Below was the original instruction. This was accompanied by the questions I have answered below. So what is remaining is putting together the BROCHURE. I don’t know how to make it. Your project is on the Class Hirudinea, which is in the Phylum Annelida.  You may use up to five, 8.5 x 11 in sheets of paper to create an informational brochure to include the following:  Use the information below to put up the brochure. This is in question and answer form. You will know how to construct something good: Informational Biology Brochure Class Hirudinea Environment and lifestyle Hirudinea are mainly freshwater annelids, but there are those that live in moist soil, vegetation or the ocean. Describe how and what they eat Most of the Hirudinea are predators that target small invertebrates; some suck the soft tissues of their victims while others swallow their prey. Most of them feed on blood and tissue fluids from the open wounds. Describe the level of specialization (i.e. cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,) Class Hirudinea is cellular because they have a true segmentation, coelum, circular and longitudinal muscles, an advanced excretory system and a closed circulatory system. Describe symmetry—asymmetrical, radial or bilateral symmetry Hirudinea are bilaterally symmetrical and have thick muscular bodies. They have a dorsal-ventrally body that is flattened and segmented. Some have a broad and pear shaped body while others appear worm-like. Is there a gut? If so, how does it form (i.e. protostome or deuterostome) Class Hirudinea has a gut that is developed through a protostome process. Growth a. If protostome, describe the life cycle and process of growth. Does it have continuous growth or does it molt. The protostome exhibits a spiral cleavage where blastomeres divide through acute angles and are not aligned with each other. When a single blastomere is taken out, neither the remaining cells nor the removed one can develop. This kind of determinate cleavage shows that development of daughter cells is determined during the early development. In addition, the coelum or body cavity develops individually within the mesodermal layer a formation known as schizocoelous development. 7. (5 points) How do they thermoregulate? Class Hirudinea are ectotherms, and they try to thermoregulate by matching the ambient temperatures. When they are not in comfortable temperatures, they dig deeper or swim to locations that match their body temperatures. They do not possess internal mechanisms that can help to match the temperatures indicating that they do not have thermoregulation. To maintain homeostasis, they must relocate to other surroundings. 8. (5 points) How do they obtain and process their food? Most hirudinae have proboscies that allow them to suck fluids or swallow their prey while others possess jaws for biting. Most of the fresh and marine water leeches are fish parasites. Hirudo medicinalis, which is an acquatic medicinal leech has ...

1. Below was the original instruction. This was accompanied by
the questions I have answered below. So what is remaining is
putting together the BROCHURE. I don’t know how to make it.
Your project is on the Class Hirudinea, which is in the Phylum
Annelida.
You may use up to five, 8.5 x 11 in sheets of paper to create an
informational brochure to include the following:
Use the information below to put up the brochure. This is in
question and answer form. You will know how to construct
something good:
Informational Biology Brochure
Class Hirudinea
Environment and lifestyle
Hirudinea are mainly freshwater annelids, but there are those
that live in moist soil, vegetation or the ocean.
Describe how and what they eat
Most of the Hirudinea are predators that target small
invertebrates; some suck the soft tissues of their victims while
others swallow their prey. Most of them feed on blood and
tissue fluids from the open wounds.
Describe the level of specialization (i.e. cellular, tissue, organ,
organ system,)
Class Hirudinea is cellular because they have a true
segmentation, coelum, circular and longitudinal muscles, an
advanced excretory system and a closed circulatory system.
Describe symmetry—asymmetrical, radial or bilateral symmetry
Hirudinea are bilaterally symmetrical and have thick muscular
bodies. They have a dorsal-ventrally body that is flattened and
segmented. Some have a broad and pear shaped body while
others appear worm-like.
Is there a gut? If so, how does it form (i.e. protostome or
deuterostome)

