5111 5115.output

* GB785518 (A)
Description: GB785518 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements relating to crankshafts
Description of GB785518 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,518 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
December 15, 1955.
Application made in Germany on December 16, 1954 Complete
Specification Published: October 30, 1957
Index at acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), F 2.
International Classification:-F 06 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to Crankshafts We, D Ai MLER-BE Nz
AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Stuttgart-Untertiurkheim, Germany, a Company
organised under the laws of Germany, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
If four-throw crankshafts are designed so that all four cranks lie in
a common plane, this results in difficulties as regards balancing out
2nd-order inertia forces Since these forces have disturbing effects
and give rise to heavy drumming in certain speed ranges, it is
necessary as a rule to provide special balancing devices which,
however, are generally relatively complicated and also give rise to
difficulties of a mechanical nature and to undesired noise.
An object of the invention is to achieve better balancing out of
2nd-order inertia forces without the need for providing special
balancing devices for this purpose.
According to the invention, in a fourthrow crankshaft for a
four-cylinder in-line engine, two adjacent, oppositely directed,
cranks are arranged crosswise at an angle of in relation to the two
other adjacent cranks.
One form of embodiment of the invention by way of example will now be
more fully described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in

which Figures 1 and 2 represent the crankshaft diagrammatically in
perspective view and Figure 3 in end view.
In Figure 1, the crankshaft is shown without counterweights and in the
Figures 2 and 3 with counterweights The cranks are identified by the
numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 and main bearings by I, II, III Further main
bearings may be provided if desired.
The two adjacent cranks 1, 2 lie in one lPrice 3 s 6 d FY 1 ce 45 64
plane and the two other adjacent cranks 3, 4 in another plane, the two
planes being at to each other Figures 2 and 3 show a 45 suitable
arrangement of counterweights, comprising a total of six
counterweights h, to h 6, for balancing out rotary and oscillatory
forces The counterweights h, and h 2 lie in the plane of the cranks 1
and 2 and opposed 50 to the latter and the counterweights h 3 and h&
in the plane of the cranks 3 and 4 and opposed to the latter, while
the counterweights hs and h, at the ends of the crankshaft are
arranged at an angle determined 55 by the resultant moments The
direction of the weight h, is approximately opposed to the resultant
of the cranks 1 and 3 and that of the weight h, to the resultant of
the cranks 2 and 4 60 With this arrangement, a favourable diagram of
rotational forces can be obtained and also favourable inner crank
moments.
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* GB785519 (A)
Description: GB785519 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Protective device for heavy-current rectifier installation
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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CH338520 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
785,519 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 21,
1955.
Application made in Switzerland on Jan 4, 1955.
Application made in Switzerland on Sept 20, 1955.
Application made in Switzerland on Oct 5, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30 1957.
No 36707155.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 2), F 3 C, F 3 D( 1 A: 1 B: 5 B), T 1
F, T 7 (A 3: C 1 B 2: C 6).
International Classification:-H 021.
Protective Device for Heavy-Current Rectifier Installation We,
MASCHINENFABRIK OERLIKON, of ZilrichOerlikon, Switzerland, a body
corporate organised unders the Laws of Switzerland, do hereby declare
the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a protective device for heavy-current
rectifier installation comprising a plurality of rectifier groups
operating in parallel and having rectifier transformers each with a
plurality of secondary star connected groups of windings which feed
the rectifier valves and which are at least partly electrically offset
in relation to one another.
Heavy-current rectifier installations of this kind are used for
example in electrochemical plants requiring very high operating
currents.
In such installations, in the event of an arcback, extremely high
short-circuit currents occur and in a short time become so great that
they can damage the installation and especially the transformers and
rectifiers For the purpose of avoiding damage in consequence of an

