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1. * GB784758 (A)
Description: GB784758 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements relating to ion-exchange processes
Description of GB784758 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Ion-Exchange Processes.
We, THE PERMUTIT COMPANY LIMITED, a
British Company, of Permutit House, Gunnersbury Avenue, London, W.4,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:
Beds consisting of a mixture of cationexchange and anion-exchange
materials in granular form can be used for the treatment of water or
other liquid in order to remove substantially all the dissolved salts
from the liquid. When the materials must be regenerated they are
usually separated into layers, the separate layers of material then
being individually regenerated and washed.
The separation into layers can easily be effected by upward washing
with water, provided that the two materials differ adequately from one
another in specific gravity. After regeneration and before putting the
bed back into service, it is necessary to mix the two materials
intimately together, and this is normally done by blowing air upwards
through the materials in their container, say for a period of 5 to 10
minutes. At the end of the air-mixing operation there is always an
appreciable quantity of air left trapped in the bed but when the bed
is put back into service this air does not cause any difficulty as it

2. is gradually removed by solution into the liquid passing through the
plant.
In many of the operations for which the treated liquid is required the
Dresence of dissolved air or oxygen in the liquid is unobjectionable
but it is most undesirable when the liquid is feed water for
highpressure boilers, even though the feed water passes through a
deaerator on its way to the boiler. The reason is that the water must
first pass through a considerable amount of pipe-work and equipment
that can become corroded if the water passing through it contains
oxygen. If for any other reason the liquid under treatment must not be
contaminated with oxygen, the airmixing operation is similarly
undesirable.
P,:ccording to this invention the mixing of the materials after
regeneration is effected not with air but with nitrogen. In this way
the risk of subsequent corrosion or other undesirable effect is
removed.
Preferably the nitrogen flows in a closed circuit, consisting of a
vessel in which the nitrogen is maintained under pressure, a
valve-controlled pipe leading from the vessel to the container of the
ion-exchange materials, and a return pipe in which a fan or other
device is inserted for forcing the nitrogen back to the vessel.
What we claim is:-
1. A method of mixing a layer of a caiion-exchange material and a
layer of an anion-exchange material in a container after they have
been individually regenerated and washed which consists in blowing
nitrogen upwards through the materials.
2. A process in which feed water for boilers is passed through a bed
consisting of a mixture of cation-exchange and anionexchange materials
in granular form, and the materials are periodically separated into
layers, and individually regenerated and washed and then are remixed,
characterised in that the remixing is effected by blowing nitrogen
upwards through the materials.
3. A process according to Claim 1 or
Claim 2 in which the nitrogen flows in a closed circuit, consisting of
a vessel in which the nitrogen is maintained under pressure,
* GB784759 (A)
Description: GB784759 (A) ? 1957-10-16

3. Improvements in or relating to water-meters
Description of GB784759 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Water-Meters.
We, PRESNA MECHANIKA NARODNY POD
NIK, a National Corporation organised under the laws of
Czechoslovakia, of Start Turn,
Czechoslovakia, and KAROL SALAMON, a citizen of Czechoslovakia, of
Liptovska' 4,
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement :
The present invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to
watermeters.
It is an object of the present invention to.
provide an improved water-meter which is capable of measuring
efficiently large quantities of water passing through it.
According to the present invention there is provided a water-meter
comprising an inlet leg having a straight downwardly slanting portion
which leads to a trap provided with a cleansing opening, the said
cleansing opening being arranged on a continuation of the axis of the
downwardly slanting portion of the said inlet leg.
The cleansing opening is preferably cylindrical and the point of
intersection between the axis of the straight portion of the inlet leg
and the axis of the said opening lies in the plane of the base of the
trap.
Further it is preferable that the crosssectional area intersected by a
horizontal plane through the straight portion of the inlet leg is
smaller than the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening.
The efficiency of a water-meter constructed in accordance with the
invention, may further be increased by providing a plug in the
cleansing opening of which the upper surface facing the inside of the
meter is concave the surface joining smoothly with the adjoining
surface of the inlet leg and the base of the trap so as to guide the
flow of water admitted through the inlet leg smoothly into the
measuring apparatus.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example
with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a water-meter having the

