COVID is a pandemic virus which is ruled over wide continent in this slide iam following to explain overall about covid

1. ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
SEMINAR -2022
M.TECH BIOTECHNOLOGY
• CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CAUSE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS & PREVENTION
TREATMENT Under the
Guidance
CONCULSION K.JAYA RAJU SIR
PROFESSOR

3. ABSTRACT
• There is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-
nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus originated in bats and was
transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There
have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date
(05/03/2020). The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2
to 14 d. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is
mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is
estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular
tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The
computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is
essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases
and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions.
The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-
CoV), but has lower fatality. The global impact of this new pandemic is yet uncertain.
• Keywords: 2019-nCOV, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Pneumonia.

4. • INTRODUCTION
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was
identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide,
leading to an ongoing pandemic.
• During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, the virus and disease were commonly referred to
as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan
pneumonia". The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February
2020
• Tedros Adhanom explained that CO stands for corona, VI for virus, D for disease, and
19 for 2019, the year in which the outbreak was first identified. The WHO additionally uses
"the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.
• Coronaviruses are enveloped positive sense RNA viruses ranging from 60 nm to
140 nm in diameter with spike like projections on its surface giving it a crown like
appearance under the electron microscope; hence the name coronavirus

5. • SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Headache
• loss of smell (anosmia)
• Taste (ageusia),
• Nasal congestion and runny nose,
• Cough,
• Muscle pain,
• Sore throat,
• Fever,
• Diarrhea,
• Breathing difficulties
• Mild pneumonia
• Black fungus
• White fungus
• Fatigue

6. • CAUSE :
Transmission
Virology
The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 include :
membrane glycoprotein (M),
envelope protein (E),
nucleocapsid protein (N), and the
spike protein (S).
SARS-CoV-2 variants
As of December 2021, there are five dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 spreading among global populations: the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7, formerly
called the UK variant), first found in London and Kent, the Beta variant (B.1.351, formerly called the South Africa variant), the Gamma variant (P.1,
formerly called the Brazil variant), the Delta variant (B.1.617.2, formerly called the India variant), and the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), which had
spread to 57 countries as of 7 December.

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY :
The SARS-CoV-2 virus can infect a wide range of cells and systems of the body. COVID-19 is most known for affecting the
upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). The lungs are the
organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses host cells via the receptor for the enzyme angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant on the surface of type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a
special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell.
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8. Diagnosis & prevention :
COVID-19 can provisionally be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and confirmed using :
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Nucleic acid testing
Laboratory testing,
Chest CT scans
Serological tests
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection :
Vaccine
Face masks and respiratory hygiene
Indoor ventilation and avoiding crowded indoor spaces
Hand-washing and hygiene
Social distancing
Surface cleaning
Healthy diet and lifestyle
International travel-related control measures

9. • Treatment :
There is no specific, effective treatment or cure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Vaccination ( COVI SHIELD, COVAXIN, Corbevax Covovax ZyCoV-D, Spikevax, Sputnik V, Vaxzevria)
Fluid therapy
Oxygen support
Medications (NSAID)
Maintain good health diet
Isolation at home
wear mask
glucocorticoid dexamethasone ( to treat the levels of low oxygen)
Antidepressant (Fluvoxamine)
Antivirals ( Molnupiravir,Nirmatelvir,Ritonavir, Remdesvir (veklury) )
In November 2021, the UK approved the use of molnupiravir as a COVID treatment for vulnerable patients recently diagnosed with the disease.

10. CONCLUSION
This new virus outbreak has challenged the economic, medical and public health infrastructure of China and to some extent, of
other countries especially, its neighbours. Time alone will tell how the virus will impact our lives here in India. More so, future outbreaks of viruses and
pathogens of zoonotic origin are likely to continue. Therefore, apart from curbing this outbreak, efforts should be made to devise comprehensive
measures to prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic origin.
The Corona virus disaease is continues to spread across the world following a trajectory that is difficult to predict the health humanitarian and socio
economic policies adopted by countries will determine the speed and strength of the recovery.