In-Text Citing, Quoting and Paraphrasing

1. In-Text Citing, Quoting, and
Paraphrasing:
How to incorporate your
references into your text

2. Refence list and In-text Citing
You know how to build a reference forhow to build a reference for
your reference listyour reference list
Today you’ll learn how your referenceshow your references
should look in your textshould look in your text

3. When you write your thesis:
• Two ways to reference other people’s
work:
– By quoting verbatim (i.e., word-by-word)
– By paraphrasing

4. Verbatim Quotes
• A quote is a block ofblock of
texttext (i.e., sentences
or full paragraphs)
that writers
incorporate into their
text to make a point.
• It’s ideal to quote toto quote to
the minimumthe minimum.

5. When Quoting Verbatim
• If long quotelong quote (longer than 1 full
sentence) quote as a blockquote as a block
• If short quoteshort quote IncorporateIncorporate it into your
writing

6. Using a long Quote in Your Text
By and large, biliteracy –or being able to read and write in two
languages– is considered to be a remarkable accomplishment in some
populations. Moll, Sáez, & Dworin (2001) wrote the following about
children and biliteracy:
Becoming biliterate in childhood is a special accomplishment, but not
an easy one. […]
If becoming literate can be considered a transforming event, a
developmental landmark in any child’s life […], then becoming
literate in two languages, especially in childhood, must truly be
something special. Consider […] all of the intellectual advantages
[…], from gaining access to valued cultural resources, to
developing metalinguistic awareness, to deliberately exploiting
literacy as a tool for thinking, may be enhanced, amplified, if you
will, and facilitated by children becoming literate in two languages
(p. 436).
Topic sentence
that introduces
the quote
Long quote
Continuation of idea
introduced by quote

7. Example of a Poorly Integrated
Quote Into Prose
Sommer (1990) says personal space for
people “like the porcupines in
Schopenhauer’s fable, people like to be
close enough to obtain warmth and
comradeship but far enough away to avoid
pricking one another” (p. 26).
Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

8. Sommer (1990) explains the concept of
personal space for human beings by
making a comparison with porcupines as
shown in the next quote:
like the porcupines in Schopenhauer’s
fable, people like to be close enough to
obtain warmth and comradeship but far
enough away to avoid pricking one
another” (p. 26).

9. Personal space is important in people’s
relationships. About maintaining a
balance between people’s closeness
and relationships, Sommer (1990)
says that “like the porcupines in
Schopenhauer’s fable, people like to
be close enough to obtain warmth
and comradeship but far enough
away to avoid pricking one another”
(p. 26).

10. Successful Integration of Quote
Concerning personal space, Sommer
(1990) says that “like the porcupines in
Schopenhauer’s fable, people like to be
close enough to obtain warmth and
comradeship but far enough away to avoid
pricking one another” (p. 26).
Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

11. Using a Short Quote in Your Text
The literacy opportunities that bilingual children encounter determine the
extent to which they develop biliteracy abilities. Moll (1992) reported that in
comparison with the schooling of children from higher-income families, the
instruction of children in bilingual programs, who are for the most part
working-class students, “can be characterized as rote, drill and practice, and
intellectually limited, with an emphasis on low-level literacy and computational
skills” (p. 20). Similar situations have been documented, where the type of
instruction of ELLs at the elementary grades tends to limit the children’s
opportunities to produce complex language, thus greatly restraining their
opportunities to “create and manipulate language freely…[and] to engage in
more complex learning” (Ramírez et al., 1991, p. 8).
Topic sentence to intro
quote
Half paraphrased

12. Tips on In-Text Citing
• In-text, authors’ last names and year onlyauthors’ last names and year only. If two authors, always two last names. If
more than two authors, all their last names first and et al. afterwards.
• When quoting verbatim (block quote or sentence), always include the page number.always include the page number.
• If you introduce authors in your text, don’t include them in the parenthesis where you
write the page number.

13. Challenge 1: Find the problems with the following text.
Smooth out the incorporation of the quote into the text and
fix the in-text citing format.
The manner in which students engage
their reading strategies and critical
thinking skills when reading authentic
English text is a relevant topic to
explore in the English Language
Teaching context (ELT). “can efficiently
promote learning, critical thinking,
creativity and resourcefulness in
learners of all ages” (Lekin (1998), p. 3).

14. The manner in which students engage
their reading strategies and critical
thinking skills when reading authentic
English text is a relevant topic to
explore in the English Language
Teaching context (ELT). In this concern,
Lekin (1998) argues that reading
authentic English text “can efficiently
promote learning, critical thinking,
creativity and resourcefulness in
learners of all ages”(p. 3).

15. The manner in which students engage
their reading strategies and critical
thinking skills when reading authentic
English text is a relevant topic to
explore in the English Language
Teaching context (ELT). Considering that
reading authentic English text “can
efficiently promote learning, critical
thinking, creativity and resourcefulness
in learners of all ages” (Lekin, 1998, p.
3), teachers should frequently expose
their students to this type of text.

