Social Learning and Play Theory

Social Learning And Teaching Play Essay
There is a part in the handbook, learning and teaching play. Play involves the holistic child, from the physical, psychological, intellectual, social, and
emotional. Either by working independently or group work. Play is now a big part of the curriculum as doesn't just help with the teaching side, but it
also gives the children a way to relax and be themselves, and to express their feelings or what is going on in their life through play. (http://ccea.org.uk
accessed on 29th November 2016)
Tina Bruce would also be a big influence on play, creativity. She is a 'sociallearning theorist'. Tina identified ten principles of early childhood
education. Some of these principles where, that a child needs to be a child. Focus on what children can do – taking that as the starting point and lastly
the essential interaction between child, context, and curriculum context if education is to be successful. (How children learn 3, L. Pound, pg.12–13)
Tina Bruce correlates with some of Vygotsky's theory, with the Zone of Proximal Development. The ZPD is the distance between and student's ability
to perform tasks under guidance from teachers or teaching assistants and being able to solve problems independently. This was seen in the
observation when child A was 'taking' child B's sand. However, when child B confronted child A he panicked and walked away from the sand table.
The point that Tina Bruce made about focusing on what children can do and make that the starting point. Is like
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Competency: Balanced Participation
The individuals may have balanced or imbalanced power in the decision making process. Competency is a term that is directly correlated with guided
participation. Competency is having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully. While the definition of guided
participation used in the current study does not differ from that used by Radziszewska and Rogoff (1991, p. 386), the researchers of this study
documented three different patterns in the role of the more competent other. The patterns that emerged were varying levels of competency within a
small group, adult to child dyad where the child was the more competent other, and a small group of children where competency was fluid. The first set
of data analyzes the

Research Paper On Constructivism
Constructivism: A Review
Abstract
Constructivism is an all–encompassing theory of learning that emerged as a prevailing paradigm in the last part of the twentieth century.
Constructivism is a theory which brings cogitation to pedagogy (Bruner, 1966). Constructivism capitalizes on the ways in which human beings create
their own personal construct of reality by understanding and experiencing the world. The cornerstone of constructivism is that constructing personal
meaning is ingrained in individuals right from the birth (Vygotsky, 1978).
The Overview
Constructivist approach explains the ways in which learners make their own personal senses of learning tasks, the environment, the teacher, and the
actual process of learning (Vygotsky, 1962).
Constructivism ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In education teacher acts more akin to a mediator consulting and helping learner grow. Social constructivism adopts its stance as internationalist
perspective operating within social context. Learners are actively involved in the process of learning shaping their experiences about the world by
other significant people (Vygotsky, 1962).
3
Constructivism is part of educational psychology which places the learner at the central focus.
Learner learns by interacting in a social context of teacher and text. Each individual learner is sui generis, no two learners are the same. The ways they
view the world are not the same. Learners bring these differences to the learning situation. Teachers must be cognizant of these differences.
Furthermore no two teachers and teaching situations are ever the same. Like students, teachers should become self–aware of their beliefs and attitude
to the teaching and learning and make their own contributions to the learner as the situations arise (Williams and Burden, 1997). While learners are
interacting with the task beforehand, teachers are required to take the learners response to the tasks to see if they are appropriate to their levels of
developments congruent

The Pros And Cons Of Unauthorized Immigrants
In 2014, former President Obama introduced the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) policy which
would allow for unauthorized immigrants who are parents of U.S. citizens or permanent residents to be protected for deportation. This also included
being granted a working permit. The DAPA program was projected to provide working authorization for over 3.7 million immigrants. According to a
report done by the MPI–Urban Institute, it found that more than 10 million people live in a household with at least one adult that is eligible for
DAPA (Capps). In order to be considered for DAPA program there were certain eligibilities that parents had to meet. Besides being the parent of a
resident, the person had to be living in the U.S. since 2010, be a high school graduate or a GED recipient and had never been convicted of a crime.
To receive approval the process would take a while because proof would have to be submitted for each eligibility. The DAPA application also had a
fee total of $465 which included the employment authorization application and a fee for fingerprints (NILC). If put in effect, the program would've
granted a renewable three–year working permit. Even though the program was signed in 2014, it was never allowed to be implemented because of an
ongoing blockage from courts. In the United States v. Texas case, 26 states filed a lawsuit against the Obama Administration arguing that the program
went against the constitution. This

Why Stalin Emerged as the Sole Leader of the U.S.S.R. and...
Why Stalin Emerged as the Sole Leader of the U.S.S.R. and Not Trotsky Trotsky was a leading Bolshevik and played a pivotal role in the
revolution, persuading Lenin to delay the revolution until the Bolshevik's had a much stronger place in the country. He also was crucial to the civil
war, as he organised the troops and motivated them. Stalin on the other hand was in charge of all the dull jobs within the Bolshevik party and In
Lenin's last Testament, he was referred to as rude and he needed to be removed. So why did Stalin, and not Trotsky emerge as Lenin's successor. It's a
mixture of Stalin's luck and skill, and Trotsky's misfortune, which will be explained in the following paragraphs.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These Were: В· Factionalism В· The N.E.P. В· Socialism In One Country/ permanent Revolution В· His Power Base Factionalism was the Idea
that if a member of the party discusses ideas which did not have the majority vote by the party. There were 2 main Ideas about the N.E.P. , these
were the left wing and the right wing. The left wing said it should go and the right wing said it should stay as it would aid Industrialisation, as it
allowed free trade to sell goods on the open market which would give money into the open market. Stalin's powerbase was due to him being the
general secretary, who was in charge of recruiting people, so when the Lenin enrolment scheme was introduced, Stalin recruited "malleable recruits
who wouldn't be impressed by Trotsky's intellect. This was skill on Stalin's part, but also a mistake on Trotsky's behalf, as he had paid no attention
previously to Stalin, calling him a "grey blur" Permanent Revolution was the idea that Russia would change, but at the same time help other countries
to change and receive their help. Stalin had an opposing idea to this, which was socialism in one country, which was basically that Russia revolutionise
on it's own with no input from other countries. 1924 was the first stage of the power struggle When Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin sided against
Trotsky, as Zinoviev and

