This document summarizes an experimental study on replacing natural river sand and coarse aggregate with manufactured sand (M-sand) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) aggregate in concrete. M25 grade concrete was produced with 0-50% replacement of river sand by M-sand and 0-30% replacement of coarse aggregate by GGBS aggregate. Compressive and flexural strengths were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing. Results showed that replacing river sand by 75% M-sand and coarse aggregate by 20% GGBS aggregate produced concrete with optimal strength. This replacement improved bonding between particles in the concrete due to the irregular shapes and sizes of M-sand and GGBS

1. International Journal of Excellence Innovation and Development
||Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2019||Page No. 025-028||
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Mechanical Characteristics of Eco-friendly
Concrete Using GGBS and Manufactured
Sand
P. Karthigai Balan
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract––This paper describes the properties of
concrete with partially replacing the M-Sand for fine
aggregate and GGBS for Cement. M25 grade of concrete
was used for this project. M sand was partially replaced
about 0%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50%% in the
weight of fine aggregate. GGBS was partially replaced
constantly about 10% in the weight of cement. The
compressive strength and flexural strength of the
concretes were tested and compared with the strength of
the conventional concrete at the curing ages of 7, 14 and
28 days of curing. Test results show that the maximum
strength was attained at 40% replacement of M sand. So
the optimum replacement of M sand is 40% in the
weight of fine aggregate. Further increase in the
percentage of M sand reduces the strength of concrete
than the conventional concrete.
Keywords––Eco-friendly concrete, GGBS, M-sand, Strength
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is prepared by mixing various constituents like
cement, aggregate, water, etc. Which are economically
available. Concrete is a composite material composed of
granular like coarse aggregate embossed in a matrix and
bound together with cement or binder which fills the
space between the particles and glues them together.
Almost three quarters of the concrete is composed of
concrete. To meet the global demand of concrete in
future, it is becoming a more challenging task to find
suitable alternate to natural aggregate for preparing
concrete. Therefore in India the use of alternate sources
for natural aggregate is becoming increasingly
important. GGBS is a co product of iron making
industry. The use of blast furnace slag aggregate in
concrete by replacing natural aggregate is most
promising concept because its impact strength is more
than the natural aggregate. Steel slag aggregate are
already being used as aggregate in asphalt paving road
mixes due to their mechanical strength. The cheapest and
easiest alternate to natural sand is manufactured sand by
crushing rocks or stones in desire sizes and trade by
suitable methods. Sand produced by such means is
known as manufactured/crusher/artificial sand.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nimitha Vijayaragavan and A S Wayal
The cheapest and easiest alternative to natural sand is
manufactured sand produced by such a means is known
as manufactured crusher or artificial sand. The paper
presents the result of experimental investigation of
partial and full replacement natural sand by
manufactured sand. The main aim of the paper is to
compare the compressive strength and workability of
concrete with manufactured sand and natural sand in
various proportions.
M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh, P. Brightson,
M. Premanand
The natural river sand was the cheapest resource of sand.
Compared to the river sand M-sand have a better quality
with more bonding strength. From the experiments
results it is concluded that the M-sand can be used as a
replacement for fine aggregate. It is found that 50%
replacement of fine aggregate by M-sand give maximum
result in strength and durability aspects than the
conventional concrete.
K.G. Hiraskar and Chetan Patil
Blast furnace slag is a by product and using it as
aggregate in concrete will might prove an economical
and eco friendly solution in local region. The demand for
aggregate is increasing rapidly and so as the demand of
concrete. The results shows that it has properties similar
to natural aggregates and it would not cause any harm if
incorporated into concrete. There is no negative effects.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Cement
Cement is the most important constituent of concrete, it
forms the binding, medium for the discrete ingredients
made out of naturally occurring raw materials and
sometimes blended or inter ground with industrial wastes.
Cement comes in various type and chemical compaction.
For our project we have used OPC 53 grade.
Table 1: Physical properties of cement
Sl.