arcback it is known to instal an anode high-speed circuit-breaker in
each anode cable and to use for each group of six anodes an inverse
current circuit-breaker and a limiting choke, which delays the current
rise This requires a large number of circuit-breakers however, and is
therefore relatively expensive.
The invention provides a less expensive installation which affords the
same protection but which has only few circuit-breakers The invention
achieves this by providing threephase secondary star connected groups
of windings and connecting the neutral point of each secondary star
connected groups of windings to the negative bus-bar through a
protective arrangement consisting of a directcurrent high-speed
circuit-breaker and at least one choke which, in the range of
protection, has at least approximately a constant curve of impedance
in dependence on the current.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l If smoothing chokes are provided in the installation,
they can be so constructed that a branch of the smoothing choke has in
the range of protection a constant curve of impedance in dependence on
the current and thus acts as a 50 protective inductance, which limits
the current rise in the event of a short-circuit Such an installation
not only successfully uses only few circuit-breakers but in addition
requires no separate protective inductances, thus further 55 reducing
the cost of the installation.
Smoothing chokes act as protective inductances when they have an iron
core with a large air gap or with a multiplicity of small air gaps, or
when they have no iron core at all 60 Since the magnetising current of
such chokes is high, the full smoothing effect is obtained only at 4
load This is unimportant however in electrochemical plants, the
rectifier installations of which operate as a rule at full 65 load.
If, however, the smoothing effect is to be maintained even at low
load, use can be made of a protective arrangement consisting of one
branch of a normally saturated choke in series 70 with a
current-limiting choke and a highspeed circuit-breaker.
Several embodiments of the invention are illustrated diagrammatically
and purely by way of example in the accompanying drawings, 75 in
which:Figure 1 shows a part of a heavy-current rectifier installation
with smoothing chokes acting as protective inductances.
Figure 2 shows by way of modification a 80 choke constructed as an air
choke, in longitudinal section.
Figure 3 shows this air choke in plan view.
Figure 4 shows part of a heavy-current rectifier installation with
smoothing chokes 85 acting as protective inductances.
Figure 5 is a modification of the installation shown in Figure 4.
Figure 6 shows part of a heavy-current rectifier installation having a
current-limiting 90 choke.

Figure 7 is a modification of the installation shown in Figure 6.
According to Figure 1, the heavy-current rectifier installation
illustrated has a rectifier transformer 3 with a star-connected
primary winding 4 and a rectifier transformer 3 ' which is connected
in parallel with the transformer 3 and which has a delta-connected
primary winding 4 ' The two windings 4 and 4 ' are each fed from
three-phase mains through a switch 2 The transformers 3 and 3 ' each
have two groups of secondary three-phase star connected windings 5,
all of which are electrically offset in relation to one another Each
of these winding groups 5 feeds three singleanode rectifiers 7, the
cathodes of which are directly connected to the positive bus-bar 9.
The neutral points 6 of the star connected windings 5 are each
connected to the negative bus-bar 10 through one branch 13 of a choke
14 and through a direct-current high-speed circuitbreaker 8 The
branches 13 are connected as interphase transformers A common choke 14
is thus provided for each two groups of secondary star connected
windings 5 The two branches 13 of each of the chokes 14 have a common
iron body 11 with a plurality of air gaps 12 disposed inside the
windings 13.
Owing to said air gaps, each choke 14 has in the range of protection a
practically constant impedance curve in dependence upon the current
The chokes 14 are so dimensioned that the current rise per second does
not reach a value corresponding to two thousand times the normal
neutral current.
Each branch 13 of a choke 14 forms, together with the direct-current
high-speed circuitbreaker 8 connected in series with it, the
protective arrangement disposed between the relevant neutral point 6
and the negative busbar 10.
If, for example, an arc-back occurs in the first rectifier 7 (looking
from the left), the other rectifiers 7, which are connected in
parallel, feed this short-circuit through the first circuitbreak-er 8
and the first branch 13 of the lefthand choke 14 -Due to its
approximately constant impedance curve in dependence on the current,
this branch 13 acts as a protective inductance and delays the rise of
the shortcircuit current, so that the first circuit-breaker 8 can
break the current before said current has reached a very high value
Consequently, ionisation in the faulty rectifier vessel 7 also remains
relatively low Since the first circuitbreaker 8 has separated the
first neutral point 6 from the direct-current bar 10, the internal
short-circuit of the rectifier system consisting of the first three
rectifiers 7 and fed by the first winding 5 can be easily cleared by a
grid control, which is not illustrated.
The chokes 14 shown in Figure 1 each have two coils 13, which are
disposed in parallel and each of which encloses four air gaps 12 of

