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The Rights and Wrongs of Carbon Accounting About life cycles and footprints in the carbon world Carbon Accounting Conference Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh - 11 March 2009

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<ul><li>The Challenge – “Counting Emissions” </li></ul><ul><li>Methods </li></ul><ul><li>Case studies </li></ul><ul><li>Conclusions </li></ul>Contents

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Forum for the Future (2008) Getting to Zero: Defining Corporate Carbon Neutrality GHG Protocol – Boundary Setting

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Direct GHG emissions Indirect GHG emissions (supply chain) (…) tC0 2 ·eq Production layers n4 n3 (…) (…) n5 (…) n1 (…) (…) (…) (…) (…) n2

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System completeness vs truncation Product 1 Product 2 Carbon footprint (t CO 2 -e) Production layer

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<ul><li>The Challenge – “Counting Emissions” </li></ul><ul><li>Methods – Process LCA + IO-LCA </li></ul><ul><li>Case studies </li></ul><ul><li>Conclusions </li></ul>Contents

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Method 1: Process LCA Table 1. Flows of products between unit processes Table 2. Flows of environmental intervention by unit processes Production of Steel Electricity Production Production of Toaster Use of Toaster Disposal of toaster Steel (kg) 1 - 0.5 - 2 0 0 Electricity (kWh) - 0.5 1 - 0.1 - 1 0 Toaster (unit) 0 0 1 - 1 0 Toast (piece) 0 0 0 1000 0 Waste disposal service (kg disp.) 0 0 0 -1 1 Production of Steel Electricity Production Production of Toaster Use of Toaster Disposal of toaster CO 2 (to air, kg) 1 4 2 1 0.5

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Process LCA Model Process specific Strengths Weakness Truncation, laborious Method 1: Process LCA

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Method 2: Environmental Input-Output Analysis INDUSTRIES . Agric. & raw mat. Manuf. ind. Electricity gen. Transport sectors Service sectors PRODUCTS 5000 10000 15000 2000 100 Food, minerals, fuels 3000 8000 8000 20000 2000 Manufact. Goods 1000 6000 6000 10000 3000 Electricity 400 2000 2000 15000 5000 Distribution 50 1500 1000 5000 20000 Services GHG emissions 200 300 250 150 100

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Input-Output LCA Model Complete, less resource intensive Strengths Weakness Aggregation not specific Method 2: Input-output LCA

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A hybrid of Process & EIO: Hybrid-LCA

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Why a hybrid approach? Process LCA Input-Output LCA Model Process specific Encompassing system boundary Strengths Weakness Truncation Aggregation Hybrid LCA Process specific Encompassing system boundary Process specific Encompassing system boundary

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Further information

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<ul><li>The Challenge – “Counting Emissions” </li></ul><ul><li>Methods </li></ul><ul><li>Case studies </li></ul><ul><li>Conclusions </li></ul>Contents

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Carbon Footprint of a food company

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HIE – Internal & External Expenditure

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Carbon footprint by production layer

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Sector benchmarking t CO 2 -e / £

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Structural path analysis (SW H&C sector)

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<ul><li>The Challenge – “Counting Emissions” </li></ul><ul><li>Methods </li></ul><ul><li>Case studies </li></ul><ul><li>Conclusions </li></ul>Contents

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<ul><li>Save money and time – start with a top-down analysis to identify hot spots in your total carbon footprint </li></ul><ul><li>Follow-up hot spots on site and in your supply chain </li></ul><ul><li>On site: reduce energy use, emissions and costs </li></ul><ul><li>Supply chain: help (urge) others to reduce their carbon footprint </li></ul><ul><li>In-depth Hybrid LCA only if major insights & savings can be expected </li></ul><ul><li>Communicate your findings and experiences </li></ul>Rights…

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<ul><li>Don’t get lost in too detailed an analysis – keep the bigger picture in mind </li></ul><ul><li>Be aware of and manage uncertainty – don’t search for the last gram (of carbon) </li></ul><ul><li>Avoid presenting results (labels) without explanation </li></ul><ul><li>Do not leave out services – the impact of service activities is often underestimated </li></ul>… and Wrongs of Carbon Accounting

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