Lev Vygotsky And The Zone Of Proximal Development
Lev Vygotsky and the Zone of Proximal Development
Under normal circumstances, a child will physically develop without outside assistance. While there can be variations by way of culture, class, and
ability, it is difficult to contest that human nature is the driving force behind the bodily changes that take place from birth until adulthood. In contrast,
when it comes to determining the ways in which a child thinks and learns, there are numerous theories on what primarily influences cognitive growth
and development. One theorist that offered an innovative look into this latter process was Russian born psychologist, Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky theorized
that children learn by doing, and their process of development is primarily influenced by the people and the systems that comprise their environment.
What made him stand out from other theorists of the time is that instead of centering his ideas in behavior, Vygotsky instead focused on thelearning
process and the potential for a child to learn. He showed the value pairing learning with a practical application, and that in doing so, it could make for
more effective learning on the part of the child. The result of such a theory was that provided families and educators an insight on how they might be
able to influence the development experience for a child.
Lev Vygotsky was born and raised in Communist Russia. When he first made his mark in the world of child development, it was not as an educator,
but rather a psychologist. Due the

Grossman Grow Up Not So Fast Analysis
The story "Grow Up? Not So Fast" was taken from Time magazine on January 16, 2005 from writer, novelist, and journalist, Lev Grossman.
Grossman was born in 1969 and grew up in Lexington, MA, to English professors, which essentially inspired him to become the writer he is today.
From his childhood, adolescence, to his college years he read a lot and eventually gained a career in writing, his passion. The first novel of his that
was published was called, "Warp" in 1997, followed by "Codex" in 2004, which was an international sensation. Interspersed with his career in writing
successful novels, Grossman has been a book critic at Time magazine, he has analyzed many stories that have come across his desk and has written
many stories that have appeared in famous papers and magazines like the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, and even Time. The story, "Grow Up?
Not So Fast" is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not So Fast" he talks about a new generation called the "Twister". They are young adults from about the age of 18 to 25 who just will not grow up.
Grossman goes on to argue in various ways to appeal to the readers emotional, ethical, and logical senses throughout his story. Grossman
concentrates his story with what seems to be real life examples, people in today's society considered twixters, which embody every ounce of this
new identity. They do not own their own house, they have had many jobs, they are not married nor do they have kids, and some even live at home.
He then goes on to argue why this new subculture came to be and what this new subculture entails, filling each with personal examples from real life
people and every now and then comparing them to the past as to show how bad things are. However, there are a few instances in Grossman's piece
that he fails to hit the mark, and some instances where he blatantly ignores an aspect of it just to prove his point, which is understandable but is easily
seen

Unit 7- Play and Learning in Children's Education Essays
Unit 7 – Play and learning in children's education Diploma in Child Care and Education Cache Level 3 E4 Include examples of different theoretical
models of how children play and learn E5 Include an explanation of how observations can inform planning to meet children's learning needs D2
Include an explanation of the key issues in recording assessments C1 Analyse the importance of planning and providing learning opportunities to meet
children's diverse needs E6 Include TWO (2) examples of information from agencies outside the setting which may contribute to the assessment of
learning needs E7 Include TWO (2) plans for curriculum activities which show different approaches to planning learning opportunities D1 Provide
evidence of how... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As children grow they add more detail into their play. The next step is the 'zone of proximal development' which means the difference between
problem solving a child can do independently and problem solving which the child is capable of doing with support. This defines how mature the
child is and what level of development they are at. This help suggest a appropriate target for that individual. Each child has there zone of actual
development this is the level they are already at but they all have a target to get them to the zone of proximal development. To reach the target that
child need lots of help and not steps which are to big as this could knock there confidence. Another stage Vygotsky has is 'the importance of play' he
believed that play provides essential skills to improve their social, personal, and professional activates. This means that children can play and do things
beyond what they can do in real life– such as play mums and dads, pretend to drive a car. Though play they talk to each other and pretend they are in
a different world with only their friends. Play is another way they can reach the zone of proximal development. Reconstruction is another stage which
means child experience the same situation again and again as they grow up. Each time they have this experience they can deal with it at a higher level.
This means

The Development Of Human Development Essay
Human Development in Children aged 11years
Human development refers to the biological and psychological development in the human being throughout the lifespan. It consists of the development
from infancy, childhood and adolescence to adulthood.
In this essay I will analyse two practiced based experiences to demonstrate my understanding of human development. For my first practiced based
experience, I will be drawing on Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Development Theory. His key concepts of The Zone of Proximal Development, More
Knowledgeable Others, and Internalisation.
For my second practiced based experience I will draw on Erik Erikson's Theory of Identity Development. His key concept of psychosocial development
stages.
My first experience concerns an 11year old girl named Ella.
I was sitting in the library with Ella after she had completed her E–asTTle testing. While we were waiting to head back to the classroom Ella was
completing a math's project. She explained to me that she was in a higher learning level math's group and was completing a math's badge. Mrs. Jones
head of math's for year 7/8 is assisting Ella with her math's badge and told me that Ella is doing extremely well.
My second experience was observing a group of 5 girls that had gone outside to practice their presentation of an Anzac day story to be delivered
before their peers. When one of the girls proceeded to deliver her part of the presentation, Katy another of the girls in the group sidled up to her,

The Theories Of Nature Vs. Nurture
Through history, the idea of nature vs. nurture has been a hotly debated issue. Nature, or genetics is often believed to be the most important aspect of a
persons' upbringing, as nature is something intrinsic to any one person. However, many debate that nurture, or the care and encouragement of any
human life, trumps nature. The earliest evidence and rebuttals of these theories have been honed and developed over time by specific psychologists
and educational theorists – all who hoped to prove their own ideas as fact at one time in history. John Locke was the forefather of the Educational
Constructivist movement, which theorized that children and learners construct their personal knowledge in both social and individual situations.
Though his opinions were often disputed, Locke had many opinions and theories of the habits and social conventions for the education of young
children. Specifically, and perhaps most importantly, he believed that "It is more accurate to think of the child's mind as a blank slate, and whatever
comes from the mind is from the environment" (Crain 7). This 'blank slate', or tabula rasa idea founded the theory of nurture. According to his theory,
as babies we are born without knowledge of what we should fear or how we should act, it is up to our environments to teach us how to act and behave.
In contrast to Locke, Jean–Jacques Rousseau, a strict Naturalist, was more concerned with the development of a person's character and moral sense.
Rousseau was