the frame-like iron body 11 common to each two coils 13 The air gaps
12 are filled in known manner with a material of constant impedance.
In a modification, Figures 2 and 3 show a choke which also acts as
protective inductance 70 and which is constructed as an air choke 14 a
without an iron body Said air choke has four coils 13 a, which are
disposed one above the other and, as indicated by arrows, the
lowermost and the uppermost of said coils are wound from 75 the
outside inwardly and the two middle coils 13 a are wound from inside
outwardly, and the two bottom coils and the two top coils 13 a are
connected together by leads 24 so as each to form a coil unit with
connections 25 disposed 80 outside on the periphery The unit
consisting of the two top coils 13 a forms a choke branch the magnetic
field of which is directed in the opposite direction to the magnetic
field of the choke branch consisting of the two bottom 85 coils 13 a
The coils are separated from one another and from the cross-shaped
clamping bars 26 by means of distance pieces 12 a and 12 b of
insulating material The coils 13 a are combined to form a mechanically
solid structure 90 by means of a central bolt 27, the clamping bars 26
and the distance pieces 12 a, 12 b.
The bottom bar 26 is carried by four insulators 28, which insulate the
choke 14 a from the ground 95 In a modification of the construction
shown in Figure 1, as shown in Figure 4, each group of four
three-phase groups of secondary windings, which are partly
electrically offset in relation to one another, of the transformers
100 3, 3 ', feeds twelve single-anode rectifiers 7.
The neutral points 6 of the secondary windings are connected, each in
series with a highspeed circuit breaker 8, to the negative bus-bar 10,
not through chokes as shown in Figure 1, 105 but through a smoothing
choke 15, said smoothing choke being in this case a single coil
provided with an iron core or constructed as an air choke and delaying
the current rise in the event of a short-circuit 110 In the event of
an arc-back in one of the rectifiers 7, the smoothing chokes 15 act in
a way similar to the chokes 14 shown in Figure 1 The smoothing choke
15 of the rectifier 7 in which the arc-back has occurred delays the
115 current rise, the appertaining high-speed circuit-breaker 8
separates the neutral point 6 of the secondary star system 5 affected
by the arc-back from the direct-current bus-bar 10, and a grid control
(not illustrated) clears the 120 internal short-circuit, so that
operation of the entire xectifier installation is practically
unimpaired.
According to the modification shown in Figure 5, in each
direct-curreat high-speed 125 circuit-breaker 8 ' the coil 15 d' for
the magnetic extinction of the spark and the coil 15 d" for the
release of the circuit-breaker are so constructed that they act as

smoothing chokes having an impedance curve which is prac 130 785,519
The transformers in the exemplified embodiments illustrated therefore
have high-reactance three-phase secondary windings, which result in a
limiting of the short-circuit currents.
Such rectifier transformers having three-phase 50 primary windings and
three-phase secondary windings are relatively simple and inexpensive.
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* GB785520 (A)
Description: GB785520 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in and relating to gauging devices
Improvements in and relating to Gauging Devices
I, STANLEY GEORGE OPPENHEIM, a Citizen of the United States of
America, of 7901
Williams Avenue, Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to an improvement in indicating, recording, and
controlling devices, but more particularly to an improved method and
means of transmitting a displacement developed by an element or
arrangement of elements which moves in response to changes in the
status or condition to be measured.
The improvement provided by this invention may be employed in all
types of gauging, measuring, recording, and controlling instruments in

which one or more elements are arranged to move in response to changes
in the condition or status being observed, andinwhich thismovement is
employed to produce a related movement in a pointer, a stylus, a disk,
a tape, a drum, or a sensing or actuating element in an electrical
circuit. For the purpose of simplifying the explanation of the
invention, it is described herein in connection with a gauge designed
to indicate pressure changes within an enclosed system.
In gauges of the general type illustrated in the accompanying
drawings, there is generally provided a segment which is connected
with a pressure responsive element such as a Bourdon tube. Movement of
the Bourdon tube in response to a pressure change produces a movement
of the segment which is caused to rotate a pointer relative to a fixed
scale. The movement of the pointer and scale are calibrated so that
the pressure change, or the pressure existing in the system in which
the gauge is fixed, can be read directly from the scale. The driving
connection between the segment and the pointer generally consists of a
rack formed on the periphery of the segment which engages a pinion
fixed to the pin which carries the pointer. As the Bourdon tube
develops a relatively small force, when the pressure within it varies,
the driving connection between the segment and the pinion is desirably
as frictionless as possible. Consequently, the teeth of the rack must
be formed so that they only loosely engage the teeth of the pointer
pinion, as otherwise the intermeshing teeth would bind to the extent
that the relatively small force developed by the movement of the end
of the
Bourdon tube would be taken up principally in overcoming the friction
between the intermeshing teeth. Where the teeth of the rack and the
pinion are cut for a loose engagement to avoid this difficulty, it is
necessary to provide a spring means, generally fixed to the pointer
pinion, which acts to hold one edge of the teeth of the pinion in
engagement with the driving edges of the teeth of the rack, as
otherwise movement of the segment would not produca simultaneous
movement of the pointer, and the pointer would also be free to
oscillate. This would increase the wear between the intermeshing
teeth, and considerably shorten the useful life of the gauge
mechanism. As it is, gauges of this type cannot be successfully used
where rapid or violent pressure fluctuations occur, as the
intermeshing teeth are soon worn to the extent that the gauge is
inoperable or inaccurate.
The purpose of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a
means for transmitting the forces developed - by a Bourdon tube in
such gauging devices from the segment to the indicator which is of
such nature that the cost and difficulty of manufacturing the gauge is
reduced and, more importantly, the indicator is caused to respond

