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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 1.Ver. II (Jan. 2015), PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
“Probe In Multi-Ethnic Disputes About HR Practices In HRM”
Ms.R.P.Kanchana1
Dr.R.Ganesan2
MGCollege of arts and science, India
DGVaishnav college, India
Abstract
“Ethnic diversity adds richness to a society” *Gary Locke*
The real organization of human resource management is organizational culture and its reformation and
management. Ethos is closely related to organizational strategy, structure and intention. It influences staff's
notice of job selection, evaluation training, and reward and so on. In addition to the normal pressures of man-
management, managers are now required to deal with challenges, friction and misunderstandings emanating
from cross ethnic differences. Effective management in the modern environment necessitates cross ethnic
competency in order to get the best out of a multiethnic team. With the growing significance of developing
economies in the global business environment, Human Resource Management is facing increased difficulty in
managing cross-border ethnic relationships. This paper of mine analyze the HR must be knowledgeable about
multiethnic factors on both the domestic and global fronts in Human Resource Management As Dr Zareen
Karani Araoz, President and founder of “Managing Across cultures, Karani Lam & Associates, says in
global conference , "For an employee who repeatedly takes a conference call from US at 3 a.m. regularly is a
major problem area, but he finds it difficult to articulate this to his client or his counterpart in the US, due to
fear. In an institutionalized environment, it is easy to learn to be frank, where saying “NO” is often appreciated
rather than saying “YES” and failing to deliver on the promise
Keywords: Conflicts, HR Practices, Human Resource Management, Multi-ethnic Disputes, Multi-ethnic
Relationship
I. Prelude
In a budding economy, HRM is playing an imperative role in promoting the HR Practices in Multi-
Ethnic disputes. HR acts as a gadget in making other resources effectual and helping the organization to
accomplish its target and shows an affluent escalation. This paper of mine analyzes enterprise HRM which is
ostentatious by economic catastrophe and offers the counter measures about cross-cultural factors on both the
domestic and global fronts in Human Resource Management of HR Practices through a Case Revise.
1.1.1 The Concept of Ethnic
To understand the implications of cultures within an organization it is important to understand the basic
concept of culture. “The core of culture is serene of explicit and inferred assumptions or understandings
commonly held by a group of people; a particular configuration of assumptions/understandings is distinctive to
the group; these assumptions/understandings serve as guides to acceptable and unacceptable perceptions,
verdict, mind-set and behaviors; they are learned and passed to new members of the group through social
interface; culture is dynamic – it changes over time” **Milliken and Martins**
1.1.2 Connotation of study
The objective of this is to find out the multi ethnic disputes in HR practices how effect in the individual
person in an organization
This Knowledge it‟s beneficial to the employees while Practicing HR in HRM to avoid cross cultural issues
in future.
The broad aim of the study is to ascertain how the multi ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices in an
organization
Based on this specific objective this study helps us to find out the various multi ethnic disputes of
employees working in organization and to implement latest tools to resort the various obstacles for smooth
function about HR practices in HRM
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
1.2 Intention Of The Study
1.2.1 Prime Objectives
To ascertain how far the management should prominence the level of Cross Cultural issues in HR practices.
To find an ample study exploring talent management in an emerging market by using HR practices in cross
cultural issues.
To find significant relationship between employees feelings of smugness and contentment with the
organization.
1.2.2 Plagiaristic Objective
To identify the reason for the Multi Ethnic disputes about HR practices in HRM
To suggest apt counsel to perk up HR practices in developing organizations.
To suggest amendment in the existing HR policies for the enhancement of employees.
To reduce the conflicts between employees in the organizations.
To increase the motivation level of employees by using HR Practices
II. Research Methodology
2.1 Research Topics
Topic selected for this research is “Multi ethnic disputes about HR Practices in HRM” Qualitative
research is an amorphous empirical research methodology based on small samples proposed to provide insight
and understanding of the problem setting. Qualitative is aimed at gaining a qualitative indulgent of the
underlying causes and stimuli, and it focuses on a small number of non-representative cases. Quantitative
research is a research methodology that seeks to quantify the data and, typically, applies some forms of
statistical analysis.
2.2 Endeavor of the Research
Research is concerned with the methodical and objective compilation, investigation and assessment of
information about specific aspect in order to help management make effectual HR‟s and HR practices. Once the
aspect is notorious and distinct it is the responsibility of the researcher to chalk out an ample plan explaining
each step required to conduct the research in a booming mode.
2.3 Sources of Data
The type of data composed both Primary and Secondary Data.
2.3.1 Primary data: It is the first hand data collected from HR. It was collected through Questionnaire.
2.3.2 Secondary data: It is the data for the study has been compiled from the reports and authorized pamphlet
of the organization, which have been helped in getting an insight of the present scenario existing in the
operations of the management.
2.4 Investigate Instrument
Survey method is employed to collect the data from the respondents and the data are collected with the
help of 21 questions. The questionnaire is a structured one. It was a mixture of open ended, close ended and
multiple choices. The words used were undemanding and helps in avoiding perplexity among 125 respondents.
III. Review Of Literature
Meanwhile, many cases had proved that the retardation of Ethnic differences and lack of ethnic
knowledge of destination has led to the failure of American multinational enterprises. Therefore, the Americans
have had to learn from the experiences of other countries and explore the reasons of failures in cross-culture
management perspective, which has resulted in the new study filed of cross-cultural management. (Wang,
2009). From the article we identifies the attributes of organizational culture and human resource practices
required for successful transitions in HR Practices in HRM towards cross cultural issues, and analyses the
implications of culture types for inter-organizational combinations. (Kearney, 2005) Kearney’s conclusions
back up those of Faulkner, Pitkethly and Child (2002), who investigated HRM practices adopted by
companies from the USA, Japan, Germany and France in UK companies that they acquired, with UK/UK
acquisitions used as a control.