2. Class Hirudinea has a gut that is developed through a
protostome process.
Growth
a. If protostome, describe the life cycle and process of
growth. Does it have continuous growth or does it molt.
The protostome exhibits a spiral cleavage where blastomeres
divide through acute angles and are not aligned with each other.
When a single blastomere is taken out, neither the remaining
cells nor the removed one can develop. This kind of determinate
cleavage shows that development of daughter cells is
determined during the early development. In addition, the
coelum or body cavity develops individually within the
mesodermal layer a formation known as schizocoelous
development.
7. (5 points) How do they thermoregulate?
Class Hirudinea are ectotherms, and they try to thermoregulate
by matching the ambient temperatures. When they are not in
comfortable temperatures, they dig deeper or swim to locations
that match their body temperatures. They do not possess
internal mechanisms that can help to match the temperatures
indicating that they do not have thermoregulation. To maintain
homeostasis, they must relocate to other surroundings.
8. (5 points) How do they obtain and process their food?
Most hirudinae have proboscies that allow them to suck fluids
or swallow their prey while others possess jaws for biting. Most
of the fresh and marine water leeches are fish parasites. Hirudo
medicinalis, which is an acquatic medicinal leech has jaws.
Most of thecm attach to their host while feeding, and they can
take a meal that is five or ten times their weight. Their digestive
tract that is full of bloodsuckers produces hirudin that controls
blood from clotting.They draw blood from the host by using the
anterior sucker that is then pumped to the crop by pharynx using
the pump like actions.
While feeding, the pharynx pumps the blood into the crop. The
crop has a special nephrida that eliminates around 40% of water
from the blood. Through this, the blood volume is reduced

3. allowing the hirudinae store a great volume of food. Their
digestive tract contains a stomact, straight intenstines, rectum,
and anus. They digest their food by using a bacterian known as
pseudomona hirudinis.
9. (5 points) Describe how they support their body weight
(skeletal)
Hirudinea has 34 fixed body of segments, and every segment
has a secondary subdivision called annuli. They also have a less
conspicuous clitellum, and they do not have paradolia. Leeches
also have a large posterior sucker and a small anterior sucker.
They move by attaching the anterior sucker and then drawing
the posterior one. They also swim by using rapid body
undulations through their well-developed body wall muscels.
10. (5 points) Describe how and what stage of development
they move
Early embryonic development of all hirudinae is almost similar.
Their eggs have less than 0.05m in cleavage up to 64-cell stage.
Their tissue layers are made from the well-defined cells within
the blastula. For instance, future mesoderm is formed by the 4D
cell descendants. In some hirudinae, the zygotes grow and
becomes a free-swimming larva.
11. (5 points) Describe circulation.
Hirudinea has a circulatory system that helps to more blood,
oxygen, and nutrients. The system has 2 main blood vessels that
run through their body length; each body segment has small
segmented vessels. Some of the vessels enlarge and they act like
heart pumps. In addition, they have a continuous digestive tract
that runs through their entire body complete with intestines,
esophagus and segmented excretory organs that help to remove
liquid waste in their bodies
12. (5 points) Describe osmoregulation and the excretion of
nitrogenous and solid waste.
Hirudinea uses metanephridia to dispose of the metabolic waste.
Each segment of their body has a two excretory tubes. Each
metapridium tube has nephrostome and nephridiopore on each
end where wastes are dumped. Nephrostomes helps to push

4. waste, water, and unneeded hormones to the metanephridium.
The capillaries surrounding the capillaries helps to reabsorb
some substances and water. At the end of the tube, there is a
pore at the exterior where waste is dumped as urine.
Freshwater hirudinae regulates their osmotic balance by
excretion and eating. Land hirudinae maintains osmotic balance
by drinking water and eating regularlywhile the marine ones
regulate osmotic balance by taking more water.
13 (5 points) Describe the nervous system and cell to cell
communication.
Hirudinae has a central nervous system that have a paired
ventral cord that connects the 34 paired ganglia. Six of them are
in the head, 21 are aligned on the ventral cord in their body
while the other 7 are fused in their on their terminal mass on the
posterior sucker. A typical ganglion in the ventral nerve chain
has six capsules that have nerve cells, 2 median ventral while
the rest lateral dorsal is positioned around the mass of nerve
fiber. Each posterior and anterior ganglionic masses have six
capsules on each segmental ganglion that offers the basis of
analyzing each mass. In addition, they have photoreceptor cells
and free sensory nerve endings in their epidermis, and sense
organs known as sensillae.
They are sensitive to anything linked with the presence of host
or prey. They are attracted and will attach to objects that have
appropriate host substances like oil secretions, sweat or fish
scales. Those that feed on blood are attracted by the warmth.
14. (5 points) Describe reproduction
Hirudinea are hermaphrodites, and they use cross-fertilization
even though the fertilization is internal. Some species have
spermatophores, which are sperms that are enclosed inside sacs
and are attached outside of their partners. The sperms are then
passed to the body through the walls for the eggs fertilization.
In some other species, sperms are transferred directly for
fertilization by copulation. Some leeches display courtship
during mating, and eggs that are fertilized are then secreted