accurately and immediately to the movements of the Bourdon tube. A
further object of the present invention is to provide a means for
transmitting the force developed by a condition responsive element to
an iadicating device, which is unaffected by wear even when used for
long periods of time in a system in which rapid and violent changes
of pressure occur. These objectives are accomplished by a motion
transmitting means which
comprises a constant force, long deflection
spring. No auxiliary spring means is required to insure simultaneous
motion of the pointer, inasmuch as the constant force spring has
inherent stability and is self-restoring.
A further object of the present invention is to provide means for
transmitting the force
developed by a condition responsive element to an indicator that is
accurate, reliable, simple to
construct, and which by simple modifications permits different
proportional movements between the condition responsive element and
the indicator, and it permits by progressively changing the radius of
the pinion or of the contour of the segment to effect desired
proportional motion of the indicating, recording, controlling, or
actuating means.
It will be understood that the objects of the invention stated above
are not limited to gauges
or indicating devices which incIude a Bourdon tube, but are equally
applicable where the responsive element is a thermo-couple, a
diaphragm a bellows, or any other device
which may be arranged to produce a movement, mechanically or
electrically, either linearly or
arcuately in response to changes in conditions
such as pressure or temperature or dimensions.
According to the present invention, the means
for transmitting the force developed by tile
condition responsive element in a gauge to the indicator-assembly is a
constant force, long
deflection spring which is formed from a strip
of flat spring material which has been given a
curvature by continuous heavy forming so that
in its reiaxed or unstressed condition it is in the form of a tightly
wound spiral. This
element is fully described in the paper entitled,
"The Theory and Design of Long-deflection,
Constant-force Spring Elements", By F. A.
Votta, in Transectios of the American Society of Mechanical
Engi?ieerr, for May 1952.

The characteristic of this element of interest in the present
invention is that only a constant force is required throughout to
extend the outer end of the element from its unstressed condition, so
that the element may be considered as a spring element having a
zerogradient. This condition exists when the relaxed - spiral is
supported for free rotation when the force is applied to extend the
outer end. The outer end is backbent around the sector, producing a
constant torque. It has been found that this characteristic of the
spring element makes it uniquely suitable for transmitting movement of
a condition responsive element to an indicator, recording or
controlling device, especially since the element may be arranged to
alter the proportional movement between the condition responsive
device and the indicator from a direct prop or tion to a logarithmic
function, or vice versa, or other proportions of motion.
The details of the theory and design of the spring element are fully
set forth in the paper identified above and need not be further
described here.
The manner in which spring elements of this kind are employed in the
present invention will be apparent from the following detailed
description of the embodiments of the invention disclosed in the
accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
Figure 1 is a front elevational view of a pressure gauge embodying the
present invention;
Figure 2 is an enlarged rear elevational view of the same gauge, with
its back cover removed to show in elevation the gauge mechanism;
Figure 3 is a vertical section view on the line 3-3, Figure 2;
Fi : e t is an enlarged elevational view taken on tile line -t of
Figure 3;
Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view of a segment and an index pointer
bushing interconnected by a spring element according to the e present
invention; and
Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of two segments and an indicator
busing interconnected according to the present invention, so that the
indicator bushing is rotated in proportion to the difference in force
applied to the segments.
Figures 7, 8 and 9 are diagrammatic views of modifications whereby a
nonlinear response of the indicating element may be obtained when and
as desired.
Figure 1 illustrated a conventional gauge 10, having the usual socket
12, case 14 and pointer 16, which is arranged to be rotated with
respect to the graduated dial 18. Referring t o
Figure 2, it may be seen that a Bourdon tube 20 has its open end fixed
in the socket 12 in the usual manner, and that the distal end 22 of

