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Allocating Kernel Memory.pptx
1.
Silberschatz, Galvin and
Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Allocating Kernel Memory
2.
10.2 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Allocating Kernel Memory Treated differently from user memory Often allocated from a free-memory pool Kernel requests memory for structures of varying sizes Some kernel memory needs to be contiguous I.e. for device I/O
3.
10.3 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Buddy System Allocates memory from fixed-size segment consisting of physically-contiguous pages Memory allocated using power-of-2 allocator Satisfies requests in units sized as power of 2 Request rounded up to next highest power of 2 When smaller allocation needed than is available, current chunk split into two buddies of next-lower power of 2 Continue until appropriate sized chunk available For example, assume 256KB chunk available, kernel requests 21KB Split into AL and AR of 128KB each One further divided into BL and BR of 64KB – One further into CL and CR of 32KB each – one used to satisfy request Advantage – quickly coalesce unused chunks into larger chunk Disadvantage - fragmentation
4.
10.4 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Buddy System Allocator
5.
10.5 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Slab Allocator Alternate strategy Slab is one or more physically contiguous pages Cache consists of one or more slabs Single cache for each unique kernel data structure Each cache filled with objects – instantiations of the data structure When cache created, filled with objects marked as free When structures stored, objects marked as used If slab is full of used objects, next object allocated from empty slab If no empty slabs, new slab allocated Benefits include no fragmentation, fast memory request satisfaction
6.
10.6 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Slab Allocation
7.
10.7 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Slab Allocator in Linux For example process descriptor is of type struct task_struct Approx 1.7KB of memory New task -> allocate new struct from cache Will use existing free struct task_struct Slab can be in three possible states 1. Full – all used 2. Empty – all free 3. Partial – mix of free and used Upon request, slab allocator 1. Uses free struct in partial slab 2. If none, takes one from empty slab 3. If no empty slab, create new empty
8.
10.8 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Slab Allocator in Linux (Cont.) Slab started in Solaris, now wide-spread for both kernel mode and user memory in various OSes Linux 2.2 had SLAB, now has both SLOB and SLUB allocators SLOB for systems with limited memory Simple List of Blocks – maintains 3 list objects for small, medium, large objects SLUB is performance-optimized SLAB removes per-CPU queues, metadata stored in page structure
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