4846 4850.output

* GB785253 (A)
Description: GB785253 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to ball point pens
Description of GB785253 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Oct 5, 1955.
Application made in Germany on Oct 5, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
7855253 No 28423 i 55.
Index at Acceptance-Class 146 ( 3), ASH, PI 1 (K:M).
International Classification:-B 43 b, c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Ball Point Pens.
I, FRIEDRICH GRUBE, trading as KAWECO.
Badische Fullfederfabrik Friedrich Grube, of Wiesloch bei Heidelberg,
Germany, a citizen of the German Federal Republic, do hereby declare
the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to ball point pens and is particularly

concerned with pens of the propel and retract type having an
interchangeable double reservoir.
In the earlier types of fountain pen constructions, such as the
so-called safety fountain pens with concealed nibs and the
pressure-filled fountain pens, it was not possible from outside to
determine the ink content because hard rubber could not be made
transparent It was only when transparent plastic became available in a
quality suitable for use for fountain pens of better construction that
the fountain pens with which the ink position was visible from outside
quickly acquired importance With a wooden pencil, the owner is
reminded of the necessity of buying a new one because of the decrease
in its length Propelling and like pencils contain reverse leads,
fur30thermore, it is readily possible to carry a plastic holder
containing reserve leads in the pocket for use with these pencils The
ball point pen has in recent years acquired a very important market,
especially as the modern writing pastes for ball point pens are fast
to fading However, many ball point pens still have the disadvantage
that one never knows for certain when the contents of a reservoir will
be exhausted.
According to the present invention there is provided a ball point pen
comprising an elongated casing having an open end through which the
writing point of a first writing unit may be propelled, the ink
reservoir of this first writing unit extending within the casing and
having its free end operatively connected to the free end of the ink
reservoir of a second writing unit so that the two units can be
longitudinally moved together, the writing point of the 50 second
writing unit lying adjacent the other end of the elongated casing,
there being also a propelling and retracting mechanism associated with
the two ends of the elongated casing so that the writing point of the
5 first writing unit may be propelled through the said open end or
retracted within the casing and the arrangement being such that the
position of the first and second writing units may be reversed 60
Preferably the first writing unit is longer than the second writing
unit.
When the first writing unit is exhausted, the two units can be easily
interchanged or they may be interchanged to make available 65 a
different coloured ink, when the two units contain inks which are not
of the same colour.
For a better understanding of the invention reference will now be made
to the 70 accompanying drawings illustrating one embodiment of the
invention.
Fig 1 shows the internal parts of a ball point pen with the casing
removed; Figs 2 to 7 show separately the parts 75 combined in Fig 1;
Fig 2 showing a return spring; Fig 3 showing a short writing unit; Fig

4 showing a long writing unit; Fig 5 showing a connecting element; 80
Fig 6 showing the middle portion of the connecting element to a larger
scale and in longitudinal section; and Fig 7 showing the protecting
cap for the writing point of a writing unit 85 The ball point pen
shown in the drawings consists of a long writing unit 1 and a short
writing unit 2, which can serve as a replacement for the unit 1 or
also as a unit with a different writing ink Both units, 90 (Price 316)
785,253 which can be constructed in known manner, have the free ends
of their ink reservoirs fitted into a double sleeve connecting element
3, which may be moulded or machined from plastic or another suitable
material.
The two units can thus be moved together in a longitudinal direction
This connecting element 3 is formed in the middle with a transverse
wall or partition 4 having conical 1 Orecesses 5 and lateral bores or
channels 6 terminating in the said recesses The partition 4 provides a
reliable separation between the two writing units The elongated casing
in which both units are placed is not shown in the drawings for the
sake of clarity.
The free end of each reservoir of the writing units is seated on the
upper edge of one of the conical recesses 5 so that a conical cavity
is left above the free end of each reservoir The top of a reservoir is
provided with a fine bore through which the paste used up by writing
can be replaced by air, this air being able to flow in from outside
through the conical recesses 5 and the lateral bores or channels 6.
Fitted at the writing point or ball of the writing unit I is a return
spring 7, one end of the connecting element 3 serving as an abutment
for-the return spring 7 Protective cap 8 is detachably fitted on to
the writing point of the -writing unit 2 The total contents of the two
separate reservoirs of the units I and 2 correspond anproximatelv to
that of a conventional -sincle reservoir.
The units I and 2 are located inside the pen casing with the writing
point of the unit I adjacent the open end of the casing and the spring
7 constrained between this open end and the abutment on the element 3
The other end of the casing, to which the writing point of unit 2 is
adiacent carries a stud and by pressure on the stud the writing point
of unit 1 may be Propelled through the open end of the casing or
retracted within it The stud and the return spring 7 constitute a
propel and retract mechanism.
The handling of a ball point pen as described above is simple whether
the unit 2 is to be used as a refill or as a reservoir with a
different type of writing paste.
For example, if the reservoir of unit 1 has become empty and the unit
2 is to be used as a refill, then the connected units are first of all
removed from the casing of the pen.

The spring 7 is then removed from the end of the unit l and the
protective cap 8 detached from the writing point of the unit 2.
The protective cap is then fitted on to the writing point of the unit
I and the spring 7 is pushed over the unit 2 The detachmrent and
refitting of the spring 7 can be facilitated if the spring 7 is
rotated somewhat when it is being detached The connected units are
then fitted into the pen casing again in the reverse position to that
formerly used In order to establish at any time and from outside which
unit is actually 70 in use, the writing point can be provided with
markings For example, the writing point of the unit 2 serving as a
reserve unit or refill can be provided with a red marking, which
reminds the writer that the longer 75 unit may be empty Consecouently
the empty unit can always be replaced in good time by a full unit.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785254 (A)
Description: GB785254 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Punching hand-tool
Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Oct 20,-1955.
Application made in France on Oct 25, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 61, R 4 (L: M: Y).
International Classification:-B 25 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Punching Hand-tool.
I, PIERRE LAUNAY, a French citizen, of 42 rue Valade, Toulouse,

Haute-Garonne, France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I
pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:This invention relates to a hand-operated punching tool for
cutting two opposed notch enlargements of an initial hole in a sheet
metal or a stiff sheet material by one single operation effected from
one side only of the material.
In the known punching tools adapted to that purpose, both notches are
cut out simultaneously which requires a considerable effort if the
material to be punched out offers a substantial rigidity and/or
thickness.
An object of the invention is to provide a punching tool of the type
described, wherein the two notches are cut out successively in two
separate steps of the punching operation, so that the effort to be
exerted, at each instant, never exceeds that necessary for cutting out
one single notch.
According to the present invention there is provided a hand-operated
punching tool for cutting two opposed notch enlargements of an initial
hole in a sheet metal or other stiff sheet material by a single
operation from one side only of the material, said tool comprising a
head, a die member mounted on said head and adapted to rest on said
material in the vicinity of said hole, a first hollow punching member
reciprocatably mounted on said head and extending past said die
member, a second punching member mounted in said first punching member
and retractable thereinto from an active position to permit passing
said first punching member through said initial hole, resilient means
to continuously urge said second punching member towards said 785,254
No 30036/55.
active position, abutment means to lock said second punching member in
said active position, each one of said punching members having a
restricted portion adapted to be accommodated and guided in said hole
50 and a radially projecting cutting shoulder adapted to co-operate
with said die member for cutting, by a shearing action, one of the
desired notches, the cutting shoulder of said second punching member
being spaced 53 axially from that of said first punching member, and
hand actuation means adapted to retract said first punching member
axially into said head for successively cutting said two notches in
co-operation with said die 60 member.
A preferred embodiment of the invention will be hereinafter described
with reference to the accompanying drawings, given merely by way of
example and in which: 65 Fig 1 is a side elevational view with parts
broken away and partial sections of a hand operated punching tool
according to the invention, shown in rest position.
Fig 2 is a view similar to Fig 1, but 70 showing the tool in operated