the tube is connected by a link 24 to the segment 26 which is
pivotally supported on the pin 28 and provided with an arm 30 to which
the link 24 is connected. The function of the segment 26 is to
multiply the displacement of the end of the Bourdon tube 22 when the
pressure therein is varied. The pivot pin 28 for the segment 26 is
journaled in the spacedapart plates 32, 34 which in turn are fixed to
an upstanding extension 36 of the socket 12 by means of screws 38, 40.
The plates 32, 34 are held in their spaced relationship by the sieeves
42, 44 through which the rivets 46, 48 extend.
The pointer 16 is supported on a shaft 50 which is also journaled in
the plates 32, 34 and has fixed to it, intermediate the plates, a
bushing 52. The pointer 16 is fixed to the outer end of this shaft, as
may be seen best in
Figure 3.
Referring to Figure 4, it may be seen that a constant force, long
deflection spring is fixed at one end to the bushing 52, and has its
outer end fixed to tile end 54 of the segment 26.
The arrangement is such that when fluid under pressure is introduced
into the Bourdon tube 20 the tube tends to straighten and through the
medium of the link 24 causes the segment 26 to pivot about the pin 28,
thus moving the end 54 of the segment in the direction of the arrow
shown in Figure 4. As the spring is tightly wound about the bushing
52, to which it is fixed, movement of the segment causes an immediate
movement of the pointer 16 that is carried on the shaft 50.
In the arrangement shown in Figure 4, it will be observed that the
bushing 52 is relatively small and that there are several convolutions
of the spring wound around the bushing, so that as the segment 54
moves in the direction of the arrow, the spring will unwind
progressively about a diminishing radius. Accordingly, the indicator
16 will respond in a logarithmic relationship to movement of the
segment. It will be osberved also that the extent of the movement of
the pointer can be varied by enlarging or diminishing the diameter of
the bushing 52.
The type of driving connection described above obviates many of the
difficulties that are inherent in previous arrangements wherein a
toothed drive is provided between the segment and the pinion on the
pointer shaft. In the first place, the driving connection provided by
this invention removes the need for the expensive tooth forming
operation and also for the spring required to hold the loosely fitting
teeth in constant driving engagement. Furthermore, the driving
connection provided by this invention is relatively frictionless, and
is such that movement of the segment produces an instantaneous and
proportional movement of the pointer. A further advantage of the
subject construction is that it is not subject to wear or breakage

even though the gauge may be connected into a system in which rapid
and violent fluctuations of pressure occur. This invention also makes
it possible to easily alter the relationship of the response by the
indicator to movements of the segment. This may be accomplished by
merely enlarging the diameter of the bushing 52 or increasing the
number of turns of spring on the bushing to thereby increase the
radius about which the spring unwinds, and some of the modifications
in this respect which are possible are described below in connection
with Figures 5 and 6. The nature and extent of the response of the
indicator to movements of the segment may also be varied by
appropriate shaping of the working surface of the segment and bushing,
as illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9.
Another advantage of the construction provided by this invention, in
all its forms, is that a given deflection of the movable condition
responsive element will produce the same movement of the pointer at
any portion of the scale, as the spring has a substantially zero
gradient.
Figure 5 indicates a modification of a connection between the
condition responsive element and the bushing carried on the pointer
shaft which provides a linear response by the pointer to movements of
the segment. It will be observed that the spring is considerably
shortened as compared to the one shown in the preceding Figures, so
that but a single convolution is wound about the bushing 52.
Inasmuch as the spring unwinds from the bushing at a constant radius,
the arrangement provides a linear response as compared to the
logarithmic response obtained from the arrangement illustrated in
Figure 4. The extent of the response to a given unit of movement of
the segment may be easily varied by enlarging or diminishing the
diameter of the bushing 52.
Referring to Figure 6, an arrangement is illustrated in which an
indicator is made to respond according to the differences in the
forces applied to the springs N-l and N-2 by their associated distance
multiplying segments or pulleys. The outer ends of both springs are
fixed to the periphery of the bushing 52, so that the forces applied
thereto are in opposition to one another. The bushing may be fixed to
an indicator shaft, as illustrated in connection with Figures 1-4, or
a scale may be inscribed on one or the other of the springs, and read
with respect to a fixed index 60 on the casing within which the
elements may be mounted.
The relationship of the response of the indicator element to movement
of the segment may also be selectively varied by the means illustrated
in Figures 7, 8 and 9. Figure 7 illustrates a bushing 52a which is
non-circular in outline, and consequently, one in which the effective
radius from which the constant force, long deflection spring unwinds

