Gupta period
developed a wholly
Indian sculpture.

Title: Eternal Shiva
Artist: n/a
Date: Mid-6th century CE
Source/ Museum: n/a
Medium: rock-cut relief in the Cave-Temple of Shiva at Elephanta
Size: Height approx. 11" (3.4 m)

 Painting made great advances in the Gupta
period.

 . The most famous painting in the caves of
Ajanta

Title: Bodhisattva, detail of a wall painting in Cave I, Ajanta, Maharashtra, India
Artist: n/a
Date: Gupta period, c. 475 CE
Source/ Museum: n/a
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a

 Buddhism weakened as merchants lost money as
international trade crashes when both Rome and
Han China collapse.

 Buddhist monks stayed in monasteries isolated
from urban and village life.

 The Brahman class made a comeback.
 Hindu leaders built shrines for all castes and
women, stressing individual worship.

 Buddha becomes one of the many Hindu Gods

 Castes became more complex with additional sub
castes.
 Buddhism absorbed by Hinduism.


 India breaks down into 70 warring Hindu states.

 These turned into military invasions during the 11th
Century led by the Turkish Muslim Mahmud of
Ghazani (971-1030).

 Nicknamed the “Sword of Islam”, Mahmud led 17
plundering and slaughtering invasions and soon
controlled the Indus Valley (Pakistan today).

 Why would some Hindus convert to Islam?

 The Indus Valley Muslim promise of
equality led to many Hindus converting
to Islam.

 By 1200 CE, the
Muslim Sultanate of
Delhi had
conquered all of
India.

 The Muslim rulers in India viewed themselves as
conquerors. They maintain a strict separation
between the Muslim ruling class and the Hindu
population.

 Muslims destroyed many Hindu temples and
massacred thousands of Hindus.

 Many Hindus considered Muslims another higher
caste, others as barbarian invaders.

 While they became more tolerate, the conflict
between Muslims and Hindu lasts until this day.

 Today’s achieve is set in India and South
Africa from 1869-1947.

 The British imposed mercantilism on India.

 The British stationed armies to protect its
business interests.

 They treated Indians badly, and claimed they
were civilizing them.

 Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) fought against
this peacefully.

 He was born into the merchant caste and
trained as a lawyer.

 He lived in South Africa for a few years, and
saw the apartheid protests there.

 He began peaceful protests and strikes against
the British.

 Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the
British-imposed salt tax with the 250 mi Dandi
Salt march in 1930

 He lived simply as a vegetarian in a small
apartment.

 He wanted a free India with no British,
untouchables, and freedom of religion.

 In 1947, the British left the region, dividing it
into Hindu India, and Muslim Pakistan.

 In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu
group that said Gandhi had favored this division.

 1526–1857 Mughal Empire Islamic decedents of Genghis Khan
 British East India Company 1700’s
 1857 British Crown Annexes India
 1900 on many independence movements
 1920 Gandhi
 1947 India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) gains independence, when the
USA forces England to give up colonies after WW II

3.india

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