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
The research, which was based on a survey instrument applied to 201 companies and interviews with
forty, notes that there is some convergence of HRM practices. It found, however, that there is a distinct
difference in the HRM practices employed by companies from each of the countries, influenced by the
characteristic HR practices common to companies in the country of origin of the parent. This work thus shows
the importance of cross cultural issues for national differences whilst also ensuring that necessary changes are
carried out swiftly and efficiently in order to minimize prolonging the pain, as (Kearney, 2005) put it.
Brewster (2002) argued that the majority of studies in International human resource management have
traditionally focused on expatriation: the cross-border assignments of employees that last for a significant period
of time. There are many researchers who dedicate themselves to the International Human Resource
Management, Human Resource Management, and Cross-cultural Management. The anxiety and conflict
originating in society has the potential to spill over into the organization (Simon and Klandermans 2001 ;Lau
and Murnighan, 1998), particularly when an event activates fault lines in the organization and social identity
differences become salient. Initially a conflict may erupt between two individuals, if not, at least one part what‟s
more, Sackmann (1997) has analyzed the cultural complexity in an organization, which shows that different
cultures with different identities in organization members will influence much on the organization culture. There
are many researches, about international human resource management, who are close to my topic, cross-cultural
human resource management that is more specific under international human resource management. Based on
the literature review and the interviews we conducted, we believe social identity conflicts are manifested in the
work context in the following way. Anxiety between social identity groups exists in society due to historical and
deeply rooted tensions. One of the few places in which these groups are forced to interact is the workplace. Fault
lines that exist within the organization or within work teams become activated when external forces (e.g.
identity conflict in society) make subgroup distinctions highly salient. Group members “collide” when they find
themselves having to work together on the same team or within the same organization. Boxall (1995) has
analyzed clearly the distinction between comparative human resource management and international human
resource management; Schuleret al (1993) gave a clear picture of an integrative framework for the study and
understanding of strategic human resource management; Dowling and de Cieri (1993) have proposed detailed
models of how International human resource management fits into the overall globalization strategy of
organizations.
IV. Data Analysis And Interpretation
Table4.1 Indicating satisfaction level about HR Practices in HRM towards cross
cultural issues in percentage Analysis
Conjecture
From the above table, it is obvious, that 24% of the respondents feel that their level is Highly Satisfied
towards cross cultural issues about HR practices in HRM; 56% of major respondents feel that their level is
Satisfied towards cross cultural issues about HR Practices in HRM and the remaining 20% of respondents feel
that their level is dissatisfied towards their practices in HRM.
Fig.4.1.1 Indicates Satisfaction Level about HR Practices in HRM towards Multi-ethnic Disputes
Parameters No. of
Respondents
Percentage
(%)
Highly
Satisfied
30 24
Satisfied 70 56
Dissatisfied 25 20
TOTAL 125 100
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
Table 4.2 Indicating masculinity wise response whether life style has any collision towards
multi - ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices.
Conjecture
Based on the above table, it is inferred that 62 % of male and 69% of female respondents of HR are
affirmed that any collision towards multi-ethnic disputes revolutionize due to life mode, and the remaining 38%
of male and 31% of female respondents are affirmed that any collision towards multi ethnic disputes may not
amend due to life style.
Fig.4.2.1. Indicates, masculinity wise response whether life style has any collision towards
Multi-ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices
Table 4.3 Indicating correlation between HRand HRM to evade Multi-ethnic disputes
in work place.
Parameters Highly
Satisfied
Satisfied Dissatisfied Weighted
Average
Rank
Co-operation 38 42 45 2.8 2
Delegation of
authority
20 50 55 2.2 4
Understanding
Personal
problem
35 43 47 2.7 3
Communication
Gap
37 53 35 2.9 1
Conjecture
Based on the above mentioned table, it is ambiguous that majority of the respondents have ranked first
in communication Gap followed by cooperation, understanding personal problems and delegation of authority is
least preferred, when compared with HR and HRM correlation at workplace to evade Multi ethnic issues
Table 4.4 Indicating Chi –Square Analysis for HR practices in HRM to dodge multi-ethnic
vs masculinity.
Masculinity
Respondents Towards HR
Practices in HRM to dodge
Multi-Ethnic Disputes
Easy Difficult Total
Male 50 (A) 20 (B) 70
Female 40 (C) 15 (D) 55
Total 90 35 125
4.4.1Hypothesis
Ho – There is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondents towards HR practices in HRM
to dodge multi-ethnic disputes.
Ha – There is Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondent towards HR practices in HRM to
dodge multi-ethnic disputes.
Masculinity
Life Style has any collision on
cross cultural issues about HRM
in HR Practices
Yes No Total
Male 78 47 125
62% 38% 100%
Female 86 39 125
69% 31% 100%
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
4.4.2 Applying Chi-Square Analysis (Expected Frequencies)
Expected Frequency of A = 70 x 90 / 125 = 50.4
Expected Frequency of B = 70 x 35 / 125 = 19.6
Expected Frequency of C = 55 x 90 / 125 = 39.6
Expected Frequency of D = 55 x 35 / 125 = 15.4
4.4.3 Table Of Observation
Follows distribution with (2 – 1) (2 – 1) d.f = 0.549
Conjecture
Since, the calculated value is less than the expected table value; the null hypothesis is accepted @ 5%
level of significance. Therefore, we infer that there is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and
Respondents towards HR practices in HRM to elude Multi- Ethnic Disputes.