is non-uniform.
The exact relationship of the indicator to the segment movement may be
predetermined by shaping the outline of the bushing 52a. The
relationship of the response of the indicator to segment movement may
be similarly varied by varying the effective radius of the segment
surface onto which the spring unwinds as shown in Figure 8. It will be
observed that the radius of the working surface of the segment struck
from the pivot pin 28 diminishes to the right, as viewed in Figure 8,
and thus the spring is drawn off the bushing 52 onto a segment of
constantly diminishing radius. The response of the indicator to
segment movement is therefore non-linear, and the exact nature of the
response may be determined by the contour provided for the working
surface of the segment. It will be evident that the radius defining
the location of the working surface of the segment may be increased,
rather than decreased, to the right, and that an eccentric bushing may
be combined with a segment of varying radius. One form of this
combination is illustrated in Figure 9.
The present invention is not limited to measuring instrument in which
the indicator is made to respond with rotary motion, as in the case of
pointers, drums, disks, etc., but is equally applicable to devices
such as dimensional air gauges in which the desired measurement is
effected by linear displacement of the indicator of the device.
What I claim is :-
1. A gauge comprising means movable in response to a condition to be
gauged, an indicator movable to represent the gauged condition, and a
constant force, long deflection spring connected at one end to said
movable means and at its other end to said indicator.
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* GB785521 (A)
Description: GB785521 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in catchbar mechanism for knitting machines
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
CH342685 (A) DE1082695 (B) US2779177 (A)
CH342685 (A) DE1082695 (B) US2779177 (A) less
785,521 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April
16, 1956.
No 11550/56.
Application made in United States of America on April 27, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 74 ( 2), C 1 C 1.
International Classification:-D 04 b.
Improvements in Catchbar Mechanism for Knitting Machines We, TEXTILE
MACHINE Wo Ri Cs, a corporation organized and existing under the laws
of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, of Wyomissing, County of Berks,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in the catchbar mechanism of
full-fashioned or other straight bar knitting machines and more
particularly to means for constantly changing the point of engagement
between the catchbar and the sinkers and dividers during the operation
of such machines.
In the operation of the usual full-fashioned knitting machines to form
yarn into loops, the yarn is first sunk or indented between alternate
pairs of needles by sinkers which are slurred forwardly by a slurcam
reciprocated in opposite directions relative to the sinkers by the

coulier mechanism of the machine Following the sinking or indenting of
the yarn by the last sinker, dividers which are alternately spaced
with respect to the sinkers and which have vertical portions engaged
in a slot in a catchbar, are advanced by the catchbar to indent the
yarn between the remaining pairs of needles and equally divide the
yarn between all of the needles To perform this indenting and dividing
action the catch bar must exert considerable pressure against the
dividers and while continuing to exert such pressure, the catchbar is
lowered to enggae vertical portions of sinkers in the slot of the
catchbar so that the remaining movements of both sinkers and dividers,
in forming the loops, are simultaneously effected by the catch bar
During this lowering of the catchbar, the sliding engagement between
the thin edges of the dividers and the same points on the advancing
surface of the catchbar soon cuts or wears grooves in the advancing
surface thereby requiring frequent adjustments or replacement of the
catchbar to maintain the correct function of the dividers in the
formation of the loops.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide means in a
full-fashioned knitting 50 machine which will overcome the above
mentioned and other difficulties in the operation of the catchbar.
Another object of the invention is to provide means in a
full-fashioned knitting machine to 55 operate the catchbar in a manner
to distribute the wear caused by the dividers over a greater portion
of the surface of the catchbar to thereby increase the operating life
of the catchbar.
A further object of the invention is to provide 60 means to shift the
catchbar lengthwise to and fro to thereby change the point of
engagement between the catchbar and dividers.
A still further object of the invention is to provide means to shift
the catchbar lengthwise 65 to change the point of engagement between
the catchbar and dividers which means is operated by a reciprocating
part of the machine.
Still another object of the invention is to provide means to
progressively and con 70 tinuously move the catchbar lengthwise in
opposite directions to change the point of engagement between the
catchbar and the dividers, which means is operated by the coulier
mechanism during predetermined re 75 ciprocations thereof.
With these and other objects in view which will become apparent from
the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiment of
the invention shown in the 80 accompanying drawings, the invention
resides in the novel elements, features of construction and
cooperation of parts, as hereinafter more particularly pointed out in
the claims.
In the drawings: 85 Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view taken