5. trough clitellum and deposited in cocoons.
The young ones hatch inside a cocoon and stay there for some
time after hatching. The newly hatched Hirudinea resemble the
adults, and they feed on small worms and flies’ larvae like
chironomids.
Below was the original instruction. This was accompanied by
the questions I have
answered
below. So what is
remaining
is putting together the BROCHURE. I
don’t
know how to make it.
Your project is on the
Class
Hirudinea
, which
is in the Phylum Annelida.
You may use up to five, 8.5 x 11 in sheets of paper to create an
informational brochure to include
the following:
Use the information below to put up
the brochure. This is in question and answer form.
You will

6. know how to construct something good
:
Informational Biology Brochure
Class
Hirudinea
Environment and lifestyle
Hirudinea are mainly freshwater annelids, but there are those
that live in moist soil, vegetation or
the ocean.
Describe how and what they eat
Most of the Hirudinea are predators that target
small invertebrates; some suck the soft tissues of
their victims while others swallow their prey. Most of them feed
on blood and tissue fluids from
the open wounds.
Describe the level of specialization (i.e. cellular, tissue, organ,
organ system,)
Class H
irudinea is cellular because they have a true segmentation,
coelum, circular and
longitudinal muscles, an advanced excretory system and a
closed circulatory system.
Describe symmetry
—
asymmetrical, radial or bilateral symmetry

7. Hirudinea are bilaterally sy
mmetrical and have thick muscular bodies. They have a dorsal
-
ventrally body that is flattened and segmented. Some have a
broad and pear shaped body while
others appear worm
-
like.
Is there a gut? If so, how does it form (i.e. protostome or
deuterostome)
Class Hirudinea has a gut that is develo
ped through
a
protostome process.
Growth
a. If protostome, describe the life cycle and process of
growth. Does it have continuous
growth or does it molt.
Below was the original instruction. This was accompanied by
the questions I have answered
below. So what is remaining is putting together the
BROCHURE. I don’t know how to make it.
Your project is on the Class Hirudinea, which is in the Phylum
Annelida.
You may use up to five, 8.5 x 11 in sheets of paper to create an
informational brochure to include
the following:
Use the information below to put up the brochure. This is in

8. question and answer form.
You will know how to construct something good:
Informational Biology Brochure
Class Hirudinea
Environment and lifestyle
Hirudinea are mainly freshwater annelids, but there are those
that live in moist soil, vegetation or
the ocean.
Describe how and what they eat
Most of the Hirudinea are predators that target small
invertebrates; some suck the soft tissues of
their victims while others swallow their prey. Most of them feed
on blood and tissue fluids from
the open wounds.
Describe the level of specialization (i.e. cellular, tissue, organ,
organ system,)
Class Hirudinea is cellular because they have a true
segmentation, coelum, circular and
longitudinal muscles, an advanced excretory system and a
closed circulatory system.
Describe symmetry—asymmetrical, radial or bilateral symmetry
Hirudinea are bilaterally symmetrical and have thick muscular
bodies. They have a dorsal-
ventrally body that is flattened and segmented. Some have a
broad and pear shaped body while
others appear worm-like.
Is there a gut? If so, how does it form (i.e. protostome or
deuterostome)
Class Hirudinea has a gut that is developed through a
protostome process.
Growth
a. If protostome, describe the life cycle and process of
growth. Does it have continuous
growth or does it molt.