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Contiguous Memory Allocation.ppt
1.
8.1 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Contiguous Allocation Main memory must support both OS and user processes Limited resource, must allocate efficiently Contiguous allocation is one early method Main memory usually into two partitions: Resident operating system, usually held in low memory with interrupt vector User processes then held in high memory Each process contained in single contiguous section of memory
2.
8.2 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Contiguous Allocation (Cont.) Relocation registers used to protect user processes from each other, and from changing operating-system code and data Base register contains value of smallest physical address Limit register contains range of logical addresses – each logical address must be less than the limit register MMU maps logical address dynamically Can then allow actions such as kernel code being transient and kernel changing size
3.
8.3 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Hardware Support for Relocation and Limit Registers
4.
8.4 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Multiple-partition allocation Multiple-partition allocation Degree of multiprogramming limited by number of partitions Variable-partition sizes for efficiency (sized to a given process’ needs) Hole – block of available memory; holes of various size are scattered throughout memory When a process arrives, it is allocated memory from a hole large enough to accommodate it Process exiting frees its partition, adjacent free partitions combined Operating system maintains information about: a) allocated partitions b) free partitions (hole)
5.
8.5 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Dynamic Storage-Allocation Problem First-fit: Allocate the first hole that is big enough Best-fit: Allocate the smallest hole that is big enough; must search entire list, unless ordered by size Produces the smallest leftover hole Worst-fit: Allocate the largest hole; must also search entire list Produces the largest leftover hole How to satisfy a request of size n from a list of free holes? First-fit and best-fit better than worst-fit in terms of speed and storage utilization
6.
8.6 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Fragmentation External Fragmentation – total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous Internal Fragmentation – allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used First fit analysis reveals that given N blocks allocated, 0.5 N blocks lost to fragmentation 1/3 may be unusable -> 50-percent rule
7.
8.7 Silberschatz, Galvin
and Gagne ©2013 Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Fragmentation (Cont.) Reduce external fragmentation by compaction Shuffle memory contents to place all free memory together in one large block Compaction is possible only if relocation is dynamic, and is done at execution time I/O problem Latch job in memory while it is involved in I/O Do I/O only into OS buffers Now consider that backing store has same fragmentation problems
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