16. Theoretical Ideas
• Teachers do not pay attention to detail
(Spolsky, 1998).
• Spolsky (1998) argued that teachers….

17. The manner in which students engage their
reading strategies and critical thinking skills when
reading authentic English text is a relevant topic to
explore in the English Language Teaching context
(ELT). Lekin (1998) suggests that the proper use of
authentic reading materials such as newspapers
“can efficiently promote learning, critical thinking,
creativity and resourcefulness in learnes of all
ages” (p. 3).
One way to do it…

18. Challenge 2 : Use the following quote (block quote or
incorporation of a piece) to write an argumentative
statement about the importance of context in teaching
literacy to children.
.
“Language needs to be used in meaningful ways for
second-language learners. When text is meaningful,
students are able to predict what will happen next. If a
child learns vocabulary words in an isolated manner, it
is a difficult task and contradicts the way that
language evolves naturally in children. Unfamiliar words
are easier to figure out in context than breaking them
up into parts. A meaningful text provides the reader
with endless opportunities to build on both
comprehension and word recognition” (Suits, 2003, p.4)

19. Suits (2003) expresses the importance of context in
teaching literacy to children through the following quote:
“Language needs to be used in meaningful
ways for second-language learners. When
text is meaningful, students are able to
predict what will happen next. If a child
learns vocabulary words in an isolated
manner, it is a difficult task and
contradicts the way that language evolves
naturally in children. Unfamiliar words
are easier to figure out in context than
breaking them up into parts. A meaningful
text provides the reader with endless
opportunities to build on both
comprehension and word recognition”
(Suits, 2003, p.4)

20. Children who read in a second
language need to be exposed to
meaningful text. When the text that
second language learners read
provides significant content for
them, learners can make connections
that facilitate their comprehension.
Concerning context and text, Suits
(2003) states that “language needs
to be used in meaningful ways for
second-language learners. When text
is meaningful, students are able to
predict what will happen next” (p.
4).

21. Paraphrasing Quotations
Smoothly Into Your Prose
Based on:
Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.

22. Why Bother?
• To avoid choppy, incoherent sentences
• To avoid inconsistencies between your
prose and the grammar, style, or logic of
the quotation.

23. Guidelines for Writing a Paraphrase
1. Say what the source says, but no more.
2. Emphasize what the source emphasizes.
3. Use your own words, phrasing, and sentence structure
to restate the message. If certain synonyms are
awkward, quote the material—but resort to quotation
only occasionally.
4. Read over your sentences to make sure that they do
not distort the source’s meaning.
5. Expect your material to be as long as, and possibly
longer than, the original.
6. Use verbs effectively to help you integrate paraphrases
smoothly into your prose.
7. Avoid plagiarism.
8. As you take notes, record all documentation facts
about your source so that you can acknowledge your
source accurately and avoid plagiarism.Taken from: Troyka, L.Q.(1999). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (5th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

24. Useful Verbs to Paraphrase
agree complain emphasize note
analyze concede explain observe
argue consider find offer
ask conclude grant point out
assert contend illustrate refute
believe declare imply report
claim deny insist reveal
comment describe maintain say
see show speculate state
suggest suppose think write

25. Paraphrasing a Quote into Text
Original text:
The manner in which students engage their
reading strategies and critical thinking skills
when reading authentic English text is a
relevant topic to explore in the English
Language Teaching context (ELT). Lekin
(1998) suggests that the proper use of
authentic reading materials such as
newspapers “can efficiently promote learning,
critical thinking, creativity and
resourcefulness in learnes of all ages” (p. 3).

26. The manner in which students engage their
reading strategies and critical thinking skills
when reading authentic English text is a
relevant topic to explore in the English
Language Teaching context (ELT). Using
authentic reading materials appropriately can
foster learners’ L2 development, as well as
their capacity to think critically, creatively, and
to use resources effectively (Lekin, 1998).
Example of the Integration of a Paraphrased
Quote into the Text

27. Lekin (1998)
suggests that the
proper use of
authentic reading
materials such as
newspapers “can
efficiently promote
learning, critical
thinking, creativity
and resourcefulness
in learnes of all
ages” (p. 3).
Using authentic
reading materials
appropriately can
foster learners’ L2
development, as well
as their capacity to
think critically,
creatively, and to use
resources effectively
(Lekin, 1998).
Quoting Paraphrasing

28. Challenge 3: Paraphrase the quote in the following text
As educators, we have a strong responsibility to
build a democratic society where everyone can
think for him/herself. By enhancing critical
thinking in classroom settings, we as educators
can help students to learn and apply thinking
skills. Marshall, Ray, Tucker, and Marc (1992)
hold the view that “the future now belongs to
societies that organize themselves for learning
[…] nations that want high incomes and full
employment must develop policies that
emphasize the acquisition of knowledge and
skills by everyone, not just a select few” (p.20).