No
Property Values
Obtained
Standard
Value
1 Initial setting time (min) 48 >30
2 Final setting time(min) 240 <600
3 Fineness 3.5 <10
4 Specific gravity 3.07 -
Fine aggregate
Locally available river sand having bulk density of 1.71
kg/m3
. Specific gravity of 2.65 and fineness of 5.24.
MANUFACTURED SAND
M-sand used as partial &full replacement for river sand
having bulk density of 1.75 kg/m3
. Specific gravity of
2.73 and fineness of 5.24.

2. Mechanical characteristics of eco-friendly concrete using GGBS and manufactured sand Balan PK
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Table 2: Comparison between river sand and M-sand.
Sl.
No
Property River Sand Manufactured
Sand
1 Particle passing
75 microns
Less than
3%
Less than 15
2 Specific gravity 2.3 - 2.7 2.5 - 2.9
3 Water Absorption 1.5 - 3 % 2 - 4%
4 Surface moisture Up to 7% Up to 10 %
5 Soundness value Less
sound(>5)
Relatively
sound(<5)
Table 3: Sieve analysis comparison between natural and
river sand.
IS Sieve River Sand (%) M-Sand (%)
4.75 mm 99.25 99.75
2.36 mm 93.50 78.25
1.18 mm 48.00 52.00
600 Microns 21.00 38.00
300 Microns 04.00 21.00
150 micron 0.05 05.00
Coarse aggregate
Natural coarse aggregate
Crushed natural aggregates with maximum grain size of
20 mm with standard abrasion value and impact and
crushing strength value.
Table 4: Mechanical properties of Natural Coarse
aggregate.
Sl. No Property Obtained Value
1 Type Crushed
2 Maximum size 20mm
3 Specific gravity 2.50
4 Total water absorption 0.5%
5 Moisture content 0.7%
6 Fineness modulus 7.6
7 Impact value 18.40%
GGBS aggregate
Generally steel possess high tensile strength and impact
strength and stee slag is used as an aggregate as an
aggregate to improve the flexural and tensile strength of
concrete and steel slag will also be an economical
replacement compared with conventional aggregate.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is an industrial
by product obtained from the extraction of ‘iron’ from
ores which is a complex process requiring a number of
other materials which are added as flux or catalysts.
After making steel these ingredients forming a matrix
are to be periodically cleaned up. Removed in bulk, it is
known as steel-slag. This steel slag consists of silicates
and oxides. Therefore here, GGBS is used as an
aggregate to produce concrete of good tensile strength
and flexural strength.
Table 5: Chemical Compositions of GGBS aggregate.
Chemical constituent Portland cement GGBS
CaO 65% 40%
SiO2 20% 35%
Al2O3 5% 10%
MgO 2% 8%
Table 6: Properties of steel slag.
S. No Property Values obtained
1 Type Uncrushed
2 Density 3.6kg/m³
3 Water absorption 2.5%
4 Impact value 28%
Water
Mixing water quality is required in accordance with the
quality standards of drinking water, the use for PH> 4
clean water.
WORKABILITY TESTS
Slump Cone Test
Slump cone test is one of the most commonly used
method of measuring consistency of concrete.
Consistency of concrete can be measure with the
workability of concrete by determining the slump value.
The test is conducted as per the standard procedure for
different samples and the slump value for all those
samples were found out. The slump value of concrete is
58mm at the W/c ratio of 0.5
Compaction Factor Test
Compaction factor value of concrete is very much useful
to determine the workability of concrete. This process
done with compaction factor testing apparatus. The test
was conducted as per procedure and the different weight
of cylinder is noted when partially compacted and fully
compacted conditions. And the compaction factor value
of concrete is 93% at the W/c ratio of 0.5.
Vee Bee Consistometer Test
To determine the workability of fresh concrete by using a
Vee – Bee consistometer as per IS: 1199 – 1959. The
apparatus used is Vee- Bee consistometer. This results the
workability of concrete at different W/c ratio. And the
allowable vee-bee value is noted and used for different
uses. When applying w/c ratio of 0.5, the concrete become
stiff and the Vee- Bee result is 8 seconds. The workability
of the given concrete concluded that the concrete is
suitable for medium workability.
MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE
We are used M25 type of concrete for testing of
concrete. And the calculated mix proportion value of the
M25 concrete is given below,
Table 7: Mix proportion for m25 concrete.
Water
(Litres/m³)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
199 398 652 1109
0.50 1 1.64 2.80
TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE
Compressive strength test
An important property of hardened concrete is the
compressive strength it is determined by a compression
test on specially produced specimens. The main factor
influencing compressive strength are the type of cement,
the W/C ratio and the degree of hydration which is
affected mainly by the curing time and method.

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The compressive strength of the concrete is tested at the
curing intervals of 7 days, 14 days and finally 28 days.
Table 8: Observations and Results in Compressive
strength test.
Grade Percentage of
Replacement
Compressive strength
(N/mm²)
7 days 14 days 28 days
M25 M-sand GGBS
0 10 16.33 22.76 24.6
25 10 16.50 22.14 20.0
30 10 16.43 22.44 24.9
35 10 16.67 22.55 23.2
40 10 18.42 23.65 25.8
45 10 15.23 21.45 24.0
50 10 14.0 20.10 23.1
Result
75% replacement of natural river sand by M-Sand and
20 % replacement of natural aggregate by GGBS
aggregate results in increasing the compressive strength
of the concrete.
Flexural strength test
Flexural strength of concrete is the ability of a concrete
to resist failure in bending.. Flexural strength is an
significant characteristic of concrete as concrete in
structures are mostly subjected to bending. Flexural
strength is performed by casting prism. The specimens
are well cured with water as short period of drying can
produce a sharp drop in flexural strength. It is therefore
the specimens are well cured and the test results were
calculated for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively.
The flexural strength of concrete prism specimen is to be
expressed as the modulus of rupture fb and was
investigated by measuring the load and it was calculated
by using the equation.
Table 9: Observations and results in flexural strength
test.
Grade Percentage of
Replacement
Flexural strength
(N/mm²)
7 days 14 days 28 days
M25 M-sand GGBS
0 10 2.87 3.38 4.20
25 10 2.62 3.21 4.10
30 10 2.68 3.27 4.0
35 10 2.71 3.33 4.30
40 10 2.59 3.22 4.60
45 10 2.41 3.10 4.23
50 10 2.39 3.0 4.34
CONCLUSION
Experimental study on replacement of natural river sand
by M-sand and natural coarse aggregate by GGBS
aggregate shows the successful results of
a. Natural sand replaced by M-sand at the ratios of
25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
b. Natural Coarse aggregate replaced by GGBS
aggregate at the ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%.
c. 75% replacement of fine aggregate by M-sand and
20% replacement of coarse aggregate by GGBS
aggregate gives optimum strength.
d. The result proves that the M-sand is a perfect
alternate to river sand at the ratio of 75%
e. GGBS aggregate proved the strength development
in Eco-Friendly concrete at the ratio of 20%.
f. The positive result comes by the irregular shape,
size of both M-sand and GGBS aggregate, which
provides better bonding between the particles in
concrete.
g. The successful result shows the positive in
replacement of Manufactured sand at the ratio of
75% and GGBS as 20%.
REFERENCE
[1] Studies on strength behaviour of high volumes of
slag concrete. By T. Vijayagowri and P.
Srinivasan Rao.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
7 days 14 days 28 days
Compressive Strength Test
Convention
25%MS
10%GGBS
30%MS
10%GGBS
35%MS
10%GGBS
40%MS
10%GGBS
45%MS
10%GGBS
50%MS
10%GGBS
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
7 days 14 days 28 days
Conventional
25%MS 10%
GGBS
30%MS
10%GGBS
35%MS
10%GGBS
40%MS
10%GGBS
45%MS
10%GGBS
50%MS
10%GGBS2
Flexural Strength Test

4. Mechanical characteristics of eco-friendly concrete using GGBS and manufactured sand Balan PK
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[2] Determination of mechanical strength for high
grade concrete by partial Replacement of M sand
by Abhishekkullkarni, Kalayani Bhutada on issue
May 05 2014.
[3] Effects of M sand on compressive Strength and
Workability of concrete. By A.S Wayal Nimitha
Vijayaragavan on issue 2013.