position.
Fig 3 is a plan view of the tool shown in Figs 1 and 2.
Fig 4 is a cross-sectional view along line 4-4 of Fig 1, of the head
of the tool 75 Figs 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are axial sectional views of the
head of the tool, showing five different steps of a punching
operation.
Fig 10 shows a hole in a sheet material before and after the cutting
of notches with 80 a tool according to the invention.
In all figures, the corresponding elements have been designated by the
same reference numbers.
In the example shown in Figs 1 to 3, 85 the hand actuation means
provided for operating the punching tool according to the invention
are constituted by two hand levers 1 and 2 made of sectional iron and
articulated together by means of a pivot axle 3 90 Prece 4 S C (Price
3/6) Price 25 p 785,254 _n the fashion of the handles of pliers.
In this example, the head of the tool is essentially constituted by
the active end Portion of lever 1 which, for this purpose, is provided
with a bore 4 (of Figs 5 to 8) _n which is reciprocably mounted the
punching assembly constituted by a first punching member 5 which is
hollow and by a second punching member 6 retractable therein The
punching member 5 terminates at its upper end (in the drawings) in an
enlarged portion 7 under which bears the suitably cranked active end
of the lever 2 so that when the two levers I and 2 are moved towards
each other the said lever 2 is capable, while being brought from the
position shown in Fig I to that shown in Fig 2 to move the enlargement
7 and hence the punching assembly, axially in a direction causing
retraction of the punching members into the head of the tool The
arrangement is such that once the -Tunching members have been passed
through a hole such as 12 in a sheet material as e-nosed hereunder,
the said retraction determines, by co-oneration with the head bearing
on the material in the vicinity of said hole.
the successive cutting of two opnosed notches also as shown in Fig 10
Spring means 8 fixedly secured on the lever 2 by means of a screw 9
continuously urge the recinrocable rpunchina asse-mrblv towards its
rest position sloown in Fie 1 in which it T>rte C out of the head of
the tool sufficiently fo be nmssed throu-1 h an initial hole.
wi Lh said head remaining on the front side -f the material as shown
for example in Fins 7 and R Otlfer snring means 10 are nrovided to r-e
the levers 1 end ? ?nwav 4 o from each other towards their relative
rest nosition shown in Fig 1 A stud bolt 11 secured e a on the lever
arm 1 acts as an abutment for the other lever 2 so as to limit the
relative angular displacenerit of the two levers towards each other
The retractable punching member 6 is continuously urged towards its
active position in which it projects out radially from the hollow

punching member 5 by suitable resilient lo means, positive abutment
means bele furthermore provided to lock the punching member 6 against
retraction,-t least during the active steps of a punching operation.
In the example shown in Figs 5 to 8, 55the said abutment means are
conistituted by a step 17 adapted to receive the heel of the punching
member 6 When said heel is engaged in said step, the punching member 6
is positively locked against radial displacemrent towards the axis of
the punching member 5 as well as against downwards (in Figs 5 to 9)
axial displacement with respect to the latter In the examrple shown,
the resilient means provided to continuously urge the punching member
6 towards its active locked position in step 17 are constituted, in
combination, by a compression spring 13 urging the punching member 6
downwardly through the mushroom 14-15 and by a 70 leaf-spring, 16
tending to shift the punching member 6 radially and outwardly as it is
pushed dons nwnvrdly by the mushroom 14-15 The combination of these
two spring actions should be capable on the 73 one hand, of bringing
the punching member 6 from a radially and axially retracted position,
substantially as shown in Fie 6.
to its active position in step 17 as shown in Fi 12 s 5 7 8 and 9 and,
on the other 80 hand, of yieldably holding said punching member 6 in
said active position.
When notch enlargements of an initial hole such as 12 (Figs 5 and 10)
are to be cut out, the tool is first engaced through 85 said hole the
head of the tool being, if necessary, slightly inclined to facilitate
the penetration by hooking first the cutting shoulder of the punching
m-ember S under the back edge of the plate There is thus 90 obtained a
point of bearing, so that, when the tool is brought into normal
relative position with respect to the plate (position shown in Fie 6)
the co-cn-_ration of this noint of bearing with the upward pushing 95
action then exerted on the punching nmemnber 6 Ev diagcnallv opposite
edge of the hole easily causes unlocking of said member The end face
cf the pun-hing memi L-er C offers 'he sh ^ze of arn ool qu: 100 can
surfnre so that rai -<'al force eerted downvwardly o the tool head
fro-1 the position shown N Fir 6 bcho ra and axial further retraction
of the pc member 6, which is then easily passed in 105 turn, through
the hole 12 As soon as the cutting shoulder of the punching member
comes into registration with the baeck edge of the hole 12 the said
punching member 6 is brought back into active posi 11 tion in the step
17 under the combined action of springs 13 and 16.
If, now, the hand actuation means such as the levers 1 and 2 of Figs 1
2 and 3 are acted upon the punching assembl 5-6 115 is retracted
(upwardly in Figs 5 to 9) into the head of the tool In the example
shown, said head is completed by a die member 18 secured in the
enlarged lower end of the bore 4 by means of a gudgeon 120 ring 19, a

guiding washer 20 being fulrthermore, interposed between the die
memiber 18 and the bottom of the end counterbore of bore 4 The inner
edge of the die member 18 and the outer edges of the 125 punching
members 5 and 6 are precisely matched with each other to permit the
usual punching action under shearing forces exerted on the material to
be cut out on either side of the same, by co-operation 130 785,254
between the die member and the punching members.
It is to be noted that both punching members are provided above their
cutting shoulders with restricted portions adapted to co-operate with
the edge of the initial hole 12, to guide the punching assembly in
said hole during the whole punching operation As the punching assembly
is jo retracted upwardly, from the position shown in Fig 7 to that
shown in Fig 9.
the following steps of operation take place.
The lower edge of the die member 18 is first brought into contact with
the material 11 around the initial hole 12 The left edge of the said
hole is then clamped between said die member and the cutting shoulder
of the punching member 6 and cut out by shearing action as shown in
Fig 8.
It will be pointed out that during this step, the punching member 6 is
exclusively subjected to downwards axial forces possibly with a small
radial inwards component, so that it remains perfectly locked in the
step 17.
The cutting shoulder of the punching member 5 is then brought, in
turn, into contact with the lower right edge of the hole 12 and cuts
out the second notch by shearing action in co-operation with the die
member 18 as shown in Fig 9 The axial soacing between the two cutting
shoulders is preferably chosen at least equal to the maximum thickness
of the sheet materials to be punched out, so as to avoid any
overlapping between the two separate steps of the punching operation.
While I have indicated how the head of the tool may be inclined at
first to facilitate its engagement into the initial hole, it is to be
noted that the special arrangement of the abutment means 17 and the
resilient means 13 and 16 shown in the drawings, permits passing the
head of the 4stool normally through the hole under retraction of the
punching member 6.
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* GB785255 (A)
Description: GB785255 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Tensiometer
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Tensiometer
We, CELANESE CORPORATIONOF AMER
ICA, of 180 Madison Avenue, New Yolk 16,
New York, United States of America. a
company incorporated in accordance with
the laws of the State of Delaware, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which
it is to be performed, to be particularly des
cribed in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to a tensiometer
and relates more particularly to a tensiometer of simple, rugged
construction.
It is frequently desirable to measure the
tension on a yarn while the yarn is being
treated in some manner, for example. while
the yarn is being wound from one package'
to another, with or without twisting, or
while the yarn is being woven or knitted into a fabric. The
tensiometer employed for
such measurement is required to indicate
the instantaneous tension on the yarn, even
when the tension varies at very high rate
as is the case for example, during the knit
ting of the yarn into a fabric. For this pur
pose, the tensiometer must be highly sensi
tive to rapid change of tension. At the same
time, however, it is desirable the tensiometer