4. measuring apparatus only indicated diagrammatically, the transmission
device, scales and indicators not being shown for reasons of clarity,
Fig. 2 shows a section on the line II-II of the water-meter as shownin
Fig. 1.
Referring now to the drawings, the watermeter shown therein consists
of a forged body 1 provided on the one side with an inlet leg 2, 4 and
on the other side with an outlet tube 3. From the inlet connection 2
of the inlet leg a straight downwardly slanting portion 4 leads to a
trap 8 under a measuring apparatus 5. At the bottom of the watermeter
1 and in direct continuation of the downwardly slanting portion of the
inlet leg, a cleansing opening is provided which may be closed by a
plug 6. In the embodiment illustrated the axis "B" of the cleansing
opening is intersected by the axis "A" of the downwardly slanting
portibn of the inlet leg close to the plane of the bottom of the trap
8.
This is not, however, an indispensable condition for the arrangement
according to the invention, and with a convenient choice of the ratio
between the diameters of the intersecting area of cross-section by a
horizontal plane through the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet
leg and the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening, it is also
possible to obtain with another position of the point of intersection,
a good accessibility to the inlet leg through the cleansing opening.
Portions 7 are cut away from the inside of the meter walls where the
downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 joins the trap 8 in
order to provide an unimpeded flow path between the lower end of the
downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 and the cleansing
opening.
The diameter of the cleansing opening may be chosen so that its
cross-sectional area is larger than the area of intersection of a
horizontal plane through the inlet leg 4.
During~ the manufacturing process the wall portion 7 connecting the
downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 with the trap 8 under
the measuring apparatus 5 may be formed by a single operation and the
water flow may thus be guided more smoothly into the trap 8 under the
measuring apparatus 5. This effect is further enhanced by a concave
recess 9 provided in the plug 6 of the cleansing opening.
It is a special feature of the water-meter shown in the drawings that
the inlet conneo tion 2 is disposed above the outlet of the trap 8.
What we claim is
1. A water-meter comprising an inlet leg having a straight downwardly
slanting portion which leads to a trap provided with a cleansing
opening, the said cleansing opening being arranged on a continuation
of the axis of the downwardly slanting portion of the said inlet leg.
2. A water-meter according to claim 1, wherein the inlet is disposed

5. above the outlet of the trap.
3. A water-meter according to claim 1 =or 2 wherein the cleansing
opening is provided with a plug.
4. A water-meter according to any of the
preceding claims wherein the cleansing open
ing is cylindrical and the point of interSection -between the axis of
the straight portion of-the inlet leg and the axis of the 'said
opening lies
in the plane of the base of the trap.
5. A water-meter according to claims 2 to
4 wherein the surface of the efld of the plug
facing the inside of the trap is. concave, the
said concave surface joining smoothly with the adjoining surface of
the inlet leg and the
base of the trap.
6. A water-meter according to claims 2 to
5 wherein the plug extends the distance
between the walls of the inlet leg.
7. A water-meter according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
cross-sectional
area intersected by a horizontal plane through -the- straight portion
of the inlet leg is smaller
than the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening
8. A water-meter according to any of the preceding claims wherein the
housing of the
water-meter is made by a forging operation.
9. A water-meter substantially as herein
before described with reference to or as
shown in the accompanying drawings.
* GB784760 (A)
Description: GB784760 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in frequency modulation radio receivers
Description of GB784760 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

6. amongst the following family members:
DE1042670 (B) FR1129797 (A) US2812430 (A)
DE1042670 (B) FR1129797 (A) US2812430 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,760 sy) I)Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
July 28, 1955.
No 21818/55.
F Application made in United States of America on Aug 18, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 5), Q 4 C( 1: 2 C).
International Classification:-HO 4 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in frequency modulation radio receivers We, GENERAL
MOTORS CORPORATION, a Company incorporated under the laws of the State
of Delaware in the United States of America, of Grand Boulevard in the
City of Detroit, State of Michigan, in the United States of America
(Assignees of OLGIERD GIERWIATOWSKI) do hereby declare the invention
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement -
This invention relates to stop-on-signal or signal-seeking frequency
modulation radio receivers.
According to the invention a frequency modulation radio receiver
adapted to scan a predetermined frequency band and to be automatically
stopped on receipt of a signal, comprises an input section with a
tuner device, a frequency modulation detector section, a motor to
drive the tuner, a device to release said motor to operate the tuner,
and a control device connected to said detector section including a
relay and a control circuit which, upon receipt of a signal is adapted
to discharge a condenser to energise a winding of the relay so as to
stop the tuner.
The scope of the invention is indicated in the appended claims; and
how it can be carried into effect is hereinafter particularly