transversely through a portion of a fullfashioned knitting machine
showing mechanism for shifting the catchbar transversely to the
sinker-head according to the invention; 90 N 785,521 Fig 2 is plan
view of a portion of the mechanism shown in Fig 1; Fig 3 is a
cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Fig 1; Fig 4 is a
view on an enlarged scale similar to a portion of Fig 1 and showing
the means for shifting the catchbar; Fig 5 is a plan view on an
enlarged scale of the mechanism taken in the direction of the arrows
5-5 of Fig 4; Fig 6 is a cross-sectional view on an enlarged scale
taken on the line 6-6 of Fig 4; Fig 7 is a view taken in the direction
of the arrows 7-7 of Fig 4; Fig 8 is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line 8-8 of Fig 7; Fig 9 is a cross-sectional view taken
substanially along the line 9-9 of Fig 4; and Fig 10 is a view taken
substantially along the line 10-10 of Fig 7, parts being shown broken
away and in cross section.
Referring to Fig 1 of the drawings there is shown a portion of a usual
multi-section fullfashioned laitting machine including a transverse
center frame 10, a center bed 12 and a cam shaft 15 The center bed 12
together with the usual front beam, back beam and front bed, (not
shown) extend lengthwise of the machine and are secured to the center
frames and end frames (not shown) to maintain the frames in spaced
relation along the machine.
The c-nter bed 12 carries a sinker-head 16 for each section of the
machine having a base member 17 and a cap member 20 which are provided
with aligned slots in which sinkers 21 and dividers 22 are slidably
carried in the usual manner; The sinkers 21 and dividers 22 are
advanced and retracted to form yarn into loops around needles 25
carried in a bar, a portion of which is shown at 26.
The sinkers 21 are advanced in the sinkerhead 16 by jacks 27 which are
operated by a slurcam 30 carried in a slurcam box or housing 31
mounted for sliding movement on a bar 32 extending along the machine
and fixed on the center bed 12 The slurcani box 31 for each section is
secured to a connecting bar 35 which is attached to and reciprocated
by the coulier mechanism of the machine (not shown) to slur the jacks
27 and advance the sinkers The dividers 22 are advanced and retracted
in the siker-head 16 by a catchbar 36 which is provided with a slot 38
for engaging the backs of the dividers in the usual manner The
catchbar 36 carries spaced arms 37 each of which is pivotally and
slidably mounted on a stud 39 (Fig 2) in a lever 40 secured to a shaft
41 pivotally mounted in bearings carried on the frame members 10 in a
usual manner.
The shaf 41 also has cam levers 42 fixed thereto which are provided
with cam followers 45 for engaging cams 46 on the camshaft 15.
The catchbar 36 is adapted to be lowered to engage the backs of the

sinkers 21 in the slot 38 to retract and advance the sinkers with the
dividers 22 For so lowering the catchbar 36, each arm 37 is provided
with an extension 47, which has pivotal engagement with a vertical
link 50 pivotally and slidably carried on a pin 49 (Fig 3) fixed in an
arm 51 secured to a shaft 70 52 Cam levers 55 also secured to the
shaft 52 carry followers 56 for engagement with cams 57 on the
camshaft 15, the cams operating the levers and shaft to raise and
lower the arms 47 and catchbar 36 75 Upon the start of the formation
of the loops the needles 25 are in their high position and as the yarn
is fed across the noses of the sinkers 21 and dividers 22, the sinkers
are advanced by the slur cam 30 to sink the yarn between 80 alternate
needles When the last sinker has been advanced, the catchbar 36 is
advanced by levers 40 and 42 and the cams 46 to sink or divide the
yarn between the remaining needles.
During this advance of the catchbar 36 con 85 siderable pressure is
exerted between the trailing or pushing surface of the slot 38 and the
backs of the dividers With the catchbar 36 still maintaining pressure
against the dividers, it is lowered so that the backs of the sinkers
21 90 also enter the slot 38 and the catchbar is then operated to
retract and advance both sinkers and dividers as the loops are formed
and to return the sinkers and dividers to fully retracted position for
the start of the next course of 95 loops The repeated vertical sliding
engagement between the dividers and the same points of the pushing
edge within the slot 38 of the catchbar 36 soon wears grooves in the
pushing edge which results in defective operation of the 100 dividers
unless the catchbar is repaired or replaced.
In order to reduce the wear in the slot 38 to a minimum and therefore
greatly extend the life of the catchbar means are provided accord 105
ing to the instant invention to progressively shift the catchbar to
and fro along its longitudinal axis to constantly change the points of
contact between the pushing edge and the divider backs Preferably the
means for 110 shifting the catchbar along its length includes a
bracket 60 secured to the catchbar 36 by bolts 61 (Figs 4 and 5) The
bracket 60 is provided with arms 62 having facing side walls for
engagement with flat side walls 66 of a 115 bushing or collar 67 (Fig
6) The collar 67 is rotatably carried on a stud 70 secured in one arm
71 of a lever 72, the collar being positioned on the stud between a
head portion 73 of the stud and the arm 71 The lever 72 is pivotally
120 mounted on a stud 75 secured in a bracket 76 secured by bolts 77
to a part of the machine frame, as shown in Figs 4 and 7.
The lever 72 has a downwardly extending bifurcated portion 80 which is
provided with 125 facing side walls 81 engaging flat side walls 82 of
a bushing or collar 85 The collar 85 is rotatably mounted on an
enlarged portion 86 of a stud 87 which has a portion 90 reduced in