Table: 4.5Indicating respondents for pessimistic penal action causes while
HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes
Parameters No. of
Respondents
Percentage (%)
General Irritability 60 48%
Elevated Emotion 20 16%
Idiotic Condition 15 12%
Tension for no specific
reason
30 24%
TOTAL 125 100
Conjecture
From the above table, it is inferred, that 48% of majority respondents stated clearly the General
Irritability as a major pessimistic penal action causes while HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes, 24% of the
respondents on Tension for no specific reason, 16% of the respondents negative disciplinary action based on
Elevated Emotion and the enduring 12% of response is based on Idiotic Condition.
Fig. 4.5.1 Indicates responses for pessimistic penal action causes while
HR Practices in multi-ethnic disputes.
Masculinity
Respondents Towards HR
Practices in HRM to circumvent
Multi-Ethnic Disputes
Easy Difficult Total
Male 50.4 19.6 70
Female 39.6 15.4 55
Total 90 35 125
Observed
Frequencies
(Oi)
Expected
Frequencies
(Ei)
(Oi –
Ei)
(Oi –
Ei)2
[(Oi –
Ei)2
] /
Ei
50 50.4 (-)0.4 0.16 0.003
20 19.6 0.4 0.16 0.008
40 39.6 0.4 0.16 0.004
15 15.4 (-)0.4 0.16 0.010
Total -------- -------- -------- 0.025
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
Table 4.6 Indicating ANNOVA for levels of HR practices towards multi- ethnic disputes
at work module for the behaviourial magnitudes
4.6.1 Hypothesis
Ho - There is no significant difference between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural
issues at work module for the behavioral magnitude.
H1 - There is significant metamorphosis between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural
issues at work module for the behavioral magnitude.
X1 (X1)2
X2 (X2)2
X3 (X3)2
X4 (X4)2
X5 (X5)2
12 144 10 100 15 225 25 625 11 121
14 196 13 169 06 36 09 81 10 100
26
∑
X1
340
∑(X1)2
23
∑
X2
269
∑(X2)2
21
∑
X3
261
∑(X3)2
34
∑
X4
706
∑(X4)2
21
∑
X5
221
∑(X5)2
4.6.2 Analysis of Variance Table
Sources of variance Sum of
Squares
Degree of
freedom
Variation Ratio
Between Samples 59 (05 – 01) = 4 59 / 4 = 15
Within Samples 176 (10 – 05) = 5 176 / 5 = 35
From the above table F = Variance within samples / Variance between samples
F = 35/15 F = 2.33 Calculated F = 2.33 Tabulated F = 5.19 (For degree of freedom V1 = 4, V2 = 5)
Upshot
Since calculated F is lesser than the tabulated F, we accept the null hypothesis i.e. there is no
significant difference between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural issues at work
module for the behavioral consequences.
Table 4.7 Indicating COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS For Emotional Imports Of Performing
HR in human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes
Here are two comparative analyses framed between male and female who faces difficulties, very
difficulties and no difficulties of practicing HR in Human Factor onwards multi-ethnic disputes.
Fig. 4.7.1 Indicates, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS for emotional imports of Performing HR in human
factor towards multi-ethnic disputes
Male Category Female Category
Difficulties
Very Dfficulties
No difficulties
Difficulties
Very Dfficulties
No difficulties
Levels of HR
Practices
Reason for the behaviourial magnitudes of HR practices about HRM towards Multi-
Ethnic Disputes at work module
Anxiety Low Self
Esteem
Absent
mindedness
Depression Anger Total
High Level 12 10 15 25 11 73
Low Level 14 13 06 09 10 52
TOTAL 26 23 21 34 21 125
Masculinity
Emotional imports of performing HR in human factor towards
multi-ethnic disputes
Difficulties Very Difficulties No Difficulties Total
Male 74 16 35 125
59% 13% 28% 100
Female 86 25 14 125
69% 20% 11% 100
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Conjecture
From the above Comparative Table between Male and Female, we conclude that majority 59% of male
and 69% of female respondents feel difficulties, 13% of male and 20% of female response sense very
difficulties and the remaining 28% of male and 11% of female respondents no difficulties of practicing HR in
Human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes.
Table 4.8 Indicating HR techniques espoused to shun multi-ethnic disputes – individual opted
Techniques No. of
Respondents
Percentage
(%)
Participated
Decision making
15 12%
Shun Conflicts 64 51%
Enriched
Communication
Gap
36 29%
Creating Rubrics
and Procedures
10 08%
TOTAL 125 100
Fig. 4.8.1 Indicating HR techniques espoused to shun multi-ethnic disputes – individual opted
Conjecture
The above table clearly states that 51% of HR feels that management has adopted techniques to shun
Conflicts to reduce cross cultural issues, 29% of HR techniques adopted Improved Communication Gap and
12% of HR techniques espoused Participated Decision Making and finally 08% of HR techniques espoused
Crafting Rubrics and Procedures.
V. Findings And Annotations
56% of major respondents feel that their level is satisfied towards multi-ethnic disputes about HR Practices
in HRM.
62 % of male and 69% of female respondents of HR are affirmed that any collision towards multi-ethnic
disputes revolutionize due to life mode.
From the Weighted Average Test, It is found that majority of the respondents have ranked first in
Communication Gap at workplace to evade multi-ethnic disputes..
From the CHI-SQUARE Test, it is inferred that there is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity
and Respondents towards HR practices in HRM to shun multi-ethnic disputes.
48% of majority respondents stated clearly the General Irritability as a major pessimistic penal action
causes while HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes.
From the ANOVA Test, it is observed that there is no significant difference between the Levels of HR
practices about HRM towards multi-ethnic disputes at work module for the behavioral consequences.
From the above Comparative Analysis, majority 59% of male and 69% of female respondents feel
difficulties.
51% of HR feels that management has adopted techniques to avoid Conflicts to reduce multi-ethnic
disputes.
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
VI. Suggestions And Recommendations
Professor Geert Hofstede used to say:”Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Ethnic
metamorphoses are a nuisance at best and often a disaster.”