should be relatively insensitive to external
vibrations and the like (which are commonly
present in the vicinity of the equipment On
which the yarn is being treated) to avoid the
introduction of inaccuracies into the meas
ured tension. It is readily apparent that the
foregoing requirements are inconsistent at
least to some extent since a tensiometer hav
ing a high sensitivity to variations in varn tension will normally
also exhibit a high sen
sitivity to external vibrations and the like.
It is an object of this invention to provide
a tensiometer which will exhibit a high sen
sitivity to rapid variations in yarn tension, but which will be
relatively insensitive to external vibrations and the like.
According to the present invention, a tensiometer for measuring
tension in a yarn comprises a base member, a pair of movable members
mounted on said base member and movable relatively thereto, said
members being adapted to be engaged by a yarn so as to move in
opposite directions under the ten5: on in said yarn and means
responsive to movements of said members in opposite directions for
indicating said tension. The tension-indicating means should be
adapted to give no substantial response to the movements of the two
members simultaneously in the same direction. With this arranges ment,
the yarn tension will produce a signal in the tension-indicating means
which is indicative of the magnitude of the tension.
However, external vibrations and the like, which tend to move all
parts of the tension meter in the same direction will not pro.
duce a signal in the measuring means. As a result the sensitivity of
the tensiometer can be adjusted to high level whereby it will measure
changes in yarn tension accurately, even when such changes occur at an
extremely rapid rate.
The two movable yarn-engaging members can conveniently be of identical
form, and may comprise a pair of identical beams, preferably mounted
as cantilever beams, that are arranged parallel to one another.
Yarn guide means which may take the form of freely rotatable pulleys
secured to the beams, are provided to guide the yarn past the
tensiometer in such a manner that the tension in the yarn will bend
the beams in opposite directions, for example, towards one another. A
very convenient form of tension-indicating means comprises resistance
strain gauges adapted to be strained by movements of the two movable
members, the electrical resistances of the gauges then varying in a
known manner with the strains imposed on them. Thus, strain gauges can
be fastened to opposite surfaces of each of the beams serving as the

movable members so that when the yarn tension bends the beams towards
one another, the two strain gauges that are secured to the surfaces of
the beams that face one another will be strained in compression and
the other two strain gauges will be strained under tension. The strain
gauges are electrically interconnected to form limbs of a
Wheatstone bridge supplied with current across one diagonal and
adapted to indicate tenson by the voltage developed across the other
diagonal. Thus, if the strain gauges which are secured to the two beam
surfaces which face one another form opposite limbs of the bridge
while the other two gauges form the other two opposite limbs, movement
of the beams under the tension of the yarn will throw the bridge out
of balance. External vibrations and the like, however which move both
cantilever beams simultaneously in the same direction will be balanced
out in the Wheatstone bridge.
The degree of unbalance of the Wheatstone bridge is thus dependent on
and is a measure of the yarn tension but is not affected by external
vibrations and the like. The
Wheatstone bridge may be connected to an amplifier and recorder
whereby a permanent record of the yarn tension can readily be
obtained.
By way of example two fornls of tensiometer in accordance with the
invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to
the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a side elevation and Fig. 2 an end elevation of one form of
tensiometer:
Fig. 3 is a diagram of the electrical circuit employed in the
tensiometer and
Figs. 4 and 5 are a side elevation and an end elevation of a modified
form of tensiometer.
In Figs. 1 to 3 a block 11 carries spaced parallel cantilever beams 12
and 13 of identical form, secured to the block 11 by screws 14 and 15.
Mounted on the free ends of the beams 12 and 13, are freely rotatable
grooved pulleys 16 and 17. Strain gauges
IS and 19 are fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of the
cantilever beam 12, and strain gauges 21 and 22 are fastened to the
upper and lower surfaces of the cantilever beam 13. An upwardly moving
yarn 23, whose tension it is desired to measure, is passed over the
upper half of the pulley 16, is crossed over between the pulleys 16
and 17, and passed under the lower half of the pulley 17, from which
it continues upwards. With this arrangement, the tension in the yarn
23 bends the cantilever beams 12 and 13 towards one another. To thread
up the yarn 23, the tensiometer is positioned so that the yarn passes
upwards between the pulleys 16 and 17, the former being to the left
and the latter to the right of the yarn, as seen in Fig. 2, and the

tensiometer is then rotated ciockwise through an angle of rather more
than 18cm" to wrap the yarn partly round each pulley and to bring the
pulley 16 over the pulley 17.
The strain gauges 18, 19, 21 and 22 are connected to form a Wheatstone
bridge indicaied generally at 24 in Fig. 3, to which an alternating
voltage is applied from any suitable source (not shown) through a
transformer 25. The output from the Wheatstone bridge is connected to
an amplifier 26 which feeds a recorder 27 to make a permanent record
of the yarn tension. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the
unstressed resistances of the strain gauges 18, 19, 21 and 22 are
identical so that there is no signal from the Wheatstone bridge when
no tension is applied to the yarn 23.
The entire unit comprising the block 11 and the cantilever beams is
enclosed in a casing 28.
During use, when a yarn 23 under tension is being run over pulleys 16
and 17, the tension in the said yarn strains the candiver beams 12 and
13 towards each other.
This places the strain gauges 18 and 22 in tension and the strain
gauges 19 and 21 in compression, therebv altering the resistance of
the strain gauges, throwing the Wheatstone bridge 24 out of balance
and producing a signal which is fed to the amplifier 26 and actuates
the recorder 27. The degree of bending of the cantilever beams 12 and
13 varies with variations in the tension on the yarn 23 so that the
degree of unbalance of the Wheatstone bridge 24 and the signal in the
recorder 27 will depend on and be a measure of such tension. By
suitably proportioning the parts and bv emplovina an amplifier 26 and
recorder 27 of high sensitivity it is possible to measure small aria.
tions in tension even when such variations in tension occur at a rapid
rate. It is desir.
able, when employing the apparatus to measure variations in tension
that occur at a rapid rate, to design the cantilever beams 12 and 13
in such a manner that the natural frequency of vibration of such
cantilever beams is well above the frequency at which the tension
varies to avoid the developmen of resonant vibrations in said beams.
With the arrangement shown, external vibrations and the like do not
interfere with the measurement of the yarn tension. For example, if an
external vibration bends the cantilever beam 12 downwards it also
bends the cantilever beam 13 downwards by a like amount. This puts the
strain gauges 18 and 21 in tension and simultaneously puts the strain
gauges 19 and 22 in compression.
The changes in the resistances of the strain gauges 18 and 21, which
are in tension, are
Identical and balance each other out in the
Wheatstone bridge 24 so that they do not elect the output signal from

the bridge.
Similarly the changes in the resistances of the strain gauges 19 and
22, which are in compression, are identical and balance each other
out. As a result, the external vibration does not produce a reading on
the recorder 27 and does not interfere with the measurement of the
tension in the yarn 23.
A like result will be produced when the external vibration bends the
cantilever beams 12 and 13 upwardly.
The modilication shown in Figs. 4 and 5 of the drawings is designed
for use in measuring the tension of a yarn to which it is difficult to
secure access, for example, a yarn in a warp of yarns going to the
knitting station of a knitting machine. In this arrangement, there is
secured to the end of the cantilever beams 12, by means of a clip 29,
an arm 31 that extends at right-angles to the cantilever beam 12 and
lies parallel to a plane passing through the axes of the cantilever
beams 12 and 13. At its free end, the arm 31 carries a freely
rotatable grooved pulley 32. Secured to the cantilever beam 13, by
means of a clip 33, is an arm 34 which extends parallel to the arm 32.
At its free end, the arm 34 is formed with a cross piece 35 that
carries at its ends freely rotatable grooved pulleys 36 and 37
disposed in the same plane as the pulley 32.
The yarn 23 whose tension it is desired to measure is trained over the
pulley 36, round the pulley 32 and under the pulley 37. The tension in
the yarn 23 applies a force to the pulley 32, and to the arm 31 to
which said pulley is secured, tending to move said pulley and said arm
to the right (Fig. 5) and straining the cantilever beam 12 toward the
cantilever beam 13. Simultaneously, the tension in the yarn 23 applies
a force to the pulleys 36 and 37, and to the arm 34 to which said
pulleys are operatively secured, tending to move said pulleys and said
arm to the left and straining the cantilever beam 13 toward the
cantilever beam 12. The bending of the cantilever beams 12 and 13
towards one another produces a signal in the Wheatstone bridge 24
which is fed to the amplifier 26 and thence to the recorder 27.
External vibrations, as explained above, are balanced out and do not
affect the accuracy of the tension measurements.
What we claim is :
1. A tensiometer for measuring tension in a yarn, said tensiometer
comprising a base member, a pair of movable members mounted on said
base member and movable relatively thereto, said members being adapted
to be engaged by a yarn so as to move in opposite directions under the
tension in said yarn and means responsive to movements of said members
in opposite directions for indicating said tension.
2. A tensiometer according to Claim 1 wherein tension-indicating means
are adapted to give no substantial response to movements of the two