7. ascertained with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is an electrical circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of
the present invention; and Figure 2 is a discriminator characteristic
curve.
Fig 1 shows a conventional superheterodyne frequency modulation radio
receiver 10 of the discriminator-detector type having an antenna 11,
an R F amplifier 12, a detector-oscillator 14, I F amplifier 16,
limiter 18, discriminator 20, audio frequency lPrice 3 s 6 d l
amplifier 22 and loud speaker 24 The receiver also has an automatic
frequency control in the form of a reactance valve section 26
connected in known manner between the discriminator output and the
tank circuit of the oscillator 14, and a power supply 28.
The R F amplifier 12 and detectoroscillator 14 include variable
condensers 34, 36 and 38 adapted to be tuned in unison from a common
shaft 40 which carries a manual tuning knob 42.
The stop-on-signal control apparatus 32 of the present invention
includes a multielement valve 50, a relay 52 controlled thereby, and a
drive device including a spring drive motor 54 for tuning the
condensers 34, 36, 38 throughout the tuning range of the receiver The
valve 50 may be of the 6 AKS type, having a cathode 55, control grid
56, plate-connected screen grid 58, cathode-connected suppressor grid
60, and a plate 62 The relay 52 is of a known flux-latched type and
includes a holding or flux-latching winding 66 and stopping or
flux-unlatching winding 68 wound on a common core 70, a stationary
contact 72, and an earthed armature 74, the latter being normally held
in the position shown by the spring 76.
A starter button 80 adapted momentarily to close a pair of switch
contacts 82, 84 has its contact 82 connected by conductor 86 to one
side of the holding coil 66 and its other contact 84 connected by
conductor 88 to the rectifier side of the speaker field 90 serving as
a part of a ripple filter for the power supply 28 The other side of
the holding coil 66 is connected by conductor 92 to the other side of
the speaker field of the power supply A bleeder resistor 94 shunting
contacts 82 and 84 is connected between conductors 86 and 88 to supply
a small amount of energizing current to the holding coil 66 of the
relay 52 to hold the armature 74 in its flux-latched position,
opposite to that shown, after the push button has been depressed to
initiate signalseeking operation and then released.
The signal responsive relay control valve 50 has its control grid 56
connected to receive an energizing or control signal from the output
of the discriminator 20 which is connected by conductor 96, resistor
98 and conductor 100 to grid 56 and to earth through a high frequency
by-pass condenser 102 Operating voltage is supplied to the plate 62 of
the relay control valve 50 in a circuit from the output of the power

8. supply which include limiter resistor 106, unlatching winding 68, and
conductor 108 Cathode is connected to earth through conductor and an
adjustable biasing resistor 112.
An aditional biasing or bleeder resistor 114 for applying a positive
bias to the cathode is connected between B+ and the nonearthed side of
resistor 112 A surge condenser 116 is connected to the junction
between relay winding 68 and limiter resistor 106, and to the cathode
55 The stationary contact 72 of the relay 52 is connected by conductor
118 to the junction between a pair of resistors 120, 122 forming a
voltage divider in the input circuit of the automatic frequency
control reactance valve section 26 of the frequency modulation
receiver.
The spring drive motor 54 is connected to the manual tuning knob -or
dial 42 of the receiver and to the receiver chassis, so that the
spring may be tensioned by turning the dial 40 to one extreme position
of rotation.
Th relay armature 74 acts upon a brake drum 126 mounted on a shaft 128
coupled to the tuning shaft 40 and has a vane governor 130 thereon
Means, not shown, for automatically re-cocking the spring may be
employed.
To operate the apparatus the starting button 80 is pressed to energize
relay winding 66 causing armature 74 to be attracted to core 70 and
release the brake drum 126 and close contact 72 to initiate the tuning
of the receiver by the spring drive motor 54, the flux produced by the
current flow through the bleeder resistor 94 supplementing the
residual flux in the relay holding coil 66 to retain the armature in
its latched position upon release of the starting button The control
valve 50 is connected to receive a D C control signal from the
discriminator output, and normally is in a slightly conductive
condition in the absence of an FM signal in the discriminator output.
The resistance 106 however, limits the plate current of the relay
valve to so low a value that this current is insufficient to cause the
opposing flux produced thereby in winding 68 to unlatch the relay
armature 74.
The direction of tuning movement of the condensers 34, 36 and 38 by
the drive motor 54 is such that the discriminator voltage, when tuning
in an FM signal, first goes negative, and then, after the negative
peak is passed, goes first less negative and then positive over the
linear portion of the 70 discriminator characteristic as illustrated
in Fig 2 When the discriminator voltage is negative the relay valve 50
becomes nonconductive, and the condenser 116 charges from B+ through
resistance 106 As the 75 discriminator voltage swings rapidly less
negative or becomes more positive, the relay valve 50 becomes
conductive, and the condenser 116 discharges through the coil 68

9. sending a pulse of current therethrough of 80 sufficient magnitude to
creating an opposing flux of sufficient intensity to overcome that
produced by the holding coil 66 and unlatches the relay armature 74
into the open position shown, the armature then 85 being in its brake
applying position to stop the spring motor 76 and stop the receiver
tuning generally on or within a fraction of a volt from zero
discriminator output The cathode resistor 112 and bleeder 114 from 90
B + thereto have been found to aid stopping of the tuning somewhat
closer to zero and consistently on the positive side of the
discriminator characteristic, so that stopping of the tuning is always
in the same direction 95 in relation to the direction of the tuning
variation.
Upon stopping of the tuning, the input of the reactance valve section
26 of the receiver is disconnected from earth, that is, 100 the
reactance valve is connected to respond to the discriminator output
and electronically to regulate the tuning of the receiver so that it
will be maintained exactly at the carrier frequency of the received
signal, in 105 known manner By disabling the automatic frequency
control of the receiver during the tuning operation and permitting its
application after stopping-on-signal, any opposing effects that the
reactance tube would other 110 wise have on the receiver tuning during
self tuning operation thereof are eliminated, further contributing to
the high speed automatic tuning obtained with the control apparatus of
the invention 115 It also will be noted that the signal-seeking
operation of the receiver is completely under the control of the
control apparatus and that no manual or coarse tuning of the receiver
to a particular narrow tuning zone is 120 required before the
stop-on-signal control can become effective.
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* GB784761 (A)
Description: GB784761 (A) ? 1957-10-16

