Lecture 2-basics of drawing

Lecture 1 Wednesday 5 December 2018 1
ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHICS
INSTRUCTORE: TEC. HEMAYAT AZIZI
ASSISTANT: ARCH. NAWID AHMADYAR
DATE:14 APRIL 2012
KABUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN 1
Lecture: 2

Contents:
Types of presenting the drawings.
Types of dimensioning!
What is Dimensioning?
Drafting equipments
What is Architectural Drawings?
Conclusion.

Purpose of an Engineering Drawing
An Architectural or engineering drawing is not only an illustration.
It is a specification of the size and shapes and forms of or assembly.
The important information on a drawing is the dimension and tolerance of all of its features.

The way of presenting a design for build:

Basic Line Types
Types of Lines Appearance
Name according
to application
Continuous thick line Visible line
Continuous thin line Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
Dash thick line Hidden line
Chain thin line Center line

Visible linesVisible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Meaning of Lines
Hidden linesHidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
Center lineCenter line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Dimension and Extension linesDimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing

Dimensioning Guidelines
The term “feature” refers to surfaces, faces, holes, slots, corners, bends, arcs and fillets that add up
to an architectural form or an engineering part.
Dimensions define the size of a feature or its location relative to other features or a frame of
reference, called a datum.
The basic rules of dimensioning are:
1. Dimension where the feature contour is shown;
2. Place dimensions between the views;
3. Dimension off the views;
4. Dimension mating features for assembly;
5. Do not dimension to hidden lines;
6. Stagger dimensioning values;
7. Create a logical arrangement of dimensions;
8. Consider fabrication processes and capabilities;
9. Consider inspection processes and capabilities.

Drafting Equipment
• Drawing board/table

Drafting Equipment
• Drawing Horizontal lines
– T-square
– Parallel edge
– Drafting Machine
• Arm/elbow type
• Track type

Drafting Equipment -
Triangles
• 45° Triangle
– Draw vertical lines
and lines @ 45°
• 30° x 60° Triangle
– Draw vertical lines
and lines @ 30° and
60°
• Adjustable Triangle
– Draw lines @ 0° to
90°

Drafting Equipment
• Compass
– Draw circles and arcs
• Protractor
– Measure and layout angles
• Templates
– Drawing repetitive features

Drafting Equipment -
Pencils
• Mechanical
• Lead Holders
• Wooden

Drafting Equipment - Leads
B
9H
6B 5B 4B 3B 2B
HARD
Used where extreme accuracy is required. Softer
grades (right) used for line work on engineering
drawings. Draw very light lines.
HB F H 2H 3H
SOFT
Very soft leads, smudge easily. Used for art
work of various kinds and full-size details in
architectural drawing.
8H 7H 6H 5H 4H
MEDIUM
General purpose work. Softer grades
(right) used for technical sketching,
lettering, freehand work. Harder grades
(left) used for line work on machine &
architectural drawings.

Instrument Drawing
Drawing Lead Applications
TASK LEAD GRADE LINE WEIGHT
CONSTRUCTION LINES 3H, 4H, 6H THIN, LIGHT
VISIBLE OBJECT LINES H, F, HB THICK, DARK
HIDDEN LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
CENTER LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
DIMENSION LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
EXTENSION LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
LEADER LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
CUTTING PLANE LINES H, F, HB THICK, DARK
PHANTOM LINES 2H, H THIN, DARK
LETTERING H, F, HB THIN, DARK

Drafting Equipment
• Erasers
• Brush
– Clean drawings w/out
smudging
• Erasing Shield
– Erase near lines that
should not be erased

Drafting Equipment - Scales
• Engineer (Civil)
• Mechanical
drafter
• Metric
• Architecture

Drawing space Drawing
space
Title block
d
d
c
c
c
Border
lines
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
Title block
Sheet size c (min) d (min)
A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25

Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course
Use a Gothic text style,
either inclined or vertical.
Use all capital letters.
Use 3 mm for most
text height.
Space between lines
of text is at least 1/3
of text height.
Use only a vertical Gothic
text style.
Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Same. For letters in title
block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
N/A.
Follows ANSI rule.

Basic Strokes
StraightStraight SlantedSlanted CurvedCurvedHorizontalHorizontal
1 1 2
3
Examples : Application of basic stroke
“I” letter “A” letter 1
2
3
4 5
6
“B” letter

Suggested Strokes Sequence
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Upper-case letters & Numerals

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital
letter.
Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters

Stroke Sequence
I L T F
E H

V X W
Stroke Sequence

N M K Z
Y A
Stroke Sequence
4

O Q C G
Stroke Sequence

D U P B
R J
Stroke Sequence
1 2

5
Stroke Sequence
7

6
8 9
0
Stroke Sequence
S 3

Stroke Sequence
l i

Stroke Sequence
v w x k
z

Stroke Sequence
j y f
r
t

Stroke Sequence
c o a b
d p q e

Stroke Sequence
g n m h
u s

Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
JIRAPONG
JI GOR NPA
Which one is easier to read ?
A) Non-uniform spacing
B) Uniform spacing

Word Composition
JIRAPONG
/
| )( )| (|
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Spacing
Contour ||||
General conclusions are:
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.

1. Straight - Straight
2. Straight - Curve
3. Straight - Slant
4. Curve - Curve
Space between Letters

6. Slant - Slant5. Curve - Slant
7. The letter “L” and “T”
≡
slant slant
≡ slant
straight
Space between Letters

GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.
Example : Good and Poor Lettering

Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.
Example
Sentence Composition
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN
MILLIMETERS
O O O
O UNLESS
OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.O

Rules and Practices
 Accurate dimensioning is one of the most
demanding undertakings when designing
parts.
 Use the checklist to insure you have
followed the basic dimensioning rules.
 Keep in mind there may be a case where
the need to break a standard could occur
to give clarity to the part and
manufacturer.

Standards
 In order for the drawings to be
dimensioned so that all people can
understand them, we need to follow
standards that every company in the
world must follow. Standards are
created by these organizations:
-ANSI -MIL
-ISO -DOD
-DIN -CEN
-JIS

Linear dimensions are
comprised of four components:
Extension
Lines
Dimension Text Dimension Lines
Arrow Heads

Extension Lines
Extended from the
view to indicate the
edges referenced
and hold the
dimension line
1/16” gap from the
view so they are not
confused with the
visible lines
Continue 1/8” past
the dimension line

Dimension Lines
Horizontal
Aligned to a slanted
surfaced
Vertical
When stacked, they
are 10mm (.4”) from
the view and
6mm(.25”) apart.

Arrowheads
(Dimension Line Terminator)
Arrowheads are typical dimension line terminators.
There are other acceptable dimension line terminators.
Arrowheads point directly
to the object that is being
dimensioned or the
extension lines at the end
of the dimension.
Arrowheads are made
three times as long as
they are wide.
Dot
Oblique or architectural ticks
used in architectural drawings Datum

Dimension Text
Dimension text is
placed in the
middle of the line
both horizontally
and vertically.
If the dimension text will not fit between the
extension lines, it may be placed outside
them.

Lecture 2-basics of drawing

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Lecture 2-basics of drawing

Similar to Lecture 2-basics of drawing (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Lecture 2-basics of drawing

Editor's Notes