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective
Psychology is one of the newest sciences. Because it is the science of the mind and behavior, it is also less concrete than some of the other sciences.
Over the years, social scientists have developed theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other
scientists. Although there is some overlap, each of the major perspectives of psychology is unique. As a result, they each have strengths and weaknesses
and explain psychology in a different way. One theory, the sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. It's the idea that the society and
groups that an individual belongs to are what influences development, thoughts, and behavior. The sociocultural perspective was ... Show more content
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Language is one of the most recognizable tools but some tools are more subtle. For example, technology is a tool in western society that less
industrialized societies aren't exposed to. An individual that has grown up with complete access to all the latest technology is going to think
differently than an individual that has never seen any form of technology. Overall, some behaviors and ways of thinking can only be caused by
exposer to specific social and cultural contexts, as this perspective explains. A second strength of the sociocultural perspective is the emphasis on the
role of adults in childhood cognitive development through guided participation. Vygotsky introduced the idea that children learn in a zone of proximal
development. Meaning the distance between what an individual can do alone and what they can do with guidance and assistance from a capable
member of society (Mcleod, 2010). Any skills outside the zone would be already mastered or still too difficult to attempt alone. "To Vygotsky, learning
in collaboration with more knowledgeable companions drives cognitive development (Sigelman)." This is true throughout the world. Children in many
cultures learn from a teacher, from family members, and many others. In other cultures, children learn skills from relatives, members of their village
or tribe, or from other skilled members in their group. This perspective satisfies the need to recognize the role of adults in

Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov and The Moscow Film School Essay
When film first started gaining popularity, it want's as obvious that be connecting two different images, we would assume their relation. Film simply
document events that occurred, it wasn't until the enterprising pioneers of early cinema took hold that they began to manipulate their audience into
following a story their way and feeling it in those exact steps. Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov a Soviet filmmaker and film theorist in the 1920s who
taught at and helped establish the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School. He was one of the very first film theorists and one the great
pioneers of early editing regarded amongst worldwide filmmaker and he is famous for what became known as Soviet Montage.
From Kuleshov perspective, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is order to show how editing changes viewer's interpretations of images and how film uses psychology. Kulsehov experimented with this and
achieved the Kulsehov theory. This technique is known as juxtaposition, one the most effective tools on cinema just by juxtaposing a variety of
concepts one can get a funny joke across, or complete lie across the audience.
Kuleshov coined the term collective geography to describe cinema ability to link entirely unrelated material into coherent sequences. This discovery
provided filmmakers with arms of varies techniques to manipulate the audience but in this they also recognized the audience has an active in creating
meaning. Kuleshov was not just concerned with editing; he believed that the key to effective filmmaking was in organization.
In addition to his theoretical work, Kulsehov was also a director of many feature films and he was a leader in Soviet montage theory, which was an
approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing. Some consider Kulsehov the father of Soviet Cinema, having been the
first to publish about the formal possiblites of the medium and the power of montage editing.
A montage is French for assembly or edit, it involves pieces of footage to make a film. During the Russian Revolution Kuleshov documented the war on
the Eastern Front in documentary on the Red Front in the 1920s. Around that time, Kuleshov was deeply impressed and

Documenting Exhibition Behaviours ( Online )
Documenting Exhibition Behaviours (online) Ten Thousand Cents by Aaron Koblin and Takashi Kawashima from 2007, for example, is a digital
artwork that creates a representation of a $100 bill. Using a custom drawing tool (Mechanical Turk), thousands of individuals working in isolation
from one another painted a tiny part of the bill without knowledge of the overall task. Workers were paid one cent each via Amazon's Mechanical Turk
distributed labor tool. The total labor cost to create the bill, the multi–authored artwork being created, and the reproductions available for purchase (to
charity) are all $100. (Koblin and Kawashima 2007) The producers and viewers of the work are carefully tracked on the website, even if they do not
buy the work – average times spent and the location of visitors from Egypt to the Philippines are logged. (Graham, 2014) New media artworks that are
'installed' only online, and are 'site–specific' to the World Wide Web, must be considered carefully for interactive behaviours, but as the Internet is
inherently interactive, net artists are well used to this. www_hack (2010) by Rui Guerra, for example, is a creative intervention onto specific web
sites. A script installed on the host site allows all visitors to a single webpage to observe each others mouse movements at any one time. On a
technical level, the work is based on a javascript that contacts a server where all the individual mouse positions are stored, displaying all the cursors in

Early Education Into Inquiry-Based Learning Case Study
Early education into inquiry based learning approach encourages children to be inquisitive, and helps children make sense of their world through the
humanities and social sciences. Notably, inquiry constitutes to effective lifelong learning which Murdoch (1998) explained that inquiry pedagogy for
developing comprehension about the world remains as effective tool and continues to modern classroom settings. The inquiry method indicates a
notion that active participation on behalf of students builds on their knowledge and is vital to a positive and effective learning environment. As an
illustration, the Early Years Learning Framework (Department ofEducation, Employment and Workplace Relations for the Council of Australian
Governments [DEEWR], 2009, p.33) identifies inquiry as an active involvement and an essential element in learning to build children's perceptions and
knowledge. Another key point in this pedagogical approach specifies in the Learning Outcome Four (DEEWR, 2009, p. 35) that children are confident
and involved learners where they acquire the ability and technique to solve problems, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the purpose of this essay the focus is on all three learning areas except Economics and Business from aged four to eight. Through learning these
areas, (ACARA, 2016) state that students develop an analytical mind and thinking. Pondering and answering to issues requires a basic understanding of
important historical, geographical, political, economic and social facts, and how these facts are related. Furthermore, this area of discipline, the
humanities and social sciences, contributes to vast insight to children of the world they live in and gives insight into how people engage with each other
in their communities

Vygotsky And Vygotsky 's Theory Of Cognitive Development...
Instituto Modelo Almafuerte
English and Its teaching
Delvalle, AilГn Florencia
Thought and Language: independent processes.
With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev
Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The
latter also made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed as associate one to the other, both of
them may be considered as independent and dynamic processes which belong to different roots. Considering the book Thought and Language by Lev
Vygotsky, it might be possible to debunk the fundamental concepts of Piaget and Vygotsky's theories and to expand on their main differences.
As regards language, Piaget and Vygotsky coincided on the inkling that the development of language is an intricate interaction between a child and the
environment. Both psychologists opined that when a child accomplishes the development of language, a system of symbols is created in order to help
them comprehend the world. Nevertheless, they did not agree on how language and thought may interact in the development of a child. According to
Jean Piaget, the cognitive development of a child activates the growth of language. Basically, that means that thought is going to appear before
language. Besides, it might be claimed that cognitive development