members simultaneously in the same direction.
3. A tensiometer according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the two movable
members are of substantially identical form.
4. A tensiometer according to any of the preceding claims comprising,
as the two movable members, beams adapted to deflect under the yarn
tension.
5. A tensiometer according to Claim 4 wherein the beams are cantilever
beams.
6. A tensiometer according to Claim 4 or 5 wherein the beams are
arranged parallel to one another.
7. A tensiometer according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
tension-indicating means comprise resistance strain gauges adapted to
be strained by movements of the two movable members.
8. A tensiometer according to Claims 6 and 7 comprising a pair of
strain gauges secured to the surfaces of the two beams which face one
another, and a pair on the opposite surfaces.
9. A tensiometer according to Claim 7 or 8 wherein the strain gauges
constitute limbs of a Wheatstone bridge adapted to be supplied with
current across one diagonal and to indicate tension by the voltage
developed across the other diagonal.
10. A tensiometer according to Claims 8 and 9 wherein the four strain
gauges form the four limbs of the bridge, the gauges on the beam
surfaces which face one another forming opposite limbs of the bridge.
11. A tensiometer according to any of the preceding claims comprising
rotatable pulleys on each movable member for engaging the yarn.
12. A tensiometer for measuring the tension in a yarn substantially as
shown in the accompanying drawings.
13. A tensiometer for measuring the tension in a yarn substantially as
described.
* GB785256 (A)
Description: GB785256 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Production of cellular synthetic resin compositions

COMPLETE SPECUICATSM Production of Cellular Synthetic Resin
Compositions
We, DUNLOP RUBBER COM1PANY LIMITED, of 1, Albany Street, London,
N.W.1, a British company, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:
This invention relates to the production of cellular synthetic resin
compositions.
According to the present invention, a cellular synthetic resin
composition is made by a method in which a fluid mixture comprising a
plastisol, an organic isocyanate, and water is prepared, and this
mixture is allowed to foam and gel, and undergoes curing.
By a plastisol is meant a dispersion of a finely divided thermoplastic
synthetic resin in a plasticizer therefor. The resin in such a
dispersion can be homogenized with the plasticizer on heating.
Preferably the fluid mixture comprising a plastisol, an organic
isocyanate and water also comprises an activating agent.
When a fluid mixture comprising a plastisol, an organic isocyanate, an
activating agent and water is prepared, a reaction takes place which
results in the evolution of carbon dioxide gas and also in the gelling
of the mixture. The carbon dioxide gas forms cells within the mass, or
in other words transforms it into a foam. The gelled foam will undergo
conversion from a freely deformable material into a resilient
material, that is to say, will undergo curing, either upon being
heated or upon being allowed to stand for a suitable time at ordinary
room temperatures. It will be appreciated that the mixture should be
poured into a mould or other vessel before gelling takes place if the
product is to be given the required shape during the formation of the
cellular synthetic resin composition rather than by subsequent
cutting, joining, or the like.
It will be understood that the term " activating agent" is used in
this sjpecification to denote a substance which can accelerate the
decomposition of the isocyanate with the for; mation of carbon dioxide
gas.
The resilient cured cellular synthetic resin compositions obtainable

by the present method are useful for such applications as the
manufacture of maturesses, cushions and upholstered products
generally.
The thermoplastic synthetic resin present in the plastisol used in the
present method may be a vinyl resin, that is to say, a solid polymer
or copolymer of a vinyl compound. In particular, it may be a vinyl
chloride resin such as a polyvinyl chioride; other vinyl resins which
may be used include polyvinyl acetates, vinyl chloride vinyl acetate
copolymers, vinyl chioide-vinylidene chloride copolymers, and mixtures
of such resins. As already indicated, the resin should be in a finely
divided state.
In the plastisol, the resin may be dispersed in a phosphate ester
plasticizer such as diphenyl cresyl phosphate or tricresyl phosphate.
Other ester type plasticizers which can be used include di-octyl and
other esters of phthallc acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid and azelaic
acid. Use may be made of polyalkylene-glycol or "glycollate"
plasticizers; p olyethylene-glycols having molecular weights of 190 to
7500 and poly-propylene-glycols having molecular weights of 140 to
2100, are examples of suitable plasticizers of this type.
Yet another possibility is to use a plasticizer of the hydrowcarbon
oil type, such as the pro duct sold under the trade name Sovaloid C.
(The word "Sovaloid" is a Registered Trade
Mark).
The plastisol may also incorporate a polyester plasticizer, such as a
polyester derived from ethylene glycol or propylene glycol and adipic
acid. Generally the polyester may be of the type commonly used in
making resilient polyurethane foams.
The plastisol may in addition incorporate a stabilizing agent, that is
to say, an agent which will prevent Or inhibit chemical decomposition
of the resin both when the product is being made and when it is in
use. Dibasic lead phosphite is one stabilizer which can be used in the
present method.
A fatty acid glyceride or a mixture of fatty acid glycerides, such as
castor oil, may also be incorporated with the plastisol as a
dispersing agent.
The organic isocyanate used in the present method is preferably a
compound having at least two isocyanate groups in the molecule.
Thus it may be a di-isocyanate derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon,
e.g. toluene di-isocyanate.
Activating agents which may be used in the present method include
tertiary amines and mixtuers of tetiary amines. Examples of suitable
tertiary amines are N-ethyl morpholine,
N-methyl morpholine, and other N-alkyl morpholines, and
diethylethanolamine.

The present method may be carried out by first preparing an activating
mixture comprising an activating agent and water and subsequently
admixing this with the plastisol and isocyanate. The activating
mixture may contain an emulsifying agent in addition to the
activating agent and water. Examples of salt- able emulsifying agents
are polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate esters, water-soluble
polyethylene esters or ethers of fatty acids or alcohols respectively,
blends of polyalcohol carboxylic esters with sylphonated hydrocarbon
oils, and mixtures of such substances.
The plastisol, isocyanate and activating mixture may be mixed together
in any order, as will be appreciated from the specific examples given
below. It is highly desirable, however, that the mixing should be
carried out thoroughly. It is also highly desirable that when all
three of the ingredients mentioned are being brought together, whether
this happens in a final mixing stage or in a single mixing operation,
the mixing should be carried out rapidly.
The present method has the advantage that it is very simple to carry
out since it does not use pressurizing equipment and need not use
heating equipment. The novel method can thus be carried out simply by
mixing the substances already specified, pouring the mixture into
moulds or other vessels, and allowing it to undergo spontaneous
foaming, gelling, and if desired curing, at ordinary atmospheric
pressure and temperature.
The following examples illustrate the invention. All the parts given
in the examples are parts by weight. The words " Opalon" and " Tween "
appearing in the examples are
Registered Trade Marks.
EXAMPLE 1.
A plastisol mixture containing the following ingredients was prepared:
Polyvinyl chloride (powder) 100 parts
Diphenyl cresyl phosphate
(plasticizer) - - - 130 parts
Dibasic lead phosphite
(stabilizer) - - - 3 parts
Polyster type plasticizer 3 to 100 parts
Fatty acid glyceride - - 5 to 100 parts
Polyglycol (plasticizer) - 5 to 100 pa.ts
The polyvinyl chloride powder used was a pro duct sold under the trade
name "Opalon 4105'.
An activating mixture containing the following ingredients was also
prepared:
N-ethyl morpholine (activator) 3,0 parts Water 1.5 paiL
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono
oleate ester (emulsifying