Develop a cordial relationship with superior and subordinate will drastically reduce the multi-ethnic
disputes towards HR practices.
The human resource management should take necessary ladder to solve the issues through counseling.
A self appraisal programme should be adopted to reduce multi-ethnic disputes at work module
From the findings and annotations that the target cannot be achieved by majority of the employees during
HR practices, the management has to pursue multi-ethnic disputes reduction techniques in a systematic
manner to achieve 100% target.
Frequent meeting should be conducted to locate out the elucidation for the hitch at early stage.
The management has to create awareness that the employees are treated as an asset of the organization.
Avoid bottleneck situation towards multi-ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices.
The Human resource management must evade bigotry (bias) and HR should be practiced to indulgence
employees similarly.
The management must consider the employees opinion at frequent intervals.
Management should endeavor to curtail interpersonal and intergroup conflicts and they must craft them a
vigorous human relation.
Management should create a work environment wherein workers can perform their jobs with a sense of
security, so that the multi-ethnic disputes never enhance more.
Increase in motivation and morale drastically reduce the multi-ethnic disputes in HRM.
There are some specific multi-ethnic disputes with majority of the employees. The subsequent suggestions
will help to unravel (solve) the evils in HR practices.
VII. Conclusions
A study brings out the entire employee is facing a typical intensity of cross cultural issues but the
management sees not to exacerbate the situation in an elevated stage. From the research methodology and data
collection, it can be concluded that the management should hub its awareness on civilizing the human relations
amid the superior and subordinate devoid of any conflict and must contemplate on framing / modifying the
existing the HR practices and measures to congregate the expectations of the employees for their betterment in
mutually the proficient and delicate life. This venture has been a culture process, which has given an imminent
of the sensible procedures and practices, which are being performed in the authentic life situations.
Bibliography
Journal Papers
[1]. A.T. Kearney (2005) „Measuring Globalisation‟ in Foreign policy, May/June, pp52-60 Business Review Weekly (2005) , Australia,
p28.
[2]. Boxall, P, 1995. Building the theory of comparative HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, p.5-17
[3]. Faulker,Pitkethly & Child (2002). International mergers and acquisition in the UK : 1985 -94 “A Comparison of National HRM
Practices”. International Journal of Human Resource Management 13, p 106-22
[4]. Lau, D.C., Murnighan, J.K. (1998), "Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups",
Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No.2, pp.325-40.
[5]. Schuler, R. S., Dowling, P. J., and De Cieri, H, 1993. An integrative framework of strategic international human resource
management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), p.717-64
[6]. Wang, C. 2009. Cross-Cultural Management Brainstorm. Modern Economic Information, vol. 15, p. 1-2
Chapters In Books
[7]. Brewster Chris, 2002. Human resource practices in multinational companies, in Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, p.126
[8]. Sackmann, S. 1997. Cultural Complexity in Organizations: Inherent Contrasts and Contradictions, p. 6-14, 105-107, 273-276, 341-
36
[9]. Simon, B., and Klandermans, B. (2001) Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis, American Psychologist,
56(4): 319–31
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Opinion Poll
1. What do you feel about your work?
a) Routine b) Too easy c) Monotonous d) Too difficult e) Interesting f) Challenging
2. Specify the satisfaction level about your job
a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Dissatisfied
3. Which destination do you belong in HR?
4. Specify the HR practices in your organization to elude multi-ethnic disputes.
a) Highly satisfaction b) Satisfaction c) Dissatisfaction
5. Rate the following factor: FAIR MODERATE UNFAIR
a) The management influence.
b) The organizational policies
c) The organizational structure
6. Does conflicts occur in your organization?
a) Frequently b) Sometimes c) Not at all
7. Flexibility in the selection of employees by the use of HR practices.
a) Yes b) No
8. How is the HR and HRM have participated in work place?
a) co-operation b) Understanding personal problems c) Communication
9. Do you feel that external factors cause individual interference?
a) Yes b) No
10. How is the correlation between HR and HRM at your work place to shun multi-ethnic
disputes?
High satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied
a) Co-operation
b) Delegation Authority
c) Understanding personal Problems
d) Communication Gap
11. Whether Flexibility in the career plan is acceptable by HR towards multi-ethnic
Disputes about HRM.
a) Yes b) No
12. Do you think life style as any impact on HR practices?
a) Yes b) No
13. What do you think the reason for HR practices at work module would be?
a) Individual precipitation b) Work environment c) Managing routine affairs
d) Management Inferenence
14. What do you think the behavioral magnitudes of HR Practices in the levels of work module?
a. Anxiety b. Low self esteem c. Absentmindedness d. Depression e. Anger
15. What do you feel the Psychological consequences of practicing HR in human factors?
Difficulties Very difficulties No difficulties
(a) Male
(b) Female
16. What kind of multi-ethnic disputes in the HR practice?
a) Trembling b) De promotion c) Conflict d) Transfer
“Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM”
DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
17. Do you feel any following negative disciplinary action causes while HR Practices in multi-ethnic disputes?
a) General irritability b) Elevated emotion c) Idiotic condition d) Tension for no specific reasons
18. What kinds of HR practices implementation to dodge multi-ethnic disputes?
a) Creating promotion b) Creates opportunity c) Giving job security d) Clear plan for career
development
e) Rectifying boredom with current role
19. What type of HR techniques can introduced to circumvent multi-ethnic disputes the management has
adopted in your organization?
a) Participated decision making
b) Shun conflicts
c) Improved communication gaps
d) Creating rubrics and procedure
20. What do you think that HR managers have to do for reducing multi-ethnic disputes in the organization?
a) Special treatment with HR managers and employees
b) Counseling
c) Mediation
d) Job rotation
e) Having a smooth dealing with superior
21. You are in the critical situation while you practicing HR, how will you react in the cases.
a) Do you lose your temper even over minor problems?
b) If you hear any piece of information or question, do you feel it as? Criticism of your work?
c) If someone criticizes your work, do you take it as a personal attack?
d) Even though you‟re feeling fine, to avoid work, do you call in sick?