10. Method of and apparatus for producing coils photographically
Description of GB784761 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7814,761 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug
11, 1955.
No 23208155.
Application made in United States of America on Aug 18, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 98 ( 2), D( 5:12 H:13 C 3).
international Classification:-GO 3 c, d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method of and Apparatus for Producing Coils Photographically.
We, ALADDIN INDUSTRIES INCORPORATED, of 705, Murfreesboro Road,
Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America A Corporation organised
and operating under the laws of the State of Illinois, United States
of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:This invention relates to the production of inductance coils
for use in television and radio apparatus, or the like.
One principal object of the invention is to provide an improved method
of making coils photographically.
A further object is to provide an improved method whereby coils of
complicated configuration may be reproduced with extreme accuracy and
yet at low cost and with facility and speed.
In accordance with the invention, a method for photographically
printing inductance coils of helical form, is characterized by the
steps of covering a cylindrical insulating blank with at least one
conductive layer, and superimposing on said conductive layer a layer
of photo-sensitive material, preparing a pattern having skewed
alternate relatively opaque and relatively transparent stripe-like
elements constituting a development of the ultimate coil winding,
photographing said pattern to obtain a mask, directing actinic
radiation through said mask on to the prepared blank, dissolving the
portions of the photo-sensitive layer not exposed to said radiation
and removing by etching the portions of the conductive layer revealed
by the dissolving of the photo-sensitive layer.
Various embodiments of the invention will now be described with
reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:Figure 1 is a
perspective view of an exemplary coil of a type which may be produced

11. by the exemplary method; Figure 2 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary
cross-sectional view of a photographically sensitized coil form or
blank which may be employed in carrying out the exemplary coil 50
production method; Figure 3 is a perspective view of a light table or
photographic staging device which may be employed in carrying out the
exemplary method; 55 Figure 4 is a partly diagrammatic plan view of a
photographic transparency employed in the exemplary method; Figure 5
is an enlarged diagrammatic cross sectional view of the coil blank
illustrating 60 one way of employing the transparency of Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a diagrammatic elevational sectional view of a coil
printing machine which may be employed to utilize the transparency 65
in another way of printing a coil.
The exemplary method to be described by way of illustration of the
invention is well adapted to produce conductive, metallic patterns
having fine detail and a high degree 70 of complexity One example of
such a pattern is shown in Figure 1, which illustrates an inductance
coil 10 adapted to be employed in television and radio tuners, or the
like The illustrated coil comprises an insulating form 75 11 which in
this instance consists of a tube, although it might be solid rather
than tubular, made of any suitable insulating material such as glass
or a synthetic resin, for example A flexible rod 12 is secured to one
end of the 80 tubular form 11, in order to provide a connection
between the coil 10 and a movable operating member or mechanism (not
shown).
Mounted on the form 11 is a conductive ribbon 14 which is firmly
adherent to the 85 form In this instance, the ribbon 14 is generally
helical in shape but varies considerably in width between an extremely
wide end portion 15 and a much narrower opposite end portion 16 The
spacing between the 90 turns of the helical ribbon 14 may also vary
widely In the end portion 16, the ribbon 14 is characterized by
extremely fine detail It is in the reproduction of such fine detail
that the merit of the exemplary method becomes most apparent.
The exemplary method employs light sensitive coil blanks 18 (Fig 2)
which may be prepared in various ways In producing one of these blanks
18, the tubular glass form 11 is preferably centerless ground to
produce a truly cylindrical outer surface 19 It is then important that
the form 11 be degreased in an alkaline cleaner and thoroughly washed
A thin coating 20 of a metal such as silver is then applied to the
outer surface 19 of the form by any suitable or desired process.
While this might be done by sputtering spraying or applying metal
powder, it is preferable to employ a chemical silvering process of the
type often utilized in silvering mirrors For example, it is preferred
to sensitize the tube 11 by immersing it for approximately one minute
in a 0 2 per cent solution of Stannous Chloride acidified with just