agent) - - - - - 2.0 parts
The polyoxyethyiene sorbitan mono-oleate ester used was a product sold
under the trade name " Tween 80 ".
The plastisol mixture and activating mixture so prepared were mixed
with toluene di-isocyanate in the following proportions:
Plastisol mixture - - - 19 parts
Activating mixture - - - 3.2 parts
Toluene di-isocyanate - - 12.5 parts
The di-isacyanate was added to the piastisol mixture iitSt, and was
stirred into it thoroughly. The activating mixture was added
subsequently with rapid stirring. An exothermic reaction took place
and tne mixture started to foam. The mixture was poured into a mould
or other vessel and was allowed to continue foaming. Within nine
minutes of the commWncement of foaming, the volume of the material had
increased five fold and the foam had gelled. The gelied foam was cured
by heating for one hour at 158 F. The cured product had a fine porous
structure with interconnected pores, and was highly resilient and had
a substantial load-carrying capacity.
It was also found that nearly optimal curing resulted it the gelled
foam was simpiy allowed to stand for a sufficient time at ordinary
room temperatures.
It was furrier found that the order of mixing could oe varied without
undesirable consequences. Thus it was found practicable to mix the
plastisol mixture and activating mixture first and add the
di-isocyanate subs quently, and also to introduce all three materials
together.
EXAMPLE 2.
The procedure followed was similar to that of Example 1, except in
that the proportion of activating mixture used in this case was rather
higher. The proportions of plastisol mixture, activating mixture and
di-isocyanate actually used were as follows:-
Activating mixture - - - 4.8 parts
Toluene di-isocyanate - - 12.5 parts
In this case the foam gelled within 2 minutes and the volume of the
gelled foam was about 16 times the original volume. Curing was carried
out, as in Example 1, by heating for one hour at 158 F., although as
before nearly optimal curing was obtainable by allowing the gelled
foam to stand at ordinary room temperatures. The cured product had a
fine porous structure with interconnected pores. It was highly
resilient, but was more easily compressed under loads than the product
of
Example 1.
EXAMPLE 3.

The procedure followed was similar to that of Example 1, except in
that the proportiom both of the plastisol mixture and of the
activating mixture were higher. The proportions of plastisol mixture,
activating mixture and diisocyanate actually used were as follows :
Activating mixture - 7.05 parts
Toluene di-isocyanate - - 28 parts
The foarn again gelled within 121 minutes, and the volume of the
gelled foam was again about 16 times the original volume. Curing was
carried out, as in the previous examples, by heating for one hour at
158 F., although as before nearly optimal curing was obtainable by
allowing the gelled foam to stand at ordinary room temperatures. The
cured product again had a fine porous structure with interconnected
pores. It was highly resilient and had a substantial load-carrying
capacity of the same order as that of the product of
Example 1.
What we claim is : -
1. A method of malting a cellular synthetic resin composition, in
which a fluid mixture comprising a plastisol, an organic isocyanate,
and water is prepared, and this mixture is allowed to foam and gel and
undergoes curing.
2. A method according to Claim 1, in which the fluid mixture
comprising a plastisol, an organic isocyanate and water also comprises
an activating agent.
3. A method according to Claim 2, in which an activating mixture
comprising ie activating agent and water is prepared and is admixed
with the plastisol and organic isocyanate subsequently.
4. A method according to Claim 3, in which the activating mixture
contains an emulsifying agent in addition to the activating agent and
water.
5. A method according to any of the preceding claims, in which the
resin in the plastisol is a vinyl resin.
6. A method according to Claim 5, in which the resin in the plastisol
is a vinyl chloride resin
7. A method according to Claim , in which the resin in the plastisol
is a polyvinyl chloride.
8. A method according to any of the precede ing claims, in which the
organic isocyanate has at least two isocyanate groups in its molecule.
9. A method according to Claim 8, in which the organic isocyanate
having at least two isocyanate groups in its molecule is a
di-isocyanate derived from an aromatic bydrocarbon.
10. A method according to Claim 9, in which the di-isocyanate derived
from an aromatic hydrocarbon is toluene di-isocyanate.

resin in the plastisol is dispersed in a phosphate ester type
plasticizer.
12. A method according to Claim 11, in which the resin in the
plastisol is dispersed in diphenyl cresyl phosphate.
plastisol incorporates a polyester type plasticizer.
activating agent is a tertiary amine.
15. A method according to Claim 14, in which the tertiary amine is an
N-allyl morpholine.
16. A method according to Claim 15, in which the N-allryl morpholine
is N-ethyl morpholine.
17. A method of malting a cellular synthetic resin composition, which
is substantially as described in any of the examples given above.
18. A cellular synthetic-resin composition made by a method according
to any of the
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785257 (A)
Description: GB785257 (A) ? 1957-10-23
An improved process for the production of glass fibres and the like
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE542976 (A) CH340588 (A) FR1138459 (A) NL104946 (C)
US3068670 (A)
BE542976 (A) CH340588 (A) FR1138459 (A) NL104946 (C)
US3068670 (A) less

785 257 , - Date of Application and filing Complete Specification
Nov9, 1955.
No 32095/ 55.
Application made in United States of America on Nov 22, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 56, M( 3 A: li B 1), M 59.
International Classification: -CO 3 b, c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION k Al improved process for the l Production of
Glass Fibres and the litke We, OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, a
corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of
Delaware, United States of America, of Toledo, Ohio, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:This invention relates to improvements in the production of
fibres from heat-softenable materials and particularly to a more
stable continuous method and apparatus for producing fibres of
siliceous material such as glass or the like which simultaneously
effects an increase in quality, economy and ease of handling such
fibres.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method
and means for forming continuous glass fibres in a more trouble-free
continuous operation than has heretofore been possible We have
discovered that instability of the cones can be overcome by providing
cool shield members immediately adjacent the fibre-forming cones Such
shields act to cool the glass emitted from the orifices and baffle,
more rapidly or, in a sense, isolate movement of air eddies about the
feeder tips and cones In another sense, the shield members offer an
environmental-type control for the glass cones which results in cone
stabilization and formation of fibres of much greater uniformity.
Tests indicate that the number of packages which may be completed
without interruption due to breaks in the fibre can be more than
doubled by adoption of the present invention.

Another and still further object of the present invention is to make
possible the fiberization of glass compositions heretofore impossible
to fiberize In many instances the properties of the glass are such
that the glass has a high liquidus temperature of a steep slope in its
viscosity-temperature characteristic above the liquidus temperature
which has made it very difficult or impossible to fiberize because of
the critical relationships which must be maintained in the main body
of glass to establish fiberization viscosity conditions 50 According
to the present invention, however, by the use of cone shields, such
fiberization is made possible by environmental control of the forming
zone Control in this way permits a rapid lowering of the viscosity of
highly 55 fluid glass emitted from the orifices to the viscosity range
within which fibres may be formed and effects cone stabilization to
the extent assuring formation of fibres of uniform high quality 60 In
the drawings: Figure 1 is a side-elevation view of a general layout of
apparatus including shielding components for production of continuous
glass fibres in accordance with the present inven 65 tion, Figure 2 is
a front-elevational view of the apparatus of Figure 1, Figure 3 is an
enlarged side-elevation view of the fibre-forming portion of the
apparatus 70 of Figures 1 and 2, Figure 4 is a partial front-elevation
view of the apparatus of Figure 3, Figure 5 is a bottom plan view in
part of the apparatus of Figure 3 showing the general 75 layout of the
feeder section, Figure 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a pair
of feeder tips with cone shields on both sides of each tip, Figure 7
illustrates representative curves of 80 the viscosity-temperature
characteristic of two glasses which may be fiberized accordng to the
present invention, Figure 8 is a composite front-elevation view of
fibres attenuated from a bushing according 85 to the present invention
and in comparative dotted lines the space consumed by a wider and
longer fan of fibres which results when shielding according to the
present invention is not utilized, 90 Figure 9 illustrates another
cone-shielding arrangement adapted to operate in accordance with the
principles of the present invention, Figure 10 is a perspective view
of still 785,257 another cone-shielding arrangement adapted to operate
in accordance with the present invention, Figure 11 is an elevational
view in cross section of an annular feeder and associated shield unit
illustrating another arrangement of the invention, and Figure 12 is a
bottom plan view of the feeder and shield unit of Figure 11.
Referring now more particularly to the drawings, Figures 1 and 2
illustrate a refractory furnace 10 for reducing a body of glass to a
molten condition having a bushing or feeder 11 associated therewith
from which a plurality of streams of glass are emitted from orifices
in the feeder tips for attenuation into fibres 16.
The fibres are drawn to a gathering member 17 at which they are