******************ThankYou*******************

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“Probe In Multi-Ethnic Disputes About HR Practices In HRM”

  • 1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 1.Ver. II (Jan. 2015), PP 01-10 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page “Probe In Multi-Ethnic Disputes About HR Practices In HRM” Ms.R.P.Kanchana1 Dr.R.Ganesan2 MGCollege of arts and science, India DGVaishnav college, India Abstract “Ethnic diversity adds richness to a society” *Gary Locke* The real organization of human resource management is organizational culture and its reformation and management. Ethos is closely related to organizational strategy, structure and intention. It influences staff's notice of job selection, evaluation training, and reward and so on. In addition to the normal pressures of man- management, managers are now required to deal with challenges, friction and misunderstandings emanating from cross ethnic differences. Effective management in the modern environment necessitates cross ethnic competency in order to get the best out of a multiethnic team. With the growing significance of developing economies in the global business environment, Human Resource Management is facing increased difficulty in managing cross-border ethnic relationships. This paper of mine analyze the HR must be knowledgeable about multiethnic factors on both the domestic and global fronts in Human Resource Management As Dr Zareen Karani Araoz, President and founder of “Managing Across cultures, Karani Lam & Associates, says in global conference , "For an employee who repeatedly takes a conference call from US at 3 a.m. regularly is a major problem area, but he finds it difficult to articulate this to his client or his counterpart in the US, due to fear. In an institutionalized environment, it is easy to learn to be frank, where saying “NO” is often appreciated rather than saying “YES” and failing to deliver on the promise Keywords: Conflicts, HR Practices, Human Resource Management, Multi-ethnic Disputes, Multi-ethnic Relationship I. Prelude In a budding economy, HRM is playing an imperative role in promoting the HR Practices in Multi- Ethnic disputes. HR acts as a gadget in making other resources effectual and helping the organization to accomplish its target and shows an affluent escalation. This paper of mine analyzes enterprise HRM which is ostentatious by economic catastrophe and offers the counter measures about cross-cultural factors on both the domestic and global fronts in Human Resource Management of HR Practices through a Case Revise. 1.1.1 The Concept of Ethnic To understand the implications of cultures within an organization it is important to understand the basic concept of culture. “The core of culture is serene of explicit and inferred assumptions or understandings commonly held by a group of people; a particular configuration of assumptions/understandings is distinctive to the group; these assumptions/understandings serve as guides to acceptable and unacceptable perceptions, verdict, mind-set and behaviors; they are learned and passed to new members of the group through social interface; culture is dynamic – it changes over time” **Milliken and Martins** 1.1.2 Connotation of study The objective of this is to find out the multi ethnic disputes in HR practices how effect in the individual person in an organization This Knowledge it‟s beneficial to the employees while Practicing HR in HRM to avoid cross cultural issues in future. The broad aim of the study is to ascertain how the multi ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices in an organization Based on this specific objective this study helps us to find out the various multi ethnic disputes of employees working in organization and to implement latest tools to resort the various obstacles for smooth function about HR practices in HRM
  • 2. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page 1.2 Intention Of The Study 1.2.1 Prime Objectives To ascertain how far the management should prominence the level of Cross Cultural issues in HR practices. To find an ample study exploring talent management in an emerging market by using HR practices in cross cultural issues. To find significant relationship between employees feelings of smugness and contentment with the organization. 1.2.2 Plagiaristic Objective To identify the reason for the Multi Ethnic disputes about HR practices in HRM To suggest apt counsel to perk up HR practices in developing organizations. To suggest amendment in the existing HR policies for the enhancement of employees. To reduce the conflicts between employees in the organizations. To increase the motivation level of employees by using HR Practices II. Research Methodology 2.1 Research Topics Topic selected for this research is “Multi ethnic disputes about HR Practices in HRM” Qualitative research is an amorphous empirical research methodology based on small samples proposed to provide insight and understanding of the problem setting. Qualitative is aimed at gaining a qualitative indulgent of the underlying causes and stimuli, and it focuses on a small number of non-representative cases. Quantitative research is a research methodology that seeks to quantify the data and, typically, applies some forms of statistical analysis. 2.2 Endeavor of the Research Research is concerned with the methodical and objective compilation, investigation and assessment of information about specific aspect in order to help management make effectual HR‟s and HR practices. Once the aspect is notorious and distinct it is the responsibility of the researcher to chalk out an ample plan explaining each step required to conduct the research in a booming mode. 2.3 Sources of Data The type of data composed both Primary and Secondary Data. 2.3.1 Primary data: It is the first hand data collected from HR. It was collected through Questionnaire. 2.3.2 Secondary data: It is the data for the study has been compiled from the reports and authorized pamphlet of the organization, which have been helped in getting an insight of the present scenario existing in the operations of the management. 2.4 Investigate Instrument Survey method is employed to collect the data from the respondents and the data are collected with the help of 21 questions. The questionnaire is a structured one. It was a mixture of open ended, close ended and multiple choices. The words used were undemanding and helps in avoiding perplexity among 125 respondents. III. Review Of Literature Meanwhile, many cases had proved that the retardation of Ethnic differences and lack of ethnic knowledge of destination has led to the failure of American multinational enterprises. Therefore, the Americans have had to learn from the experiences of other countries and explore the reasons of failures in cross-culture management perspective, which has resulted in the new study filed of cross-cultural management. (Wang, 2009). From the article we identifies the attributes of organizational culture and human resource practices required for successful transitions in HR Practices in HRM towards cross cultural issues, and analyses the implications of culture types for inter-organizational combinations. (Kearney, 2005) Kearney’s conclusions back up those of Faulkner, Pitkethly and Child (2002), who investigated HRM practices adopted by companies from the USA, Japan, Germany and France in UK companies that they acquired, with UK/UK acquisitions used as a control.