Vygotsky 's Theory Of Internalisation
Vygotsky also introduced his theory of internalisation, one of the main concepts that differentiated from that of Jean Piaget (Duchesne, S., &
McMaugh, A. 2016. P.103). The theory of internalisation put forward by Vygotsky is an idea that suggests an individual is able to observe and
internalise the ideas and processes of their surroundings as they partake in social interaction defined as, "new ways of thinking" (Duchesne, S., &
McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). During social interaction the individuals thinking is successively transformed by interaction with others, similarly to the
concept developed by Piaget, Vygotsky also characterised children as "active agents in their development". (Duchesne, S., & McMaugh, A.,2016p.103).
As explained by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ZPD was an indication of the students' ability to understand and learn tasks, according to Vygotskylearning happened within the zone of proximal
development (Davey,2014) Vygotsky's theories mainly focused on the development of cognition by the use of social interaction in children
(Davey,2014) Vygotsky 's' theories suggest that 'pretendplay or make believe play' within the zone of proximal development, as a lot of make believe
play involved the imitation of adults and the grown–up world they see , for example a child putting on heels that belong to their mother and carrying a
handbag is imitating the roll or skill of an adult is the child has seen in their life dress as hence, the child is acting out the behavior the child will use
when they're much older. Partaking in different roles to which a child must learn how to self–regulate emotions and behavior in order to participate in
the make–believe play allows the child to use his or her skills to be able to

How Did The Odessa Steps Sequence Influence The Theory Of...
Kal Bur
How did The Odessa Steps sequence influence the theory of montage in film?
The Battleship Potemkin, is a soviet film directed by Sergei Eisenstein in 1925. Sergei Eisenstein was a brief student at The Kuleshov Workshop,
which was a class run by Soviet filmmaker, Lev Kuleshov at the
Moscow Film School. The school was established in 1919, and is the world's first film school.
The Kuleshov Workshop explored the effects of juxtaposition in film, and how sequential shots convey a specific meaning. Kuleshov and his students
analyzed many films for research, and one of them in particular was the most influential film in Russia during 1916, Intolerance directed by D. W.
Griffith.
A whole year later in 1920, the Kuleshov effect was found, and its theory was to identify how the order of images can change an audience's perception.
'Kuleshov discovered that depending on how shots are assembled the audience will attach a specific meaning or emotion to it' (The Kuleshov
Experiment http://www.elementsofcinema.com/editing/kuleshov–effect, 2016). Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho is an example of this trope, as the
audience's comprehension of the shower scene is predominantly psychological, and is determined by the ordering of images and sound, not the actual
content.
After the success of Sergei Eisenstein's first full length feature film, Strike in 1920, he was commissioned by the Soviet government to make a film
commemorating the historical uprising of the revolution in 1905,

Compare And Contrast Lenin And Stalin
Lenin's search for obedient followers and hard workers would eventually lead him to Joseph Stalin. Stalin was courageous, rambunctious, bold, fierce,
and determined. Stalin knew that in order to secure his place within the Bolsheviks, and move up the ranks, he needed to prove himself worthy to their
cause. Stalin used these traits and put them to work gaining Lenin's admiration. What Stalin really excelled in was organization, something that the
early Bolshevik party desperately needed. While Stalin may not have been the most intelligent or the most the most "typical" candidate for acceleration,
accelerate he did. In this time, had this been a normal government Stalin would not have risen amongst the ranks due to his lower class... Show more
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As Stalin's power began to grow, there was one person who dared speak out against it, Vladimir Lenin. After suffering a stroke in 1922, Lenin went into
semi–retirement. Stalin and Trotsky both became concerned with who would become his successor. Stalin and Lenin had a strong political relationship
and Stalin would visit Lenin often to discuss the direction of Russia and the Soviet Union. However, one day Stalin cursed at Lenin's wife and Lenin
was understandably very upset. This began the breaking down of their relationship. Lenin began heeding the warnings from Trotsky about Stalin's
power hungry ways and he began keeping detailed notes of disapproval about Joseph Stalin. Although "Lenin's Testament" was meant to be a public
account of Lenin's fears in terms of the Soviet Union under Stalin, Stalin had allied with Lev Kamanev, the acting Premier during Lenin's last year, and
Grigori Zionoviev, head of the Comintern, and through their combined influence, they had suppressed the document from being revealed to the Twelfth
Party Congress. Although these men did not truly agree with his policies, they did not want Trotsky to take over so they sided with Stalin to prevent
that from happening. On January 21, 1924, Lenin died. Thanks to Kamanev and Zionoviev's influence, "Lenin's Testament" was again not made public
but instead only read to the Thirteenth Party Congress. Although people were shocked to hear Lenin's thoughts of Stalin,

The Proposition of a Museum Design for Media Essay examples
Research conducted over the past decade has shown the important role new media plays in contemporary society. While many of us engage with
new media in our daily lives, the ideals behind archiving, curating, and exhibiting it are still difficult to approach. As more types of new media and
digital media are created, we struggle as interior designers to understand how to represent these works spatially. The proposition of a museum for
new media will be outlined by assessing a variety of emerging topics. Investigation regarding the historic ideologies of object oriented artwork as well
as classic philosophies of the art scene will be contrasted to the modernized requirements of new media. Opportunities regarding displays, casework,
and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating an engaging experience which encourages the presence of audience participation as well as a space which facilitates interactions at a
human–scale plays a crucial role (Xia & Li, 2009, p. 3). Research regarding anthropometrics and user interaction could assist in the programming of
these issues. Exhibiting and archiving new media in the most appropriate manner is an important consideration during the design phase of this
typology. Xia and Li (2009) state that "The essential purpose of exhibition is the transmission of information. We need to transmit the information from
the exhibits to the public and improve their understanding" (Xia & Li, 2009, p. 1). Designing a space which facilitates improved user comprehension
could be accomplished through research regarding lighting, air quality, signage, or other interior factors. Poor lighting or signage could affect the users
understanding of the works in the museum, therefore attention to detail as well as craftsmanship will play an important role. The typology of a new
media museum also allows for experimentation within the realm of design. Many of the projects being exhibited are met with a variety of spatial
constraints and opportunities. Designing a space which allows the work to interact with users in a harmonious environment is an experimental process.
Shelly Bernstein, the Chief of