gathered and at which sizing fluid is also applied to the fibres as it
is supplied from a tube 18 connected to a reservoir not shown The
strand 19 formed of the gathered fibres is packaged by a winder which
collects the strand on a tube 22 mounted on a rotating collet 23 and
traversed by a suitable traversing device such as a spiral wire
traverse 21 The winder provides the force of attenuation for the
fibres by reason of the rotation of the collet which develops tension
in each fibre to withdraw it from the molten glass flowing from the
feeder.
A cone shielding unit 26 provides a plurality of metal shield members
in the form of bladelike fins 28 each extending across the width of
the feeder between a pair of rows of feeder tips 14, while each
adjacent pair of such members has two rows of tips aligned between
them The orientation of the thin blade-like fins 28 across the under
part of the feeder with feeder tips aligned between them may be seen
more clearly in Figures 3, 4 and 5 which illustrate that the tips 14
and the cones 12 enitted from them are, in effect, divided into
transverse pairs of rows The fins 28 extend from a longitudinal hollow
cooled manifold or header bar 29 disposed laterally writh respect to
the feeder structure Cool water or other coolant is supplied and
removed from the header by suitable means such as hoses or conduits 27
Water is fed to one end of the header bar and flows through a hollow
channel 25 passing longitudinally through the bar and is emitted from
the opposite outlet end at a somewhat higher temperature since upon
passage through the header, heat is absorbed from the fins The water
can be passed through the channel 25 at a controlled rate of flow and
at temperatures predetermined to establish desired temperature
differentials between the fins and the glass emitted from the feeder
tips.
This invention permits feeders such as feeder 11 to have a larger
number of rows of tips resulting in more efficient utilization of
operating space as well as efficiency in use and fabrication of the
precious metals of which such feeder structures are usually made In
the past, however, operating experience without the use of cone
shields has indicated that although feeders with one or two
longitudinal rows of tips operated satisfactorily, feeders 70 with
three or four rows or tips could not be operated without some
difficulty and more than four were practically impossible to operate
satisfactorily By arranging for placement of at least one shield
member directly adjacent 75 to each cone emitted from a feeder,
however, the feeder can be operated satisfactorily despite the
existence of interior longitudinal rows of tips such as when more than
two rows of tips are provided in at feeder 80 Accordingly, where the
feeder has more than two rows of tips, such as the six rows of the

illustrated embodiment, the shields may be conveniently placed
transversely under the feeder and spaced apart with twvo rows of tips
85 between each adjacent pair of shields as showns in Figure 5 Fins
having a thickness in the order of 02 " to 06 " have been found to
perform satisfactorily as shields The orifices from which the cones of
glass being attenuated 90 emerge may be in the order of 02 " to 08 "
in diameter with a diameter of 04 " being a representative size for
many forming operations.
The space between the traverse rows of tips within which the fins
pass, may be made 95 slightly wider than the remaining transverse rows
smore readily to acconmmodate their thickness and also to facilitate
lateral positioning of the shields.
The height of the fins 28 is preferred to be 100 such that wvihen in
the operative positoin, the upper edge of each is at a level slightly
above the bottom of the tips with which it is associated, while its
bottom edge extends downwardly to the level of the apex of the cone
105 emitted from the tip orifices, for reasons to be explained
hereinafter By way of example, the upper edge of the fins may be about
l/,, of an inch above the bottom edges of the tips of the feeders, but
not in contact with the 110 under surface of the feeder With such
positioning of the upper edge of the fins, their height to provide
full length shielding of the cone in some instances need only be in
the order of '/, of an inch 115 To facilitate installation of the
shielding unit -m proper association with the feeder, a mounting means
with suitable position adjustments is provided As shown with greater
clarity in Figures 3, 4 and 5, the mount 120 ing means includes a
mounting bracket designed for securement to the side of a jacket 15 of
the glasscontaining unit 10 The bracket 30 is secured to the side of a
jacket by a suitable fastening 125 screw 13 and is more rigidly fixed
in position by a second right-angularly related set screw screwed into
abutting relationship with the bottom of the jacket A rotatable
support shaft 32 is held in longitudinal parallel relationship 130
785,257 with the feeder 11 by a pair of spaced bearing collars 36 and
38, Figure 5, fixedly associated with the mounting bracket The support
shaft has a threaded portion 33 arranged for engagement with a
corresponding internally threaded section in the collar 36 to permit
longitudinal axial positioning of the shaft A squared end 34 of the
shaft 32 permits fitting of a crank handle thereto for axial
adjustment.
The header 29 of the shield unit is mounted on a table surface 46
provided on a tilting bracket 42 which in turn is adjustably
associated with a pivot bracket 40 mounted on the shaft 32 between the
collars 36 and 38 The pivot bracket 40 is positioned along the length
of the shaft 32 by a pair of set collars 39 each of which is fixedly

associated with the shaft by a set screw The pivot bracket permits the
raising and lowering of the fins 28 about the shaft 32 as a pivot by
adjustment of the screws 44 extending in right angular reltion through
a pair of arms 43 to the underside of the mounting bracket on the side
of the shaft 32 opposite to that on which the fins 28 are located.
By this arangement it will be seen that the fins may be positioned
longitudinally transversely with respect to the bushing tips and may
be adjusted in horizontal level relationship both across the width and
length of the feeder as well Lateral positioning of the fins across
the width of the feeder is provided by cross movement of the tilt bar
in the pivot bracket Longitudinal movement of the fins in relation to
the feeder is effected by movement of the pivot bracket 40 along the
length of the support shaft 32 by means of rotation of the shaft.
Horizontal levelling of the fins across the width of the bushing is
effected by adjustment of the screws 44 to raise and lower the fins
about the support shaft 32 as a pivot Pivoting of the fins about the
shaft 32 is here, in effect, an adjustment in a vertical direction
since there is a considerable distance between the shaft and the fins
in comparison with the adjustments made Horizontal leveling of the
series of fins as a group across the length of the feeder is effected
by compensating adjustment of the screws 44 to tilt rotationally the
bracket 42 within the pivot bracket 40 The shielding arrangement
described above has an operating advantage in that the operator can
readily view the cones of glass emitted from the feeder orifices
without obstruction since the fin-like shields extend transversely
across the bushing from the header and are open to the opposite side
of the bushing to that on which the header is located so that ready
observation of all the cones in each of the transverse rows is
permited This enables the operator to assume that all fibres to be
included in the strand are being withdrawn from the feeder and
gathered inito the strand when the operation is commenced.
Figure 6 is an enlarged view of two feeder tips of a pair of adjacent
rows of tips 60 illustrating the physical relationship of cone shields
thereto on opposite sides of cones of glass 61 emitted from the tips
Although it has been found that cone shields operate satisfactorily
when the rows of tips are divided 70 into pairs of rows such as by
cone shields 62, it will be readily understood that corresponding
effects can also be obtained by dividing the tips and cones into
single rows with an intermediate shield 63 between the tips to provide
75 shield members disposed immediately adjacent both sides of each tip
as illustrated in Figure 6.
In operation the cone shields have a dual effect in stabilizing the
cones from which the glass fibres are attenuated, namely ( 1) by con
80 trolling the absorption of heat from the glass on emission from the