  • 3. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page The research, which was based on a survey instrument applied to 201 companies and interviews with forty, notes that there is some convergence of HRM practices. It found, however, that there is a distinct difference in the HRM practices employed by companies from each of the countries, influenced by the characteristic HR practices common to companies in the country of origin of the parent. This work thus shows the importance of cross cultural issues for national differences whilst also ensuring that necessary changes are carried out swiftly and efficiently in order to minimize prolonging the pain, as (Kearney, 2005) put it. Brewster (2002) argued that the majority of studies in International human resource management have traditionally focused on expatriation: the cross-border assignments of employees that last for a significant period of time. There are many researchers who dedicate themselves to the International Human Resource Management, Human Resource Management, and Cross-cultural Management. The anxiety and conflict originating in society has the potential to spill over into the organization (Simon and Klandermans 2001 ;Lau and Murnighan, 1998), particularly when an event activates fault lines in the organization and social identity differences become salient. Initially a conflict may erupt between two individuals, if not, at least one part what‟s more, Sackmann (1997) has analyzed the cultural complexity in an organization, which shows that different cultures with different identities in organization members will influence much on the organization culture. There are many researches, about international human resource management, who are close to my topic, cross-cultural human resource management that is more specific under international human resource management. Based on the literature review and the interviews we conducted, we believe social identity conflicts are manifested in the work context in the following way. Anxiety between social identity groups exists in society due to historical and deeply rooted tensions. One of the few places in which these groups are forced to interact is the workplace. Fault lines that exist within the organization or within work teams become activated when external forces (e.g. identity conflict in society) make subgroup distinctions highly salient. Group members “collide” when they find themselves having to work together on the same team or within the same organization. Boxall (1995) has analyzed clearly the distinction between comparative human resource management and international human resource management; Schuleret al (1993) gave a clear picture of an integrative framework for the study and understanding of strategic human resource management; Dowling and de Cieri (1993) have proposed detailed models of how International human resource management fits into the overall globalization strategy of organizations. IV. Data Analysis And Interpretation Table4.1 Indicating satisfaction level about HR Practices in HRM towards cross cultural issues in percentage Analysis Conjecture From the above table, it is obvious, that 24% of the respondents feel that their level is Highly Satisfied towards cross cultural issues about HR practices in HRM; 56% of major respondents feel that their level is Satisfied towards cross cultural issues about HR Practices in HRM and the remaining 20% of respondents feel that their level is dissatisfied towards their practices in HRM. Fig.4.1.1 Indicates Satisfaction Level about HR Practices in HRM towards Multi-ethnic Disputes Parameters No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Highly Satisfied 30 24 Satisfied 70 56 Dissatisfied 25 20 TOTAL 125 100
  • 4. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page Table 4.2 Indicating masculinity wise response whether life style has any collision towards multi - ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices. Conjecture Based on the above table, it is inferred that 62 % of male and 69% of female respondents of HR are affirmed that any collision towards multi-ethnic disputes revolutionize due to life mode, and the remaining 38% of male and 31% of female respondents are affirmed that any collision towards multi ethnic disputes may not amend due to life style. Fig.4.2.1. Indicates, masculinity wise response whether life style has any collision towards Multi-ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices Table 4.3 Indicating correlation between HRand HRM to evade Multi-ethnic disputes in work place. Parameters Highly Satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Weighted Average Rank Co-operation 38 42 45 2.8 2 Delegation of authority 20 50 55 2.2 4 Understanding Personal problem 35 43 47 2.7 3 Communication Gap 37 53 35 2.9 1 Conjecture Based on the above mentioned table, it is ambiguous that majority of the respondents have ranked first in communication Gap followed by cooperation, understanding personal problems and delegation of authority is least preferred, when compared with HR and HRM correlation at workplace to evade Multi ethnic issues Table 4.4 Indicating Chi –Square Analysis for HR practices in HRM to dodge multi-ethnic vs masculinity. Masculinity Respondents Towards HR Practices in HRM to dodge Multi-Ethnic Disputes Easy Difficult Total Male 50 (A) 20 (B) 70 Female 40 (C) 15 (D) 55 Total 90 35 125 4.4.1Hypothesis Ho – There is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondents towards HR practices in HRM to dodge multi-ethnic disputes. Ha – There is Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondent towards HR practices in HRM to dodge multi-ethnic disputes. Masculinity Life Style has any collision on cross cultural issues about HRM in HR Practices Yes No Total Male 78 47 125 62% 38% 100% Female 86 39 125 69% 31% 100%