Lev Vygotsky's Theory Of Human Development
Lev Vygotsky was a soviet psychologist born at the end of the 19th century. His theory of human development was very different from Carl Rogers.
Vygotsky believed that children learnt by interacting with others and those with strong family cultural social or peer grow groups learnt well. He
thought that an individual could improve an increase in knowledge through social interaction. He developed an idea we would learn from MKO
which stood for 'more knowledgeable other'. Someone who has a better understanding. If an infant or learner was given a task that was too easy, they
would lose interest and get bored and if it was too hard they would give up and think they couldn't do it. So, by bringing someone else into the equation
to help, the child learns through social interaction in something that Vygotsky called the ZPD this is the 'zone of proximal development' this is by the
means of what he called 'scaffolding' so using varying methods by describing, hints, verbal gestures were used to assist the learner.
The ZPD could be described as like an apple cut in half. The outer section which is the skin is what the learner cannot do. The inner section which is
the flesh of the Apple is what the learner can do with guidance, which is the ZPD. In the heart of the Apple where the core is, the seeds and buds of
learning take place this is what the learner can do unaided.
Vygotsky's work to this day is hugely influential in modern day education. The processes of these developmental

Comparing Piaget And Vygotsky's Zone Of Proximal Development
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development(ZPD) has been interpreted as: "the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by
independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration
with more capable peers" (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86)Lev Vygotskysees communication with associates as a viable method for developing skills and
techniques. He recommends that instructors utilize cooperative learning sessions where less able students improve with assistance from more able
peers, inside the zone of proximal improvement. Vygotsky trusted that when a student is in the ZPD for a specific task, giving the suitable
assistance(scaffolding) will give the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that development happens in the light of the fact that the child is a dynamic learner. Children are required in the
learning and development process as they give input to the grown–up or instructor about their level of comprehension. Likewise, they both trust that
development decreases the older a person gets. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that there were a few issues out of a child's scope of comprehension. In
any case, conversely, Vygotsky believed that given the appropriate help, youngsters could solve an issue that Piaget would consider to be out of the
child's mental capacities. Additionally, Piaget and Vygotsky differ in the way they approach discovery learning. Piaget upheld discovery learning with
little educator interruption, whereas Vygotsky encouraged guided discovery in the classroom. Guided discovery includes the educator offering
fascinating inquiries to students and having them find the appropriate responses through experimenting with hypotheses. Piaget's theory expresses that
cognitive development is affected by social transmission, which basically means learning from other individuals. In contrast, Vygotsky's theory
expresses that cognitive development is affected by peer collaboration, which suggests that when an individual takes part in an interactive activity, his
language and cognition are developing. Vygotsky's theory is all around put to practice in educating methods. Piaget's theory, however, suggests a liking
in discovering and learning done by the people

VygotskyВґs Zone Proximal Development Essay
Vygotsky has had a profound impact on developmental psychology. One of his main contributions was the idea of zone proximal development. He
places emphasis the shaping of cognitive development. He is one of the first in children development that emphasized on cultural context. I have
chosen his theory and what it entails for this paper because its very interesting and some certain parts of his theory like scaffolding and the zone
proximal development were relatable to my experience at my field site. This theorist believed that our minds, cognition, and psychological abilities
could be development with mental tools as much our physical tools expand our physical abilities. This concept is called the "tools of the mind". This is
something... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They get a chance to interact with other students and children. Children make friends and can start to develop social relationships. Students can get
the attention they need that they don't get at home or maybe from teachers at afterschool programs. The programs provide a positive surrounding for
students to be. Social environments do have an effect on them. It can be positive or negative, so it's important that where they decide to be is going
to have an optimistic and profound effect on children. As a service learner, I learned that by just being around and being there with them weekly is
giving them a positive social environment that they might not get at home or the neighborhood they reside. Also the afterschool program allows them
to keep friendships and permit them to flourish. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) another part of Vygotsky theory is applied a lot in
classrooms by teachers. By definition it is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. Apart of
that is a concept called scaffolding, which helps us understand how aiming coaching within a students/child's ZPD can stimulate and increase
knowledge and development. Although this theory is practiced predominantly in the classroom, us service learners can attempt to use it as well. For
example a student at my field site asked me for help with an assignment she was given by her teacher. She

Constructionism
When people hear the label 'digital natives' or 'millennials' a typical shared though by many is that they, the young people that these labels are referring
to, are good with technology–usually this assumed technological gift is equated to something ridiculous such as they are born with a cell phone in
their hands and that they will be a computer genius before they can walk. Though these outrageous assumptions are often made in jest, there does seem
to be a bit of underlying belief to them; this belief can restrict the amount of technological skill still developing children who are, in fact, not born with
advanced knowledge of technology are able to gain. Because of this, through an observation conducted at a Sphero Robot programming event... Show
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The program I observed took place on Saturday, April 29th in the children's center story time room at the central branch. The program was called
Sphero Robots, and it was targeted at children ages eight and up. The summary and description listed on the library's website explain that children will
learn basic programing of a BB–8 droid (spl.org). The program was scheduled from noon to 2 pm, and when I arrived at 11:30 am there was already a
child and parent waiting for the program to begin. The program was a part of teen service learning–which is a partnership between the library and high
schools where students receive service learning credits while learning valuable skills. There were seven high school students who were completely in
charge of creating and running the program; they were supervised by one of the Teen Services Librarians who only stepped in when one of the teens
requested she do so. I wanted to see how the children interacted with the droids–were they excited to learn to program, or were they more excited to just
play with them. I also wanted to see how the parents and teens interacted with the children while they were in control of the droids–what kind of
instruction methods they would use, how much independence they would give the children, and how they would react to the children who were
uninterested in learning to program and just wanted to play

The Philosophy Of Knowing And Learning
Knowing and learning can be interpreted in many different ways, but my philosophy of knowing and learning is based on my understanding through
the personal experience in the tutoring situation. As a Tutor for students who were 9 years old, majority of the time was spent reading to develop their
English. An aspect that impacted the students' learning progress tremendously was the tutor's responsibility to understand the student's capability, needs
and interest to support their learning progress. When tutoring the students, there were some theories that were appropriate to aid the students' in
reading and influenced the tutor's techniques employed to support the students' learning. The philosophers that influenced my tutoring techniques were
Etienne Wenger, Jerome Bruner,Albert Bandura, Ivan Pavlov, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Jean Lave, Wolfgang Kohler andLev Vygotsky. Wenger's
social theory believed that adding meaning and interest into an activity encourages learning (Lave & Wenger,1991). The Gestalt Approach influenced
Kohler's idea where the student would need to know the basic elements before being able to learn and acquire more knowledge (Phillips & Soltis,
2009). To build up new ideas from the initial basic elements, Scaffolding by Bruner and Modelling by Bandura were the two learning strategies
utilized to support the student's learning (Nalliah & Idris, 2014). The student is made aware that the new acquired skill or knowledge taught by
Scaffolding and Modelling