feeder tip and thereby imparting a viscosity to the glass which
promotes stability thereto in its fiberization range, and ( 2) by
reducing the disrupting erratic 85 effects of air eddies about the
cone which may be caused by both thermal differential conditions and
motion of the glass.
Observations indicate that heat losses from the cone are caused by
radiation as well as by 90 convection It is believed that most of the
radiation losses occur in the region immediately below the feeder tip,
that is to say, the base of the cone, where the glass has its
brightest glow and that as it moves down toward the 95 apex of the
cone, more and more losses occur by convection Accordingly, when
cooled cone shields are placed adjacent the cones, the heat is
transferred thereto by radiation as well as convection Thus, the
material of the shield is 100 chosen for its thermal conductivity and
emissivity to promote efficient absorption and dissipation of the heat
given off by the cones.
Examples of metals among those which perform this function
satisfactorily are copper, 105 platinum, silver, aluminum, nickel, the
metal sold under the Registered Trade Mark Monel, as well as alloys of
such metals.
Apart from their function in absorbing heat from the glass, the cone
shields also separate 110 or isolate the cones for environmental
control and prevent broad sweeping gusts of air from freely flowing
about the region of the cones.
Thus, erratic variaitons in temperature caused by such gusts or drafts
are restrained, while, 115 in addition, the eddies created by the
sweeping of air past the cones are practically eliminated Furthermore,
the cumulative flow of air which may be caused by the temperature
differential between forming cones is reduced 120 by separation of the
rows of cones from each other, thus also, minimizing the complex
effect of their thermal interaction Further, in this regard, the
height of the shields is preferably such that they extend down to the
extremities 125 of the cones Preferably, the height of the sheilds
should be such that they extend from a slight distance above the
bottom of the tips from which the cones are emitted downwardly along
side the cones to a level coinciding with 130 785,257 the tip of the
effective length of the cones The term cone as herein used designates
the shape assumed by a stream of molten glass in the zone in immediate
proximity to the outlet of an orifice from which it emerges and is
attenuated.
If the shields are extended too high above the level of the bottom of
the tips, they are almost in contact with the bottom of the feeder and
thereby have an undersirable effect in radiating the heat of the
feeder Furthermore, the top of the shield should be above the level of

bottom of the tips otherwise the highest temperature portion of the
cones would go unshielded Radiation absorption would thus be reduced
and drafts of air would have free access to the critical fluid cone
bases to cause considerable reduction in efficiency.
The cone shields must also be sufficiently long to prevent drafts from
having direct access to the portions of the cones near the apex, but
not so long as to cause the extreme speed of the fibre surfaces which
would otherivise exist within the boundaries at the bottom of the
shields to promote a purlienir of the cone The latter appears to occur
nartly by reason of air being drawn into the shield boundaries from
above due to the frictional relationship between the high speed of
surrounded fibre portions and partly because with long shields
surrounding such lliab 1 h zrelority surfaces, air is rapidly
withdrawn from the surrounded space at the bottom of the shields to
cause the combination to function in asnirator-like fashion In still
another way, the shields, in determining the establishment of air-flow
conditions, may be looked unon as baffle or damper members.
As an example of conditions of operation when cone shields are
utilized, a conventional feeder producing 450 strands-45000 vards per
pound of glass-operated satisfactorily at at a rate of flow of
approximately '/, to 1/2 gallon of water per minute through the heater
at an input temperature of 70 to 75 ' F The water emitted from the
outlet under these conditions was at a temperature of 850 to 950 F The
average number of complete pack- a-ges which could be wound per hour
Was more than doubled in comparison to the standard operation without
cone shields Tn addition, the number of breaks at the feeder was cut
to '/,,, the number originally experienced while the number of breaks
at the gathering point was cut by more than '/I The power input to the
feeder under these conditions was increased approximately 15 % over
standard From the latter figure it will be seen that the feeder was
maintained at a higher temperature than standard for feeders without
cone shields and that the cone shields acted to absorb the additional
heat from the cones themselves to effect control of the cone
temperature and its viscosity in the fiberization range.
Because by use of the present invention it is possible to raise the
temperature of the main body or source of the glass and consequently
lower its viscosity, glasses ha sing a viscositytemperature
characteristic such as that represented by curve A of Figure 7 may be
made 70 less susceptible to tempeartrue variations of the feeder The
composition of the glass illustrated is as follows:Si O, 54 2 % AI O Z
146 75 Ca O 17 3 Mg O 4 6 B.201 8 4 Na.O 0 6 Fe,0, 0 2 80 F 0 3 As mav
be seen curve A changes from a steep viscosit J-tem-perature
chara:terictic to ai gradually sloping characteristic at higher
temnveratures within the fiberization ranre Thus when 85 the glass is

maintained at the higher temperatures, its viscosity is less critical
to tenperature variations such as may be evaer enced by extraneous
electrical current variations through the feeder 90 Besides reducing
the critical relationship between viscositv and temperature within the
main body of the glass, high temperatures also reduce tendencies
toward devitrification of the molten glass which are frequently
experienced 95 when the main body is a lo-w-ser temperature.
Greater homogenization and more uniform structural constitution of the
glass on emission of the glass from the feeder tips is promoted by
higher temperatures When a glass 100 such as that represented by curve
B of Figure 7 has a high liquidus temperature, i e 2480 ' F., the
viscosity of the glass when raised to such temperature may be so le-v
as to nh outside the fiberization range The composition of 105 this
glass is as follows:Ca O 29 2 ' Mg O 3 9 Ba O 5 O Na.O 3 4 110 Yo O 2
7 ALO 03 44 8 Si 6 O 10 3 B 2 Oa 07 Production of continuous fibre
from suc" glass 115 by prior art means is practically imnrossiblc
because the glass on emission from the feeder would have insufficient
cohesion to resist its surface tension for the establishment of the
continuity required to form such a 5-bre Bv 120 means of the present
invention, however the glass may be heated to a fluid stage outside
the fibcriza-tion range and still be fiberized by reason of the more
rapid cooling of the glass which can be effected by shields to cause
the 125 liquid to pass to its viscous fiberization condition more
rapidly on emission from the tips.
By permitting the heating of the glass to be fiberized to a higher
temperature according to the present invention, fiberization can also
be 130 785,257 effected with less attenuating force and
correspondingly with less tension being developed in the fibres
between the feeder and the collection zone Because the total tension
in the fibres is lower, the tension in the package being wound is also
lower with the result that there is less breakage of fibres in the
package and consequently less fuzz The lower tension in the finished
package also results in a freer runout of the strand during unwinding
of the package for subsequent use such as in automatic textile
processing machines where free runout is often an economic necessity.
Still another factor associated with tension in the fibres is the
shortened feeder which is made possible by the multiple rows of tips
permitted when cone-shields are used With a shorter feeder 70 instead
of the standard feeder 71 illustrated in dotted lines in Figure 8, the
length of the fan of fibres between the feeder and the gathering point
may be greatly reduced without modifying the angular relationship of
the outer fibres in the fan in relation to the vertical It is well
established that fibres at the extremities of the fan of fibres
emitted from a feeder are subjected to the greatest tension, and that