  • 5. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page 4.4.2 Applying Chi-Square Analysis (Expected Frequencies) Expected Frequency of A = 70 x 90 / 125 = 50.4 Expected Frequency of B = 70 x 35 / 125 = 19.6 Expected Frequency of C = 55 x 90 / 125 = 39.6 Expected Frequency of D = 55 x 35 / 125 = 15.4 4.4.3 Table Of Observation Follows distribution with (2 – 1) (2 – 1) d.f = 0.549 Conjecture Since, the calculated value is less than the expected table value; the null hypothesis is accepted @ 5% level of significance. Therefore, we infer that there is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondents towards HR practices in HRM to elude Multi- Ethnic Disputes. Table: 4.5Indicating respondents for pessimistic penal action causes while HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes Parameters No. of Respondents Percentage (%) General Irritability 60 48% Elevated Emotion 20 16% Idiotic Condition 15 12% Tension for no specific reason 30 24% TOTAL 125 100 Conjecture From the above table, it is inferred, that 48% of majority respondents stated clearly the General Irritability as a major pessimistic penal action causes while HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes, 24% of the respondents on Tension for no specific reason, 16% of the respondents negative disciplinary action based on Elevated Emotion and the enduring 12% of response is based on Idiotic Condition. Fig. 4.5.1 Indicates responses for pessimistic penal action causes while HR Practices in multi-ethnic disputes. Masculinity Respondents Towards HR Practices in HRM to circumvent Multi-Ethnic Disputes Easy Difficult Total Male 50.4 19.6 70 Female 39.6 15.4 55 Total 90 35 125 Observed Frequencies (Oi) Expected Frequencies (Ei) (Oi – Ei) (Oi – Ei)2 [(Oi – Ei)2 ] / Ei 50 50.4 (-)0.4 0.16 0.003 20 19.6 0.4 0.16 0.008 40 39.6 0.4 0.16 0.004 15 15.4 (-)0.4 0.16 0.010 Total -------- -------- -------- 0.025
  • 6. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page Table 4.6 Indicating ANNOVA for levels of HR practices towards multi- ethnic disputes at work module for the behaviourial magnitudes 4.6.1 Hypothesis Ho - There is no significant difference between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural issues at work module for the behavioral magnitude. H1 - There is significant metamorphosis between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural issues at work module for the behavioral magnitude. X1 (X1)2 X2 (X2)2 X3 (X3)2 X4 (X4)2 X5 (X5)2 12 144 10 100 15 225 25 625 11 121 14 196 13 169 06 36 09 81 10 100 26 ∑ X1 340 ∑(X1)2 23 ∑ X2 269 ∑(X2)2 21 ∑ X3 261 ∑(X3)2 34 ∑ X4 706 ∑(X4)2 21 ∑ X5 221 ∑(X5)2 4.6.2 Analysis of Variance Table Sources of variance Sum of Squares Degree of freedom Variation Ratio Between Samples 59 (05 – 01) = 4 59 / 4 = 15 Within Samples 176 (10 – 05) = 5 176 / 5 = 35 From the above table F = Variance within samples / Variance between samples F = 35/15 F = 2.33 Calculated F = 2.33 Tabulated F = 5.19 (For degree of freedom V1 = 4, V2 = 5) Upshot Since calculated F is lesser than the tabulated F, we accept the null hypothesis i.e. there is no significant difference between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards cross cultural issues at work module for the behavioral consequences. Table 4.7 Indicating COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS For Emotional Imports Of Performing HR in human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes Here are two comparative analyses framed between male and female who faces difficulties, very difficulties and no difficulties of practicing HR in Human Factor onwards multi-ethnic disputes. Fig. 4.7.1 Indicates, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS for emotional imports of Performing HR in human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes Male Category Female Category Difficulties Very Dfficulties No difficulties Difficulties Very Dfficulties No difficulties Levels of HR Practices Reason for the behaviourial magnitudes of HR practices about HRM towards Multi- Ethnic Disputes at work module Anxiety Low Self Esteem Absent mindedness Depression Anger Total High Level 12 10 15 25 11 73 Low Level 14 13 06 09 10 52 TOTAL 26 23 21 34 21 125 Masculinity Emotional imports of performing HR in human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes Difficulties Very Difficulties No Difficulties Total Male 74 16 35 125 59% 13% 28% 100 Female 86 25 14 125 69% 20% 11% 100
  • 7. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page Conjecture From the above Comparative Table between Male and Female, we conclude that majority 59% of male and 69% of female respondents feel difficulties, 13% of male and 20% of female response sense very difficulties and the remaining 28% of male and 11% of female respondents no difficulties of practicing HR in Human factor towards multi-ethnic disputes. Table 4.8 Indicating HR techniques espoused to shun multi-ethnic disputes – individual opted Techniques No. of Respondents Percentage (%) Participated Decision making 15 12% Shun Conflicts 64 51% Enriched Communication Gap 36 29% Creating Rubrics and Procedures 10 08% TOTAL 125 100 Fig. 4.8.1 Indicating HR techniques espoused to shun multi-ethnic disputes – individual opted Conjecture The above table clearly states that 51% of HR feels that management has adopted techniques to shun Conflicts to reduce cross cultural issues, 29% of HR techniques adopted Improved Communication Gap and 12% of HR techniques espoused Participated Decision Making and finally 08% of HR techniques espoused Crafting Rubrics and Procedures. V. Findings And Annotations 56% of major respondents feel that their level is satisfied towards multi-ethnic disputes about HR Practices in HRM. 62 % of male and 69% of female respondents of HR are affirmed that any collision towards multi-ethnic disputes revolutionize due to life mode. From the Weighted Average Test, It is found that majority of the respondents have ranked first in Communication Gap at workplace to evade multi-ethnic disputes.. From the CHI-SQUARE Test, it is inferred that there is no Connotation liaison between the Masculinity and Respondents towards HR practices in HRM to shun multi-ethnic disputes. 48% of majority respondents stated clearly the General Irritability as a major pessimistic penal action causes while HR practices in multi-ethnic disputes. From the ANOVA Test, it is observed that there is no significant difference between the Levels of HR practices about HRM towards multi-ethnic disputes at work module for the behavioral consequences. From the above Comparative Analysis, majority 59% of male and 69% of female respondents feel difficulties. 51% of HR feels that management has adopted techniques to avoid Conflicts to reduce multi-ethnic disputes.