12. enough Hydrochloric Acid to redissolve the precipitate which forms
when the acid is first added to the Stannous Chloride solution After
this sensitizing operation it is important to wash the tube 11 rather
thoroughly to remove all traces of the Stannous Chloride, since the
succeeding steps in the silvering operation are adversely affected by
the presence of Stannous Chloride After it has been washed, the tube
11 is immersed in a fresh ammoniacal silver solution containing
formaldehyde as a reducing agent A coating of metallic silver is
deposited on the tubular form 11 while it is in this silver bath The
bath is agitated constantly until the reaction in the solution is
completed and then the silvered tube 11 is removed and thoroughly
washed.
The next step in preparing the blank 18 is to apply a coating or layer
22 of copper over the thin silver film 20 Since the film 20 is
electrically conductive, the layer 22 of copper may be applied by
conventional electroplating methods Usually it is sufficient to apply
a copper layer which is two or three thousandths of an inch thick, but
the thickness of the copper layer may be varied according to the
electrical and mechanical requirements to be met by the coil After the
coil form 11 has been electroplated to the desired extent, it is
washed and the copper coating 22 is preferably polished.
The next step in preparing the blank 18 is to apply a thin coating 24
of some highly reflective metal, such as silver, for example, over the
electroplated copper layer 22 It is preferable to form the reflective
coating 24 simply by immersing the copper plated form 11 in a flash
coating bath which may consist of a solution containing one-half ounce
of Silver Cyanide and approximately 11 5 ounces of Potassium Cyanide
for each gallon of water In such a solution copper from the surface of
the layer 22 goes into solution and is replaced by silver It will be
understood that the reflective coating '4 may' 70 be applied by
electroplating or other methods, but it is not necessary to resort to
such methods, since an extremely thin film of silver will suffice to
increase the reflectivity of the coil form 11 to a marked extent After
75 being removed from the flash silvering bath.
the coil form 11 is washed and thoroughly dried.
Next the coil form 11 is coated with a film or layer 26 of a
photographically sensitive 80 etch resisting material This photo
resist layer 26 may be composed of a bichromated colloid such as
gelatin or albumen or any of the commercial photoresists used in
photoengraving and known as cold top enamels 85 but preferably the
coating 26 is composed of a photo-sensitive etch-resisting colloidal
lacquer widely distributed by the Eastman Kodak Company as ' Kodak
Photo Resist Lacquer " (The word " Kodak" is a 90 registered trade
mark) This material is adapted to be hardened or rendered insoluble by

13. exposure to ultra-violet or other actinic radiation and is resistant
to Ferric Chloride and dilute acid etching solutions The 95 Kodak
Photo Resist Lacquer is applied by dipping the metalized coil form 11
into the lacquer and allowing the resulting lacquer coating to dry
This completes the preparation of the blank 100 In order to provide
for photographic printing of a pattern on the sensitized coil blank
18, a photographic transparency 28 (Fig 4) or other mask is produced
as the next step in the exemplary method In accordance with the 105
invention, the mask or transparency 28 is provided with a pattern
representing a geometrical development or flattening of the helical
coil pattern In effect, the helical pattern is split along a
longitudinal line, 110 indicated at 28 a in Figure 1 and the resulting
split, generally cylindrical elements are flattened The result is a
series of skewed flat bar or stripe-like elements 30 (Fig 4)
representing the successive turns of the helical 115 ribbon 14 to be
produced on the coil 10 The elements 30 are spaced by other skewed
stripe-like elements 32 representing the faces or grooves between the
turns of the metallic ribbon 14 In the exemplary method the 120
elements 30 preferably are made relatively transparent while the
elements 32 are made relatively opaque.
In accordance with the invention, the image elements 30 and 32 of the
transparency 125 28 are made appreciably longer than the circumference
of the coil blank 18 in order to provide for an overlap between the
ends of the elements in the photographic printing operation This is
brought out in Fig 4 and 130 784,761 strips 49 and 50 of adhesive tape
It is important that the axes of the rollers 47 and 48 be truly
parallel and that the transparency 28 be accurately squared with the
rollers The rollers 47 and 48 are rotatably mounted by 70 means of
shafts 51 and 52 journaled in a suitable supporting frame 54.
To support the coil blank 18, a pair of rotatable supporting rollers
56 are mounted on a block 82 between the drive rollers 47 and 75 48
The spacing between the rollers -56 is made slightly less than the
diameter of the coil blank 18 In its position of use, the coil blank
is disposed in the gap between the rollers 56 but on the opposite side
of the 80 transparency from the rollers.
-Two pairs of pressure rollers 58 are provided to press the coil blank
18 toward the supporting rollers 56 so as to hold the transparency 28
firmly against the coil blank 85 Between the rollers 56, the
transparency 28 is thereby formed into a U-shaped generally
semi-cylindrical loop which passes over the rollers 56 and part way
around the coil blank 18 The pressure rollers 58 are preferably 90
rubber covered and are mounted in anti-friction bearings 60 supported
by a pair of carriages 61 Pivot connections 62 are provided between
the carriages 61 and a pair of interconnected arms 64 formed on a

