An overview on coronavirus (COVID-19)

PRESENTED BY:-
STEFFI THOMAS
M.PHARM, 4TH SEM
PHARMACEUTICS
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY, BARKATULLAH
UNIVERSITY,BHOPAL 1

 Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that
causes disease in mammals and birds.
 In humans, this virus causes respiratory tract
infections .
 Realm- Riboviria
 Phylum- incertae sedis
 Order- Nidovirales
 Family- Coronaviridae
 Subfamily- Orthocoronavirinae
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 This virus has been declared by WHO (World
Health Organization) as pandemic.
 Pandemic can be used for a disease that has spread
across an entire country or other large landmass.
 Few months ago no one knew that a virus named
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2) even existed.
 Till April 2020, this virus spreaded to almost every
country, infecting at least 446,000 people whom
we know about and many more whom we don’t.
 It has crashed economies and broken health-care
systems, filled hospitals and emptied public
spaces.
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UNIVERSITY,BHOPAL 4

 They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense
single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid
of helical symmetry.
 They have got characteristic club-shaped spikes
that project from their surface.
 Average diameter of virus particle is 120 nm.
 Spikes are almost of 20 nm while the diameter of
the envelope is about 80 nm.
 The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where
the membrane, envelope and spike structural
proteins are anchored.
 Inside the envelope in nucleocapsid, which is
formed from multiple copies of nucleocapsid
protein which are bound to positive-sense single-
stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-
string type conformation.
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 The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins and
nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside
the host cell.
 Coronaviruses were first discovered in 1930s when
an acute respiratory infection of domesticated
chickens were shown to be caused by Infectious
Bronchitis Virus (IBV).
 Human coronaviruses were discovered in 1960s.
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 The immune system is the body’s multi-level
defence mechanism against harmful bacteria,
viruses and other organisms.
 Individuals in certain pre-existing illnesses such as
diabetes, hypertension and respiratory issues are at
a higher risk of having COVID-19.
 General immunity reduces as you get older while
the younger generation with no underlying
illnesses can result in a minor infection, provided
that they have robust immunity.
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 Regularly consume vegetables and fruits rich in Beta
carotene, Ascorbic acid and other essential vitamins.
 Mushrooms, tomato, bell peppers, spinach also fight
against certain infections.
 Eat supplements rich in omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
daily.
 Natural immunity supplements include garlic, basil
leaves, black cumin, ginger, gooseberries and turmeric.
 Seeds such as sunflower seeds, flax seeds, pumpkin
seeds are excellent sources of protein and Vitamin E.
 Probiotics like yoghurt and fermented foods are
excellent sources to rejuvenate the composition of gut
bacteria.
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 Stay hydrated by drinking almost 8-10 glasses of
water. Water helps to flush out the toxins from the
body and lower the chances of flu.
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 It is called COVID-19 (earlier known as “2019 novel
coronavirus”). The official names are:-
Coronavirus disease Severe Acute Respiratory
(COVID-19) Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2)
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 A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan,
Hubei Province of China was first reported to the
WHO Country Office in China on 31 December 2019.
 WHO is working 24/7 to analyse data, provide advice,
coordinate with partners, help countries prepare,
increase supplies and manage expert networks.
 The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency
of International Concern on 30 January 2020.
 The international community has asked for US$675
million to help protect states with weaker health
systems as part of its Strategic Preparedness and
Response Plan.

 Clean your hands frequently with soap and water or an
alcohol based hand rub.
 Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing
or sneezing.
 Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a
tissue when you cough or sneeze.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing,
seek medical attention. Call in advance.
 Follow the directions of your local health authority.
 Avoid unneeded visits to medical facilities in order to
protect yourself.

 Before putting on a mask, clean hands with alcohol-
based hand rub or soap and water.
 Cover mouth and nose with mask and make sure there
are no gaps between your face and the mask.
 Avoid touching the mask while using it; if you do,
clean your hands with alcohol-based hand rub or soap
and water.
 Replace the mask with a new one as soon as it is damp
and do not re-use single-use masks.
 To remove the mask: remove it from behind (do not
touch the front of mask); discard immediately in a
closed bin; clean hands with alcohol-based hand rub or
soap and water.

 If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if
you are taking care of a person with COVID-19.
 Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.
 Masks are effective only when used in
combination with frequent hand-cleaning with
alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
 If you wear a mask, then you must know how to
use it and dispose of it properly.

 5G mobile networks don’t spread COVID-19.
COVID-19 is spread through respiratory droplets
when an infected person coughs, sneezes or
speaks. People can even be infected by touching a
contaminated surface and then their eyes, mouth or
nose.

 A number of drugs are being developed and tested
for the treatment of the novel coronavirus.
 The first COVID-19 vaccine in China is expected
to be ready for the clinical trials by the end of
April 2020, according to Xu Nanping , China’s
vice-minister of science and technology.
 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved limited emergency use of anti-malarial
drugs Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as a
treatment for COVID-19.

 A COVID-19 vaccine developed by Oxford
University will soon begin from 23 April 2020
human trials and scientists claim it of having 80%
chance of success.
The Oxford vaccine project is headed by
Professor Sarah Gilbert and other scientists who
started working on designing a coronavirus vaccine
in January 2020. The vaccine being trialled is made
from a harmless chimpanzee virus that has been
genetically engineered to carry part of the
coronavirus to be tested on healthy volunteers aged
between 18 and 55.
The UK government has pledged 20
million pounds to support the “ChAdOx1 nCoV-19”
coronavirus vaccine trial programme.

 Mr.Matt Hancock, the Health Secretary of UK
has pledged 20 million pounds for the Oxford
project and 22.5 million pounds for clinical trials
of another prototype at Imperial college London.
He said that “We have put more money than any
other country into a global search for a vaccine
and, for all the efforts around the world, two of the
leading vaccine developments are taking place
here at home – at Oxford and Imperial”.

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus
2) https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-will-coronavirus-
end/608719/
3) https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/immune-system-fight-off-
disease-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic/
4) https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/boost-immune-system-against-
coronavirus-covid-19-infection/
5) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-
and-the-virus-that-causes-it
6) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-
for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks
7) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-
for-public/myth-busters
8) https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs/
9) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/human-trials-of-covid-19-
vaccine-developed-by-oxford-university-begin-in-
uk/articleshow/75326365.cms

THANKS

An overview on coronavirus (COVID-19)

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