  • 8. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page VI. Suggestions And Recommendations Professor Geert Hofstede used to say:”Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Ethnic metamorphoses are a nuisance at best and often a disaster.” Develop a cordial relationship with superior and subordinate will drastically reduce the multi-ethnic disputes towards HR practices. The human resource management should take necessary ladder to solve the issues through counseling. A self appraisal programme should be adopted to reduce multi-ethnic disputes at work module From the findings and annotations that the target cannot be achieved by majority of the employees during HR practices, the management has to pursue multi-ethnic disputes reduction techniques in a systematic manner to achieve 100% target. Frequent meeting should be conducted to locate out the elucidation for the hitch at early stage. The management has to create awareness that the employees are treated as an asset of the organization. Avoid bottleneck situation towards multi-ethnic disputes about HRM in HR practices. The Human resource management must evade bigotry (bias) and HR should be practiced to indulgence employees similarly. The management must consider the employees opinion at frequent intervals. Management should endeavor to curtail interpersonal and intergroup conflicts and they must craft them a vigorous human relation. Management should create a work environment wherein workers can perform their jobs with a sense of security, so that the multi-ethnic disputes never enhance more. Increase in motivation and morale drastically reduce the multi-ethnic disputes in HRM. There are some specific multi-ethnic disputes with majority of the employees. The subsequent suggestions will help to unravel (solve) the evils in HR practices. VII. Conclusions A study brings out the entire employee is facing a typical intensity of cross cultural issues but the management sees not to exacerbate the situation in an elevated stage. From the research methodology and data collection, it can be concluded that the management should hub its awareness on civilizing the human relations amid the superior and subordinate devoid of any conflict and must contemplate on framing / modifying the existing the HR practices and measures to congregate the expectations of the employees for their betterment in mutually the proficient and delicate life. This venture has been a culture process, which has given an imminent of the sensible procedures and practices, which are being performed in the authentic life situations. Bibliography Journal Papers [1]. A.T. Kearney (2005) „Measuring Globalisation‟ in Foreign policy, May/June, pp52-60 Business Review Weekly (2005) , Australia, p28. [2]. Boxall, P, 1995. Building the theory of comparative HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, p.5-17 [3]. Faulker,Pitkethly & Child (2002). International mergers and acquisition in the UK : 1985 -94 “A Comparison of National HRM Practices”. International Journal of Human Resource Management 13, p 106-22 [4]. Lau, D.C., Murnighan, J.K. (1998), "Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No.2, pp.325-40. [5]. Schuler, R. S., Dowling, P. J., and De Cieri, H, 1993. An integrative framework of strategic international human resource management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), p.717-64 [6]. Wang, C. 2009. Cross-Cultural Management Brainstorm. Modern Economic Information, vol. 15, p. 1-2 Chapters In Books [7]. Brewster Chris, 2002. Human resource practices in multinational companies, in Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, p.126 [8]. Sackmann, S. 1997. Cultural Complexity in Organizations: Inherent Contrasts and Contradictions, p. 6-14, 105-107, 273-276, 341- 36 [9]. Simon, B., and Klandermans, B. (2001) Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis, American Psychologist, 56(4): 319–31
  • 9. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page Opinion Poll 1. What do you feel about your work? a) Routine b) Too easy c) Monotonous d) Too difficult e) Interesting f) Challenging 2. Specify the satisfaction level about your job a) Highly satisfied b) Satisfied c) Dissatisfied 3. Which destination do you belong in HR? 4. Specify the HR practices in your organization to elude multi-ethnic disputes. a) Highly satisfaction b) Satisfaction c) Dissatisfaction 5. Rate the following factor: FAIR MODERATE UNFAIR a) The management influence. b) The organizational policies c) The organizational structure 6. Does conflicts occur in your organization? a) Frequently b) Sometimes c) Not at all 7. Flexibility in the selection of employees by the use of HR practices. a) Yes b) No 8. How is the HR and HRM have participated in work place? a) co-operation b) Understanding personal problems c) Communication 9. Do you feel that external factors cause individual interference? a) Yes b) No 10. How is the correlation between HR and HRM at your work place to shun multi-ethnic disputes? High satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied a) Co-operation b) Delegation Authority c) Understanding personal Problems d) Communication Gap 11. Whether Flexibility in the career plan is acceptable by HR towards multi-ethnic Disputes about HRM. a) Yes b) No 12. Do you think life style as any impact on HR practices? a) Yes b) No 13. What do you think the reason for HR practices at work module would be? a) Individual precipitation b) Work environment c) Managing routine affairs d) Management Inferenence 14. What do you think the behavioral magnitudes of HR Practices in the levels of work module? a. Anxiety b. Low self esteem c. Absentmindedness d. Depression e. Anger 15. What do you feel the Psychological consequences of practicing HR in human factors? Difficulties Very difficulties No difficulties (a) Male (b) Female 16. What kind of multi-ethnic disputes in the HR practice? a) Trembling b) De promotion c) Conflict d) Transfer
  • 10. “Probe in Multi-Ethnic Disputes about HR Practices in HRM” DOI: 10.9790/487X-17120110 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page 17. Do you feel any following negative disciplinary action causes while HR Practices in multi-ethnic disputes? a) General irritability b) Elevated emotion c) Idiotic condition d) Tension for no specific reasons 18. What kinds of HR practices implementation to dodge multi-ethnic disputes? a) Creating promotion b) Creates opportunity c) Giving job security d) Clear plan for career development e) Rectifying boredom with current role 19. What type of HR techniques can introduced to circumvent multi-ethnic disputes the management has adopted in your organization? a) Participated decision making b) Shun conflicts c) Improved communication gaps d) Creating rubrics and procedure 20. What do you think that HR managers have to do for reducing multi-ethnic disputes in the organization? a) Special treatment with HR managers and employees b) Counseling c) Mediation d) Job rotation e) Having a smooth dealing with superior 21. You are in the critical situation while you practicing HR, how will you react in the cases. a) Do you lose your temper even over minor problems? b) If you hear any piece of information or question, do you feel it as? Criticism of your work? c) If someone criticizes your work, do you take it as a personal attack? d) Even though you‟re feeling fine, to avoid work, do you call in sick? ******************ThankYou*******************