14. swing 95 frame 65 The swing frame 65 is biased in one direction by
means of springs 67 which thereby serve to press the pressure rollers
58 against the coil blank 18 A manually operable eccentric cam 68 is
arranged to be engaged 100 with an arm 69 on the swing frame 65 so as
to swing the frame against the bias of the springs 67 and thereby
relieve the pressure between the pressure rollers and the coil blank
to permit removal and replacement of the coil 105 blank It will be
understood that a weight or other yieldable -means may be employed to
urge the pressure rollers 58 toward the supporting rollers 56.
To maintain tension in the elongated 110 transparency 28, a free
roller 72 is supported on the transparency between the supporting
rollers 56 and the drive roller 48 The weight of the roller 72 takes
up any slack in the elongated transparency 28 and maintains the 115
transparency in intimate contact with the coil blank 18.
In order to advance the transparency at a constant, predetermined
rate, a reversible electric motor 74, is connected to the drive 120
roller 47 by means of a worm drive 75 As shown in Figure 6, the other
drive roller 48 and the supporting rollers 56 are preferably driven in
synchronism with the roller 47 by means of a belt 76 looped around the
rollers 125 47 and 48 and extending over the rollers 56.
A pair of idler rollers 78 are-provided to take up any slack in the
belt 76.
Actinic illumination is provided in this instance by means of a
tubular -lamp 80 130 5, in, which 33 a, 33 b, and 33 c represent the
length of the image elements 30 and 32, the circumference of the coil
blank, and the difference or overlap allowance, respectively.
The photographic transparency 28 may be produced by first providing a
large scale mock-up pattern or master 34 on a light table or staging
device 35 (Fig 3), which comprises a frame 36 supporting a translucent
screen 37 illuminated from one side by a plurality of fluorescent
lamps 38, or the like For convenience and accuracy in rendition of
-detail, the master 34 preferably is made several times the size of
the desired transparency.
The master 34 is formed by assembling a plurality of thin opaque
strips 40 on the illuminated screen 37 It will be understood that the
strips are formed of the proper width and shape to correspond to the
grooves between the turns of the ribbon, 14 on the coil 10 The end
portion 15 of the coil may be reproduced by providing a mask 41 having
a cut-out 42 representing the widest portion of the ribbon 14 A pair
of elongated masking strips 43 are provided to define the peripheral
boundaries of the master pattern 34.
In accordance with the invention, the spacing between the masking
strips 43 is made sufficiently great so that the ends of the elements
30 and 32 will effectively overlap in the coil printing operation, as

15. already indicated.
The master pattern 34 is photographed to obtain a photographic
negative of a reduced size corresponding to the size of the desired
transparency By conventional photographic printing, the transparency
28 is made from this negative The transparency 28 may consist of a
strip of a suitable photographic film.
As the next step in the exemplary method, the transparency 28 is
rolled around or relative to the sensitized coil blank 18 and the
latter is exposed to actinic illumination through the transparency As
shown in Figure 5, the transparency 28 may simply be cut to length and
rolled around the coil blank 18, in which case the ends of the
transparency will overlap physically as shown at 44 The blank 18 is
then exposed to actinic radiation, represented in Figure 5 by light
rays 45 It will be understood that the blanks may be exposed either by
arranging a source of radiation so as to expose all sides of the blank
simultaneously, or by rotating the blank relative to a localized
source of radiation.
Alternatively and preferably, however, the coil blank 18 may be
exposed through the transparency 28 by using a machine as shown in
Figure 6 This machine comprises first and second drive rollers 47 and
48 for carrying and advancing the transparency 28 In its position of
use, the transparency 28 extends between the rollers 47 and 48, the
opposite ends of the transparency 28 being attached to the rollers, in
this instance by means of 784,7,61 disposed below the supporting
rollers 56 in closely spaced relation to the transparency 28.
The lamp 80 may be a " black light " fluorescent tube emitting
radiation in the neighborhood of 3650 Angstroms In this instance, the
lamp 80 extends through apertures 81 in blocks 82 mounted on the frame
54 and is pressed upwardly toward the rollers 56 by means of a pair of
springs 83.
In the operation of the printing machine 46, the pressure rollers 58
are lifted by manipulating the cam 68 and the coil blank 18 is laid on
the transparency 28 between the rollers 56.
The pressure rollers 58 are then lowered to press the coil blank into
the gap between the rollers 56 The motor 74 is then started to advance
the transparency 28 so as to roll the image elements 30 around the
coil blank 18.
The photo resist coating 26 on the coil blank 18 is thereby exposed to
the actinic radiation from the lamp 80 through the transparent image
elements 30, while the remaining portions of the coating 26 are
protected from exposure by the opaque elements 32 in the transparency
28 As previously intimated, the image elements 30 are made appreciably
longer than the circumference of the coil blank 18, so that the areas
of the photo resist coating 26 exposed by the opposite ends of the