Sociocultural Theory Of Second Language Acquisition
The sociocultural theory of second language acquisition has provided me with the strongest reasons for reconsidering my previous views on second
language learning. Vygotsky proposed a sociocultural theory that is very influential within the field of second language learning. The focus was on the
idea that all learning is primarily social. The connections between people and the sociocultural context in which they interact with one another are
crucial. Through interaction in shared experiences new knowledge is obtained. This perspective emphasizes the social nature of learning and examines
the complex and dynamic social interaction involved in the process of learning a second language. According to Vygotsky the cognitive and social
processes in acquiring a second language are inseparable. Social interaction has a vital role in the process of cognitive development. Individuals start
out in society and culture and only become individualized when they separate themselves from what is taking place. Learning takes place in
sociocultural contexts and behavior is learned by reacting to other people. Information is gained first socially and then becomes internalized. Vygotsky
thought that learning took place on two different levels. Learning took place on the first level by interacting with others and then on the second level
information is internalized into the individual's mental structure. He talks about two different functions inter–mental and intra–mental. Intermental

The Role Of Nature And Nurture In Language Development
There has always been a considerable debate over many of the developmental areas for early childhood, however throughout this essay it is going to
discuss the roles of Nature versus Nurture in children's language development. Language development can be understood by in which the way children
will learn to communicate language in early childhood. Nature and nurture both play vital roles for learning language in young children, as it is
fundamental skill to learn language. Thames and York's (2004, p. 603) reference states there are a range of factors that are involved in developing
literacy; suggesting that both nature and nurture contribute together in language development. To dig a little deeper, we need to understand that there
are four main components to language development: Phonology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics. The nature – nurture debate can be asked in two
questions. First, do children learn and acquire language through a prewired section that's built into their brains from birth? Or secondly, do children
learn language through the participation in their environment? (Berk, 2013, p. 359) Language is an important skill that children acquire, as it's the key
to communicating, learning and thinking. Children will develop in all developmental areas through play experiences, observing, interacting with others
while mimicking some of these actions, this refers to how phonology is such an important component of language development. Phonology is the way
in which

Montessori Cultural Competence
Cultural competence methods involved materials related to the arts, science, and social science. Montessori cultural activities have an important
language component. Teaching different cultures to children are important. It helps them to have an appreciation for other nationalities, cultural
backgrounds, spiritual beliefs, languages, and act. Dr. Maria Montessori would create classrooms that were filled with many different objects that are
associated with other parts of the country. Each student will take part of the activity that involves the paths of culture. As children learn different
aspects of culture this allows the children to understand how each culture differs and hopefully become a participating and contributing member of
society. Montessori education for young children helps to increase their independency to adult hood. Children are allowed to learn at their own pace,
rather than learn at another child pace. This learning concept helps to develop long term experiences that the child will carry on into adulthood. It
focusses on less dependency on a teacher for guidance. It allows a child to make decisions based on their way of learning. The teachers are present
during the learning phases. However, the child is responsible to think strategic and come to realistic conclusions. In return, the child will succeed
because the child is learning at his/her own pace. Lev Vygotskywas a Russian psychologist that believed that play was made up of several roles

Role Of Play On Early Childhood Education
Role of Play on Early Childhood EducationBharati Saha
Early Childhood Education Department, University of Oklahoma
This paper is submitted for the EDEC 5970 – Social & Emotion in Early Childhood as part of the course requirement.
Abstract
Early childhood development occurs in six domains. This paper discusses the role of play and its effects on these domains in children learning. Different
types play and play centers were discussed to show connectivity of the play type and domain development. Interactions among children during play can
enhance cooperative learning using methods and materials used in the play center. Teacher plays important role to set–up the play center, method and
materials to be used, and create the learning environment with specific goal setting. Intervention approach by asking different types of questions help
them to engage, make learning fun, and effective collaborative learning.
Introduction
. Early childhood development takes place in six domains including physical, language, social, cognitive, emotional, and cultural. Figure 1 shows all
six domains in early childhood development. Physical domain involves learning to use "big" muscles (gross motor skills) and "small" muscles (fine
motor skills) in our body. Activities such as crawling, walking, running, hopping, ups and downs are a few examples of gross motor skills. Writing,
drawing, cutting with scissors and walking on a line are a few examples of fine motor skills.

The Early Years Learning Framework For Australia
The Early Years Learning framework for Australia Document is important to have in our Schools; as it talks about how Children are confident and
involved learners, we need our student's to be confident and involved in all aspects of learning in the classroom. Having this in place means children
get more hands on experience in the classroom and more room for activities, exploring and learning new things and not being afraid to step out of
their comfort zone to learn. This means more creativity from students and their individuality to reveal and explore more. Having this in place means
that children can connect with nature and the world and be able to communicate and have upright people skills from a young age. The early years
learning... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are still similarities between the early child hood teaching scene and higher grades, they still need inquiry based learning, scaffolded tasks and
they still need to work in groups and learn from peers. The differences are, not as much play based learning, Students do become more independent
learners so they do not need as much explicit instructions, or help as they have developed enough to do this on their own. Students will change the
way they 'Show what they know' with more extended writing and more detailed work. Students are all different in the way that they learn it is
important to keep learning accessible to students with a diverse range of needs. It is important to keep open–ended tasks so that there is opportunity
for all students from all different entry levels. Having the Early Childhood learning framework in place means that our students can have all this in the
classroom and be able to have these learning experiences which I think is extremely important.
I am going to discuss and focus on Lee Vygotsky and his theory ofConstructivism. One of Lee Vygotsky main theories was in fact constructivism; it is
interesting to read about Lee Vygotsky view on constructivism as it is about how people learn and is based on a scientific study. One of the main
meanings behind constructivism is "Constructivism is people who construct their own understanding and

Explain How Children and Young PeopleвЂ™s Development Is...
Cypc 31.2 task2 Explain how children and young people's development is influenced by a range of personal and external factors. 2.1 And 2.2 Personal
Factors * During pregnancy–: If the mother smokes ,takes drugs, becomes ill or suffers from stress or anxiety this can result in premature birth and
health problems for the baby such as –: low birth weight, undeveloped organs, problems with sight and hearing. These are all problems that could delay
their development. Some children are born with conditions that could affect their development such as a blood disorder. * Health–: health problems
can be genetic or caused by the environment the child grows up in. If the child lives in poor quality houses with damp this could trigger... Show more
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Operate Conditioning–: People learn and are influenced by the results of what they do. It's also when people's behaviour is affected by consequences,
reinforcements and learning based on exploration of the environment. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into these three groups... 1. Positive
reinforcement – using positive reinforcement such as stickers, attention and praise. 2. Negative reinforcements – this also makes children repeat
behaviour but in different ways e.g.: If a child does well in an exam therefore they don't have to do their chores. 3. Punishers – designed to prevent you
from repeating behaviour e.g.: if a child burns themselves on a hot oven they wouldn't touch it again. Skinner found that unpredictable reinforcements
work better than continual. Influence on practice We use positive reinforcements in practice today. Giving children lots of praise to help them learn
positive behaviour we also give out stickers to encourage repeated good behaviour. Pavlov and Watson are both associated with classical conditioning
which is when you are taught to act a certain way by association and instruction. We do not use this in practice today but it helps us to understand
phobias such as a child being scared of spiders because mummy is and always screams when she sees one. Cognitive development–constructivist
theory Looking at