an angular relationship of about 7 ' with respect to the vertical is
an average maximum limit which may be used without presenting an
operating condition in which excessive breaks will occur because of
excessive tension In the present invention the feeder is reduced in
length for a given number of orifices because of the increase in the
number of rows of orifices which may now be provided across its width
The length of the bushing and consequently the width of the fan of
fibres at the point of emission is correspondingly reduced Thus, for
the same maximum angular relationship of the extreme fibres with
respect to the vertical, the fan of fibres 74 emitted from a standard
length feeder 70, may be reduced to a smaller fan 72 shortened
proportionately to the reduction in length of the feeder.
A shortened fan of fibres is of importance in that less total air is
entrained by its fibres, thereby desirably reducing the total tension
established in the individual fibres and strand.
Continuity of the forming operation and reduction in breakage of
individual fibres at the collection package are thus promoted.
Furthermore, the shortened fan is of importance in reducing the amount
of vertical space required for a given strand-forming operation.
The complete operation can take place within a space which an operator
can readily keep under control with less expenditure of effort.
In operating a given forming position having a feeder with 204 holes
arranged in two rows of tips, a height of 30 " was required to gather
the 204 fibres from the feeder in order to prevent establishment of
excessive tension in the outer fibres When the same number of fibres
was attenuated from a six Iow feeder having an associated cone
shielding structure, the required length of the fan of fibres was no
more than 14 " with the same angular relationship in the fibres at the
extremities.
Figure 9 illustrates another type of cone 70 shield unit 80 in which
hollow water-cooled tube members 81 extend lengthwise under the feeder
84 between an inlet header 82 and an outlet header 83 to divide the
longitudinal rows of tips 85 into pairs of rows The tubes 75 81 are
made of material such as copper and are flattened into a
cross-sectional shape hav.
ing a longer axial dimension extending parallel to the axis of the
cones with which they are associated The flattened tubes extend from 8
( a level slightly above the bottom of the tips down to a level
corresponding to that to which the effective length of the cone
extends The tips of the feeder of this arrangement may be staggered,
if desired, and two shield members 85 81 passed parallel to the
outside rows of such tips while a central shield member 81 passed
between the central rows of tips divides the tips into pairs of
shielded rows Water or other coolant is supplied to the inlet header

82 and 90 removed from the outlet header 83 by way of inlet and outlet
hoses 86 and 88, respectively.
Figure 10 illustrates still another iembodiment of the present
invention in which shielding between crosswise rows of tips is
provided 95 for a feeder 94 bv a series of narrow streams of water 92
ejected from water nozzles 91 associated with a common header 90 The
streams are divided into groups of three, each group being emitted
from a common nozzle 100 91 The nozzles 91, 91 each have three
orifices from which a group of streams are emitted which merge on
emmision for form a ribbonlike flow of water The ribbons of water pass
between the crosswise rows of tips 95 to iso 105 late the rows in a
manner similar to the fin and the tube structures of the first two
embodiments of the invention The water is then collected in a
collecting trough 93 on the opposite side of the feeder from that on
which the 110 nozzles 91 are located The ribbons of water flowing
across the rows of tips of the feeder act like solid shield members in
that they prevent the flow of sweeping drafts of air across the feeder
tips and cool the forming cones 115 Figures 11 and 12 illustrate
another arrangement by which fin-type shield members can be utilized
with a circular feeder In this instance the feeder 102 is an annular
feeder having fin members extending radially from an 120 associated
annular manifold or header More specifically, Figure 11 illustrates in
cross section such a feeder associated with a container for molten
glass shown in part having an outer cylindrical wall 100 and an inner
cylindrical 125 wall 101 between which the horizontal orifice plate or
feeder 102 is provided in the form of an annular ring The feeder
contains a plurality of orifices 103 in projecting tips 104 through
which the molten material 105 posi 130 785,257 tioned upon the feeder
floss The container for the molten glass is enclosed within a
heatinsulated wall provided by the annular wall members 113 and 114,
the latter of which is shown in part A disc 116 of heat-insulating
material is positioned within the inner wall 101 of the unit and is
disposed generally above the header 108 for the shield unit 107.
The unit 107 in general comprises the annular header 108, hollowed to
permit passage of coolant supplied through an inlet conduit 109 and
removed by way of an outlet conduit 110.
Fins 111 comprising thin blade-like members extend radially outwardly
from the header and across the underside of the feeder portions with
which they are associated between the radially aligned rows of tips
104 The entire shield unit is supported in spaced relation from the
disc 116 by means of refractory projections 2 C 118 or other suitable
fastening means, with the fins 111 extending between the tips 104 but
spaced from contact with the undersurface of the feeder.
Figure 12 shows the radially aligned orientation of orificed tips 104

on the underside of the feeder 102 The radial rows of tips also form
part of six circumferentially aligned rows, but the fin shield members
111 extending from the header 108 divide the circumferential rows into
groups each comprising one or two radially oriented rows, of tips The
tips 104are also arranged so as to provide a gap in the regular
spacing between the glass streams 106 emitted therefrom to permit
passage of the inlet and outlet conduits 109 and 110, respectively, to
the exterior of the cylinder generally defined by the spaced streams.
It will be seen that the header 108 may be divided if desired, into
two or more separate headers each having their own inlet and outlet
conduits The fins 111 can also be provided with an outer annular
header in addition to the inner header 108 and arranged so that each
acts to cool fins extending between them Preferably, however, the fins
should he arranged in generally radial relation to facilitate visual
inspection of the tips and glass emitted from the orifices thereof
during operation of the fibre-forming unit With concentric inner and
outer annular headers, the shield memabers may be tubular and one of
the headers arranged to supply coolant to be passed therethrough while
the other acts as an outlet header for the coolant In still another
arrangement the feeder may be a solid circular plate with orificed
tips extending in spaced relation completely across the underside
thereof with an outer annular header having radial inwardly extending
shield members.
Figure 12 partially shows 210 tips grouped into radially aligned
groups each comprising a row of six aligned tips, isolated by the fins
111 to provide independent environmental control for each group Under
certain circumstances it may be desired to align the tips for
circumferential shield members between rows ci: a Sji_ 3 relailon of
shields as well as other non-radial orientation of such shields.
It will also be understood & at the fins can be arranged to divide the
tips into groups each 70 having two rows of aligned tips instead of
singie r Go-ws as illustrated.
As in the previous e mbod inetn of this invention, it is preferred
that tile shield members be passed between the rows of tips in 75 such
a manner as to protect the zone extending at least from the immediate
level of the orifices to a levei somewhat lower where the glass
Iowving into the filaments is substantially unaffected by variations
in heat loss or dis 80 turbances from extraneous atmospheric drafts.
It will be understood that the shields as disclosed herein have value
in the production of fibrous glass combinations other than strand
products For example, the shields may be 85 used in the formation of
glass primaries in the process of producing superfine fibres in which
the glass is attenuated at slow speeds such as by mated rollers
between which they are drawn, and then disrupted into discontinuous 9

o fibres such as by the blast of a gaseous burner flame By the use of
shields, the primaries may be given a more uniform diameter from end
to end along their individual lengths and may be made more
consistently alike in dia 95 meter between each other When such
primaries are placed in alignment next to each other for passage
through the burner blast or flame, the uniformity of diameters permits
establishment of more uniform conditions of disruption 100 f Qr all
primaries The flame of the burner tunder such conditions may then be
more critically adjusted for optimum heating and disruption conditions
for the specific diameter of fibres used Besides thus effecting a more
105 efficient operation for disruption d Q the glass into
discontinuous fibres, the resulting secondary fibres are
correspondingly more uniform in properties.
Correspondingly it will be understood that 110 shielding as herein
disclosed can be advantageously used in the production of staple-type
fibres in which attenuation is accomplished by gaseous blasts such as
steam or air.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the 115 art that other
modifications of We present invention are possible without deviation
from the concepts thereof For instance, the surfaces of the solid
shields of the first and second embodiments may be modified by a
roughen 120 ing to promote greater absorption of heat, or they may be
coated with material such as graphite to prevent the accumulation of
extraneous materials or they may be coated with materials which change
the characteristics of radiation 125 absorption to provide the optimum
cone environment for different glass compositions and arrangements of
feeder tips Additionally, the embodiment of Figures 1 to 5 may be
provided with a header on both ends of the fins 130 785,257 to permit
them to be made longer while still effecting uniform cooling across
the complete length of the fins Shields may also be placed only
adjacent to rows of cones other than outside rows which might
otherwise be in surroundings conductive to the absorption of
radiation.
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