2. Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi
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Fibrous sludge is bio-degradable and therefore, it is rejected. Lime sludge, generally generated
during causticiasation. Hypo sludge is the only option, which is generated during calcium hypo
chlorite generation. So, basically, hypo sludge is a waste or by-product of paper industry. In order to
reduce the consumption of natural and conventional resources, which by the way are limited, use of
other industrial wastes are inevitable. To replace these wastes with fresh materials, one of the feasible
options is to control degradation of environment. Hypo sludge is purely chemical waste and requires
large space for disposal. We can use it as a partial replacement material in cement concrete. Use of
hypo sludge in cement concrete not only solve the disposal problem but also make concrete has
economical by had replacing cemented partially. Hypo sludge will improve construction functionality
and ecological sustainability and results in low life-cycle cost. Its response to different loads and
durability could be major concern for construction professionals. Therefore, it is necessary to do an
experimental study of such concrete.
1.1. Literature Review
Hypo Sludge can be used as a replacement to cement in different proportions and compelling results
can be obtained by performing various tests in laboratory. [1] Paper mill waste/ash is light in weight as
compare to cement, it can be used with portland cement, lime powder, natural sand and ultimately in
cement mortar. [2] Two types of mix design M-20 and M-30 were used for concrete production.
Compression test was carried out for curing of 7, 14 and 28 days. It was found that the end results
showed compelling results with increase in strength by 10% for replacement unto 5%. [3]
1.2. Need of Study
Our study's prime concerned with eco-efficient gainful utilization of hypo sludge as partial
replacement of cement in concrete for development of low cost construction. Hypo sludge will
improve construction functionality and ecological sustainability and results in low life-cycle cost.
Therefore, the main objective is to investigate the utilization of hypo sludge as Supplementary
Cementitious Material (SCM) and to check the strength of concrete in which the cement is partially
replaced with certain ratios of hypo sludge.
2. MATERALS AND METHODS
2.1. Ordinary Portland cement
The Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade conforming to IS: 8112-1989 is used. Various tests such as
Standard Consistency Test, Setting Time Test, Compressive Test, etc. are conducted on the cement
which is tabulated in below table.
Table 1 Properties of OPC
Sr.
No.
Physical Properties of Cement Result
Requirements as per
IS:8112-1989
1. Specific Gravity 3.15 3.10-3.15
2. Standard Consistency (%) 28% 30-35%
3. Initial setting time (hrs,min) 91 min 30 minimum
4. Final setting time (hrs,min) 211 min 600 maximum
5. Compressive Strength (7 days) 38 N/mm2
43 N/mm2
6. Compressive Strength (28 days) 49.5 N/mm2
53 N/mm2
3. Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete
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2.2. Hypo Sludge
The paper industry produces heavy amount of waste. During the formation of paper from the pulp, the
paper fibres which are broken and of poor quality are separated out as sludge, which can be called as
the hypo sludge. It can be produced at very negligible rate as well as in an optimum amount from the
paper industry. Hypo sludge is the most suitable material which is used to replace concrete.
Figure 1
2.3. Coarse Aggregate
The fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregates from
crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 are used. The flakiness index and elongation index were
maintained well below 15%.
2.4. Fine Aggregate
Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregates. The river sand and
crushed sand is used in combination as fine aggregate conforming to the requirement of IS: 383. The
river sand is washed and screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
2.5. Water
Water is one of the most important ingredients of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical
reaction cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of
water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water cement ratio used is 0.5 for M20 grade.
Table 2 Comparison of OPC and Hypo Sludge
Chemical Properties
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Hypo Sludge
Percent by Mass
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 21.77% 5.28%
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 57.02% 47.84%
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 2.71% 6.41%
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) 2.41% 0.19%
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) 2.59% 0.09%
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.65% 0.73%
Loss of Ignition 2.82% 38.26%
Source-International Journal of Engg. Trends and Technology (IJETT) Geo-tech house, Vadodara
4. Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi
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3. MIX DESIGN
A mix M20 grade was designed as per IS:10262:2009 and the same was used to prepare the test
samples. Given quantity is for one cube.
Table 3
CONSTITUENTS QTY.(kg/m3
)
Cement 383
Fine aggregate 590
Coarse aggregate 1230
10mm 492
20mm 738
Water 191
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1. Methodology
4.2. Compressive Strength Test
150mm×150mm×150mm concrete cubes are casted by using M20grade concrete design. Specimens
with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and OPC replaced with hypo sludge at5%,10%and15%levels is
casted. During casting, the cube is mechanically vibrated invibrator. After 24 hours the specimens is
remove from the mould and subjected to water curing for7,14 and 28 days. After curing, the specimens
are tested for compressive strength using a calibrated compression testing machine of 2,000KN
capacity.