The Ideas And Implementation Of Cooperative Learning
This paper explores the ideas and implementation of cooperative learning, and how it can benefit the classroom. It looks at different sources that show
research on this teaching strategy and the benefits that it could have on students social skills, academic success, and over all attitude towards school. It
also explains some different types of cooperative techniques that teachers can use in their classrooms.
1
Introduction
In the education world, things are always changing. There are several different theories that educators look to when they are deciding the best ways to
teach their classrooms. These theories also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They will need to rely on each other in order to successfully complete their own job which will help the group complete the entire task. It is important
to remember that each group member will be held accountable for their own roles, and also how they participate in the group. 2
History.
Lev Vygotsky, a Soviet psychologist created a theory which believes that humans need social interaction for their cognitive development. Gallagher
(1999) states "Basically Vygotsky 's theorysuggests that development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides to help
form their own view of the world". Another part of this theory is the Zone of Proximal Development. The idea here is that a student will complete a task
that they cannot do alone, with the help of a more skilled peer, or even the guidance of an instructor. Throughout this process the child will become
more socialized and then in turn, this will improve their cognitive development (Gallagher 1999).
The Benefits of Cooperative Learning. There are some subjects, where working in groups is practiced more frequently than others. For example,
many students are use to working in groups on a science experiment, or working as a team in physical education courses, or maybe even for a project
in social studies. However, working with their peers

Sociocultural Theory And Social Rules
When looking at sociocultural factors one is faced with a variety of models that attempt to provide a social explanation of how language is acquired.
This includes an examination of such influences as the social characteristics of the setting and the learner and the social rules for second language use.
While typically associated with these models, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which is based in his study of psychology, does not attempt to use
culture to explain how language is acquired. Instead, Vygotsky identifies the relationship between language and culture as a dynamic, reciprocal and
constantly evolving experience whereby language and culture are constituted in and of each other. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky developed what is now
called 'The Sociocultural Theory ' in Russia during the 1920s and 1930s. The core of his idea was that it is the interaction between people and their
surroundings that results in deeper human development. Central to his belief was the important role community plays in helping humans, especially
children, progress and integrate in their social environment. While often represented as a complete concept, Vygotsky was still investigating and
testing many of his theories when he died suddenly in 1934. His book, Thought and Language, originally published the year of his death came under
widespread criticism and was not translated into English until 1962. In the 1980s, Vygotsky's works gained wider audiences after being republished in
Russia and

Early Cinema Versus Modern Bodies Of Work
When looking at early cinema compared to modern bodies of work, one thing that has changed dramatically was the way films were edited. From
the 1900s through the 1960s, films such as L'Arroseur arrosГ©, Battleship Potemkin, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Citizen Kane, all had their
own way of telling a visual narrative. I'm going to give examples of how editing evolved and what techniques were developed. When looking at the
LumiГ©re bros, one of their earlier works 'L'Arroseur arrosГ©', the editing was very simple. What we see on screen is a wide angle two shot of a man
working in a garden, using a hose. Now here 's the key component, by choosing a wide angle shot, we 're able to see a second man walk into frame
stepping on the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his experiment, Kuleshov placed actor Ivan Mosjoukine with shots of three different subjects: a hot plate of soup, a girl in a coffin, and a pretty
woman lying in a couch. The footage of the actor was the same expressionless gaze. The audience thought his performance was amazing, even though
in each shot he looked hungry, then sad, then lustful. As mentioned in Sikov, Film Studies: An Introduction, Eisenstein used montage to convey and
explore revolutionary ways for the audience to watch films. Eisenstein believed that montage must consist of colliding shots. Editing the shots
rapidly, to exhibit conflict, making a sequence that more intense. His film, Battleship Potemkin, is a great example of the soviet montage. There's
one sequence in particular, The Odessa Step that helps express this. It starts out with a wide angle shot of the crowd, followed by multiply medium
shots of the citizens waving to the sailors. shows their facial expression, as they have wave to the ship. Then suddenly, we get a closeup shot of a
woman in distress, quickly followed by a extreme closeup shot of the same woman, looking even more frantic. As we see the citizens of Odessa run in
terror, one thing that stands out, is the woman with the white umbrella. As the citizens run franticly down the steps, the woman runs directly into the
camera, by doing so, she creates her own cut in the clip. Next he swiftly cuts to a extreme long shot showing a soldiers following the

Identity Should Form a Part of Any Pedagogical Theory and...
Introduction "My discovering my own identity doesn't mean that I work it out in isolation, but that I negotiate it through dialogue, partly overt, partly
internal, with others...My own identity crucially depends on my dialogical relations with others" (Taylor, 1995, as cited in Abbey, 2000). If
dialogical relations form the basis of how we understand ourselves in the world, it figures is should also form a part of any pedagogical theory and
practice. While this is not the only consideration for a teacher, it provides a centre from which a number of useful educative considerations can be
made. Firstly: students come with identities that are informed by many dialogical relations and that they learn by being in social communities. Secondly:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through active engagement with students, teachers assess students' competencies and continually adjust the guidance and learning support as
necessary (O'Donnell, 2012, p. 114). This is where Vygotsky's zone of proximal development (ZPD) becomes a valuable theoretical tool. The ZPD is
the "distance between the actual developmental level", as specified by autonomous problem solving, and the level of possible development determined
via problem solving "in collaboration with more capable peers" (Schunk, 2012, p. 243). According to Vygotsky, the ZPD is critical to teaching for it is
where cognitive development occurs (O'Donnell, 2012, p. 114). Teaching in the ZPD requires the teacher and student to share cultural tools. However,
students do not passively receive cultural knowledge from these mediated interactions (Schunk, 2012). Students come to the exchange with their "own
understandings to social interactions and construct meanings by integrating those understandings with their experiences in the context" (Schunk, 2012,
p. 244). The ZPD very clearly establishes learning as a moment situated in a social exchange. It also establishes the role of the teacher as not only
guide, but as assessor of the ZPD. This requires constant dialectic engagement on the teachers behalf. Perhaps what is missing in terms of a
constructivist approach in Jane's class is that while she does offer the students an opportunity to chose their