16. image areas 30 will overlap This overlapping ensures that a continuous
helical image area will be exposed on the coil blank without any
possible unexposed discontinuities While the extent of the overlapping
between the ends of the image areas 30 may vary widely, it has been
found that in practice an overlap of approximately five per cent is
suitable.
The rate at which the transparency 28 is advanced may be varied in
accordance with various factors such as sensitivity of the photo
resist coating 26 In practice the provision of the reflective coating
24 between the photo resist coating 26 and the copper layer 22 reduces
the required exposure time by as much as 90 per cent This striking and
unexpected reduction in exposure time may be attributed to the
reflection of actinic radiation by the silver coating 24.
Actinic radiation has a tanning or hardening effect on the photo
resist coating 26 on the coil blank 18 Thus the image areas on the
coating 26 exposed to actinic radiation through the transparent
elements 30 of the transparency 28 are rendered relatively insoluble
to solvents which will readily dissolve the unexposed non-image areas
of the coating.
Accordingly, after being exposed, the coil blank 18 is developed by
immersion in such a solvent, capable of dissolving or softening the
unexposed non-image area While various organic solvents such as toluol
and xylol, for example, might be employed to dissolve the coil blank
18, it is preferred to employ a solvent widely distributed by the
Eastman Kodak Company as Kodak Photo Resist Developer " This developer
is expressly compounded for use with " Kodak Photo Resist Lacquer "
After the coil blank has been dissolved for a few minutes it is 70
preferably dyed in a bath which might contain any suitable dye, but
preferably consists of a dye bath widely distributed by the Eastman
Kodak Company as Kodak Photo Resist Dye Bath " Immersion of the 75
coil blank 18 in this bath for about thirty seconds dyes the " Kodak
Photo Resist" coating 26 a black color The coil blank 18 is then
flushed in a vigorous aerated stream of water, preferably at a
temperature of 75 80 degrees, or warmer This has the effect of washing
away the non-image areas of the coating 26 which had been softened by
the " Kodak Photo Resist Developer " (As mentioned previously, the
word Kodak" 85 is a registered trademark) The image areas of the
coating 26 remain on the coil blank 18 in a helical pattern
representing the turns of the final coil 10 Because of the use of the
-dye bath, the resist image is clearly visible at 90 -this stage.
In order to remove the silver film 24 and the copper coating 22 in the
non-image areas of the coil blank 18, an etching solution is applied
to the coil blank While various 95 etching solutions might be
employed, it is preferred to immerse the coil blank in a ferric

17. chloride solution having a gravity of degrees Baume, the solution
having been acidified by the addition of one per cent 100 hydrochloric
acid To expedite the etching operation, the etching bath is preferably
maintained at a temperature of about 140 degrees F and the bath is
agitated by introducing an air stream into the bath The 105 etching
operation will ordinarily be completed in about 8 to 10 minutes After
being removed from the etching bath the coil blank 18 is thoroughly
washed.
The ferric chloride etching solution pene 110 trates the thin silver
flash coating 24 and dissolves the underlying copper layer 22.
However, a substantial portion of the silver layer 20 will ordinarily
remain This silver may be oxidized and dissolved by immersing 115 the
coil blank 18 in a 25 per cent solution of potassium ferricyanide and
sodium thiosulfate which is a reagent commonly used to reduce the
density of the silver deposit in photographic negatives Any remaining
120 stain and silver salts may be removed by dipping the coil blank 18
for a few seconds into concentrated hydrochloric acid.
At this point in the method, the metallic ribbon 14 of the finished
coil is completely 125 formed but is covered with the photo resist
layer 26 While the resist may be left in place in some cases, it is
preferable to employ an active organic solvent, such as toluol, xylol
or acetone to remove the remaining resist 130 784,761 2 The method in
accordance with claim l, characterized in that said stripe like
elements are of a length exceeding the circumference of the coil form
to provide for overlapping ends of the helical pattern being exposed
on said 30 coil form.
3 The method in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterized in that
said coil form contacts said mask while exposed to actinic radiation
35 4 The method in accordance with claim 3, characterized by the step
of rotating said form and advancing said mask in synchronism with the
movement of said form.
The method of photographically im 40 printing inductance coils of
helical form on cylindrical light sensitive coil forms substantially
as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
HERON ROGERS & CO, Agents foi Applicants, Bridge House, 181, Queen
Victoria Street, London, E C 4.
coating After the coil has been washed and dried, it may be checked
for electrical continuity, short circuits between turns, and physieal
damage A coating of a suitable insulating material, such as styrene
resin, may be applied to the coil to protect it from mechanical
injury.
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* GB784762 (A)
Description: GB784762 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to multi-ratio gearbox
Description of GB784762 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICA Ti ON
784,762 If Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept
14, 1955.
m S i a No26314/55.
Application made in Germany on Sept 18, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), D( 7 C 6:12).
International Classification:-FO 6 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to multi-ratio gearbox We, BAYERISCHE
MOTOREN WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Lerchenauerstrasse 76, Munchen
13, Germany, a Company organised according to the Laws of the Federal
Republic of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to a multi-ratio gear box such as a gear box
for motor vehicles, of the kind (hereinafter referred to as " a
gearbox of the kind described") having two or more forward speeds and
a reverse drive, wherein a drive shaft, an intermediate shaft and a
driven shaft are arranged parallel to one another in the gearbox
housing, and wherein the constant mesh pairs of gearwheels associated
with the individual ratios are engaged by displaceable clutch sleeves.
One object of the invention is to provide an easy change gearbox of
the smallest possible size.