Chemical Analysis of
Hypo Sludge and Cement
Maximum Replacement
of Cement and achieve
Maximum Strength
BATCH MIX
MATERIAL
CALCULATION For
Compressive Strength
Tests
DESIGN MIX As per
IS:10262:2009 For M20
grade
PHYSICAL TESTS
Compressive Strength
(Cube)
ULTIMATE AIM
Minimize the Use of Raw
Materials and derive
Strength out of Waste.
Optimize the Strength
and Workability
5. Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete
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Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
….
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 5
It can be seen from the above graph that as the percentage replacement of hypo sludge to cement
increases, the compressive strength of concrete for 7 days,14 days and 28 days decreases gradually.
Table 4 Cost of Materials
Sr.No. Materials Rate (Rupees per kg)
1. Cement (ULTRATECH OPC 53 grade) 4.8
2. Hypo Sludge 0.20
3. Fine Aggregates 0.60
4. Coarse Aggregates(20mm down) 0.70
6. Ashish Pandya and Tejas Joshi
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Table 5 Rate Analysis
% Reduction
in Cement
Cement
(kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(kg/m3
)
Hypo
Sludge
(kg/m3
)
Total
Cost (m3
)
% Change in Cost
0% 380 590 1230 0 3039 0
5% 361 590 1230 19 2952 3.75
10% 342 590 1230 38 2865 5.75
15% 323 590 1230 57 2778 8.6
6. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the experimental investigation carried out on replacing
cement with hypo sludge.
6.1. Test& Graphical Interpretation
The following observations are made based on the limited experimental investigation, the concerned
workability and the compressive strength of the concrete are calculated based on the partial
replacement of hypo sludge with cement in concrete. The workability increases with the higher
replacement of hypo sludge to cement. However with the higher replacement of hypo sludge
withcementthestrengthgoesondecreasing.Asthepercentagereplacementof hypo sludge to cement
increases, the compressive strength of concrete for 7 days,14 days and 28 days decreases gradually.
6.2. Rate Analysis
By the use of hypo sludge as a partial replacement material, the overall cost of concrete decreases.
However, the change in percentage is relatively very small. When the projects for temporary shelter
are implemented by government for those who are affected by natural disaster, this material would be
sustainable to use and hence would be economically feasible. The disposal and the pollution problems
which ultimately affects environment can be reduced through this low cost concrete. A better measure
by this new construction material, i.e. hypo sludge is formed.
REFERENCE
[1] Optimization of Hypo Sludge in Design Mix Concrete: A Review by V. K. Gajghate
[2] Reuse of Paper Mill Ash in Plaster Blends by Saveria Monosi, Daniela Sani and Maria Letizia
Ruello
[3] Utlization of Waste Paper Pulp by Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete by Sumit Balwaik,
S. P. Raut
[4] IS 456:2000 “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)”
[5] IS 10262:2009 “Code of concrete mix proportioning –guidelines (first revision)”
[6] Prof. J R Pitroda, Dr L B Zala, Dr F S Umrigar (2012), “Hypo Sludge Management: Opportunities
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[8] R. Srinivasan, K. Sathiya And M. Palanisamy “Experimental Investigation In Developing Low Cost
Concrete From Paper Industry Waste”, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Karumathan Patti, India.
7. Gainful Utilization of Hypo Sludge in Concrete
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[9] Udoeyo F.F., Inyang H., Young D.T., Oparadu Ed.E., “Potential of Wood Waste Ash as an
Additive in Concrete.” J. of Mater. in Civil Engng., ASCE,605-612 (2006).
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Concrete” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-
9622, YCCE,Nagpur-10, Maharashtra, India
[11] Shi Cong Kou, Chi Sun Poon, Dixon Chan, “Influence of Fly Ash as Cement Replacement on the
Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete.” J. of Mater. In Civil Engg., ASCE, 709 (2007)
[12] Shetty M.S. “Concrete Technology Theory and Practice” S.Chand &Company New Delhi
[13] Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr. L.B. Zala and Dr. F.S. Umrigar, Hypo Sludge: Opportunities for
Sustainable Development of Low Cost Rural Roads, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 4(5), 2013, pp.130–142
[14] R. Gopa Kumar and Dr. R. Rajesh. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and
Hardness of Banana – Fibre Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites. International Journal of
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