Vygotsky 's Theory Of Human Development
Lev Vygotsky was an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which is the
theory of human development through social and cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920's–30's. One of Vygotsky's focuses was the concept
of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately challenged, this will be discussed further on. His theory
stemmed from how children's learning is impacted greatly through guidance of peers, cultural relations (language), social interactions, teachers and any
other adult figure in their environment. In the last 10–15 years, teachers, caregivers, and educators have been attending more to Vygotsky's theory and
his concept of the zone of proximal development, because his work impacts how children learn in their optimal environment (Trawick–Smith, 2015).
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory will be discussed through historical insight, explanation of the theory itself, how sociocultural and society relate to each
other, and how the theory is applied in the educational society.
[Historical information]
When Vygotsky died in 1934 there were still parts of the theory that needed to be researched on and expanded upon, which was left in the hands of
other theoreticians (Wang, Bruce, Hughes 2011). On the historical foundation line with Locke on one end and Rosseau on the other end, Vygotsky is
one of the only theorists that falls directly in the middle

Participatory Culture Through The Media
Old media like broadcasting, print, and film created a consumer culture in the public. Participants would consume the media they could find, and that
was the extent of their engagement with a piece of media. But during the digital age, participatory culture has exploded. Participatory culture is a
concept coined by Henry Jenkins where consumers take part in both the consumption and the production of media. The advent of computers facilitates
a low barrier of entry for creation of digital media and its propagation. With the availability of personal computers and consumer level software to
manipulate media as well as the popularity of the internet to spread content, fans have become more engaged with the media they consume. In turn,
participants can create forms of that media that comment and expand upon the original content. Participants who used to only consume media now
have the avenues to become producers of media. In this essay, I will explore participatory culture through the lense of Lev Manovich's Five Principles of
New Media: Numerical Representation, Modularity, Automation, Variability, and Transcoding.
The first of Manovich's principles is Numerical Representation. A piece of new media can be represented by discrete numbers. For example, an
image file is a collection of numbers describing the color of each pixel in the image. A game is a piece of software compiled to 1's and 0's that
respond and react to input from the user. Anything in digital form is at its based

The Toy Soldier And War
The Toy Soldier and War Commemoration
War cannot simply be set aside or forgotten; war creates a sense of national mood that infiltrates various aspects of society and culture and reaches
entire populations, not solely adults. When looking at the significance and history behind classic dolls, a large toy store transforms into a warehouse
for the preservation and education of war. This paper will examine the history of toy soldiers, discuss the importance of war dolls on education, and
access the dialogue surrounding the psychological effects of war and play. In so doing, I hope to paint a broad understanding of the significance of
dolls, specifically toy soldiers, in terms of war commemoration and their impact on society.
The childhood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These small figurines, standing at 2 Вј inches tall, represent uniformed personnel and combatants and convey a vast history of battle. They exemplify
major battles and even provide other fighters like Samurais. The extensive collections of stand–alone characters and boxed sets, along with landscape
scenery, allow children and collectors to recreate entire battle–scenes. Thus, not only do children play with the figurines, they also learn intensive
history about various wars through this interaction. The manufacturing of toy soldiers continued to increase, and in the United States, "lead and plastic
soldiers were so widely available, [that] many baby–boomers grew up collecting both." Though they suffered a minor setback due to growing anti–war
sentiment in America during the Vietnam War, many children of the 1960s reminisced as adults about their collections, only to find out their parents
sold their figurines. This led to a resurgence in the popularity of toy soldiers. Furthermore, the cheap availability of plastic allows for toy soldier
production at increasingly exceptional rates. Additionally, the Internet allows for further expansion of the toy soldier as websites allow for
like–minded collectors to come together to discover information about toy

Early Childhood Course At Savannah Technical College Essay
Introduction
Throughout the ECCE 1101 Introduction to Early Childhood course at Savannah Technical College there were several theorists introduced in the
course that had a major impact on molding the foundation for an understanding of early childhood as a whole. Although the scope covered a broad
spectrum of early childhood, majority of the main focus was on early education. The work of Lev Vygotskygreatly influenced the field of early
education. This paper will include a brief summary of Vygotsky's life, a description of his major ideas, and how those ideas impact early education
today.
Vygotsky's Life
According to "New World Encyclopedia" (2014), "Lev Vygotsky was born was born in Orsha, Belarus (then Russian empire), into a well
–to–do family
of Jewish ancestry, on November 17 (November 5 in the Old Style), 1896. Soon after Lev 's birth, his father was appointed department chief of the
United Bank of Gomel and the family moved to Gomel, where Vygotsky spent his childhood. Vygotsky 's mother had trained to be a teacher, but saw
her priority in being at home to provide a stimulating and enriching environment for her eight children. Vygotsky completed his primary education at
home with his mother and a private tutor, and then entered public school for his secondary education. Vygotsky graduated from secondary school with
a gold medal at the age of seventeen. He entered the University of Moscow and initially studied medicine, then switched to law. Vygotsky continued his

Reading Volume Is Central Of The World
According to Allington (2014), though reading volume is central to the development of reading proficiencies, typical commercial core reading
programs tend to provide material to engage students in only 15 minutes of reading each day. With the remaining 75 minutes allocated to completing
workbook pages and answering lower–level comprehension questions, many students receive very little time to engage in reading. Cunningham (2005)
reminds us that as early as 1977, Richard Allington pleaded, "If they don't read much, how they ever gonna get good" (p.1). Reading volume is defined
as the time students spend reading in addition to the number of words they consume as they read (Allington, 2012). This combination impacts all
aspects of students' cognitive abilities, ranging from vocabulary development as well as knowledge of the world (Cunningham & Zibulsky, 2013). In
one of the most extensive studies of independent reading, Anderson, Wilson, and Fielding (1988) connected reading growth to the time students spent
reading outside of school. They found that independent time spent reading was the best predictor of reading achievement. In this study, the researchers
determined that fifth–grade students that read forty minutes per day scored in the 90th percentile on standardized tests. Simply put, those who read
more than an hour outside of school outperform their lower achieving peers. Not only has independent reading been found to have profound affects on
student achievement, but

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