19. According to the present invention a multi-ratio gearbox of the kind
described is characterised in that drive is transmitted from the drive
shaft 2 to the intermediate shaft 3 via a stepped double gearwheel 5
splined fast to the intermediate shaft 3, the said double gearwheel 5
forming a common input transmission for all gears The said double
gearwheel 5 may be in constant mesh through one gear element with a
pinion 6 splined fast to the drive shaft 2, and also through the other
element with gearwheels 8 and 7 mounted free to rotate on the drive
shaft 2 and driven shaft 4 respectively, said double gearwheel 5
serving according to the gear position for drive in the lowest forward
gear 5, 6, 7, 10 or in reverse 6, 5, 8, 14, 15, 11, 12.
According to one embodiment of the invention, torque is transmitted in
reverse gear via a hollow shaft 13, rotatably carried lPrice 3 s 6 d l
on the drive shaft 2 and provided at the ends with gearwheels 8, 14,
the hollow shaft 13 being coupled to the driven shaft 4 via a
disengageable reversing wheel 15, and via 50 a pair of gearwheels 11,
12 intended for the highest forward gear By using gearwheels for drive
in reverse, which are likewise available for drive in the forward
gears, so that the engaging elements for reverse gear 55 do not
require any additional length in construction, seen in the direction
of the gearbox shafts, a particularly compact construction is
obtained.
The accompanying sectional drawing 60 shows by way of example a
diagrammatic representation of one form of a four-speed gearbox
according to the invention.
The drive shaft 2, the intermediate shaft 3 and the driven shaft 4 are
arranged parallel 65 to one another in the gearbox housing 1 A stepped
double gearwheel 5 is fast with one end of the intermediate shaft 3,
and receives its drive from a pinion 6 arranged fast on the drive
shaft 2, while simultaneously being 70 in constant mesh with two loose
gearwheels namely the gearwheel 7 on the driven shaft and the
gearwheel 8 on the drive shaft mounted to rotate freely on their
respective shafts The four forward gears are engaged 75 in known
manner by means of two displaceable clutch sleeves 9 and 10
constructed as gearwheels, and coupled by splines to the intermediate
shaft 3 and the output shaft 4 respectively so as to be constrained to
rotate 80 therewith but slidable thereon In this connection, a pair of
constant mesh gearwheels 11 and 12 on the driven shaft or output side
of the gearbox are carried on the intermediate shaft 3 and driven
shaft 4 respec 85 tively the gearwheel 11 being free to rotate on the
shaft 3 but adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve 9 whilst the
gearwheel 12 is fast on the driven shaft 4 The gearwheel 8 in constant
mesh with the stepped gear 90 wheel 5, and intended for reverse gear,
is formed at one end of a hollow shaft 13, which is carried

20. concentrically and as 784,762 already stated is mounted free to rotate
on the drive shaft 2, the other end of said hollow shaft 13 being
provided with a gearwheel 14 situated in the sage plane as the
gearwheels 11 and 12 above mentioned.
A displaceably arranged reversing wheel I 5 provides reverse gear,
when moved into mesh with the wheels 14 and 11 to transmit torque to
the driven shaft 4 The driven shaft 4 also carries a pinion 17 mounted
free to rotate thereon and adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve
10 and in constant mesh with the clutch sleeve 9 whilst the
intermediate shaft 3 carries a pinion 18 free to rotate thereon and
adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve 9, said pinion 18 being in
constant mesh with the clutch siee e 10.
ransmission in reverse gear consequently takes place from the pinion 6
and the double gearwheel 5 to the gearwheel 8, via the hollow shaft 13
to the gearwheel 14, and via the engaged reversing wheel 15 to the
pair of gearwheels 11 and 12 to the drien shaft 4 In lowest forward
speed the drive takes place from the pinion 6 to the double gear wheel
5 through loose pinions 7 and clutch sleeve i O in shaft 4 In second
gear the drive is transmitted from pinion 6 to double gearwheel 5
through intermediate shaft 3 to clutch sleeve 9 and thence via pinion
17 and clutch sleeve 10 to driven shaft 4 In third gear thle drive is
transmitted from the pinion 6 to the double gearwheel 5, shaft 3,
clutch sleeve 9, to pinion 18 and thence by clutch sleeve 10 to the
driven shaft 4 Top gear transmission takes place via the pinion 6
double gearwheel 5, shaft 3, sleeve 9 and gearwheels 11 and 12 to the
driven shaft 4.
In order to facilitate assembly of this extremely compact gearbox, the
housing is provided on the driven shaft or output side with a
removable cover 16 which sinmultaneously serves to carry the bearings
for the ends of the shafts The various gear positions can be operated
by any known mechanism, and no particular method is consequently shown
in the drawing.
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