diameter in relation to the portion 86 for 130 causes the eccentric
portion 86 of the stud to turn the lever 72 alternately in clockwise
and counterclockwise directions to constantly shift the catchbar in
small increments along its long axis or transversely -to the
sinker-heads 16 to 70 thereby constantly -change the point of contact
between the catchbar and the sinkers 21 and dividers 22 within the
limits of the overall movement-of the catchbar as determined by the
eccentricity of the portion 86 Furtherntore, it 75 will be obvious
that the mechanism and operation may readily be changed to vary the
overall extent of movement of the catchbar and to vary the frequency
of the overall movements of the catchbar as desired 80
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* GB785522 (A)
Description: GB785522 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Process for the preparation of cereal starch
Process for the preparation of Cereal Starch
I, CURT MICHAEL BERNHEIM, a Swiss citizen, of 46 Breitensteinstrasse,

Zurich,
Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
The present invention relates to a process for the separation of
cereal starch from cereal flour, e.g. wheaten starch from wheaten
flour.
In previously known processes the commercial cereal flour is washed
out with water in so-called extractors. In this way a starch milk is
formed which, in addition to the actual starch, also contains sticky
residues and particles of raw fibres as impurities.
These raw starch milks are hetero-dispersions, i.e. they contain
particles ranging in size from a few microns to 100 microns and over.
In order to obtain starch free from impurities the raw starch milk is
treated in centrifugal separators, in which a separation of the larger
from the finer grains is effected.
The large grains consist only of starch, which on further treatment
yields the so-called best-quality starch. The fine grains, however,
are more or less a waste product, containing sticky residues and
particles of raw fibre in addition to the starch. These impurities are
difficult to remove, so that the product is only a second-grade starch
of little commercial value.
It is therefore of increasing technical and economic interest to carry
out the manufacture of starch so as to form only small amounts of
second-grade starch and to obtain large-grained first-quality starch,
free from sticky residues and raw fibres, as the main product. It is
an object of the present invention to provide such a process.
According to the present invention a process for the production of
starch from cereal flour comprises subjecting the flour to treatment
to separate the finer particles therefrom and subjecting the larger
particle fraction remaining to aqueous treatment to separate starch
therefrom.
Preferably according to the invention the separation of the finer
particles from the flour is effected by a centrifugal separation.
The cereal flour is suspended in a current of air and exposed to
centrifugal force. A very sharp separation corresponding to the weight
of the materials, i.e. to their grain size, occurs in which the fine
grains fall on one side and the coarse grains on the other.
The coarse grains obtained in this way form an excellent starting
material for the preparation of starch.
The washing of the flour thus treated proceeds much more quickly and
the separation of the starch milk is performed much more smoothly. Not
only is a higher yield of firstquality starch obtained, but the total

yield is aiso greater. This arises because the wash water contains
less light sediment, which is known to be difficult to extract and is
therefore ordinarily abandoned.
The following comparative Example will serve to illustrate the
invention and the advantages obtained thereby.
EXAMPLE
A. (Known process). 100 kg. of wheaten flour (ash content 800 mg. per
100 g.) is washed with water to produce a starch milk.
The gross yield of starch is about 65 kg. By separation of the finer
suspended particles there is obtained about 52 kg. of best quality
starch and about 13 kg. of second quality starch.
B. (Process of the invention). From a further quantity of the same
wheaten flour about 18 per cent of the particles of size of 25-35
microns is removed by centrifugal separation. 100 kg. of this
pre-treated flour is washed to yield about 66 kg. of commercial
wheaten flour starch of which 57 kg. is first-quality starch and 9 kg.
is secondquality starch.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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