The use of cold-formed steel sections as major structural members is still limited. This is largely due to thinness of the sections. Exploitation of composite principles seems appropriate for promoting the use of the sections to a wider range of applications. A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed structure and girders used as a beam sections.

1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 136-140 © IAEME
136
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF
ANGULAR SHEAR CONNECTOR IN COMPOSITE
ELEMENT
Vijaya Sarathy.R1
, Jose Ravindraraj.B2
, Sundararaj.R3
, Rathikala.P4
1,2
Assistant Professor, 3,4
Post Graduate Student,
Department of Civil Engineering, Prist University,
Vallam, Thanjavur - 613 403
ABSTRACT
The use of cold-formed steel sections as major structural members is still limited. This is
largely due to thinness of the sections. Exploitation of composite principles seems appropriate for
promoting the use of the sections to a wider range of applications. A steel-concrete composite
column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a
concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a
composite framed structure and girders used as a beam sections. Hence, a new type of composite
cold-formed steel sections embedded in precast concrete plank where by usage of a new proposed
shear transfer enhancement called Stud is suggested.The composite sections are partially concrete
encased steel section. Results of four companion push-out specimens are presented herein, focusing
on the strength and behavior of a stud enhancement.The highest load carrying capacity of the column
with 600
enhancements is 68.9KN which is more than conventional composite column. Load
carrying capacity of the conventional column is 35.44KN. The result shows that specimens
employed with stud enhancement increase the shear capacities of the specimens as compared to
those relying only on a natural bond between cold-formed steel and concrete. Stud provide the best
performance in terms of strength. It is concluded that the proposed stud enhancement has sufficient
strength and it is feasible. The experimental and numerical results are compared and the behavior
and failure modes are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Thin sheet steel products are extensively used in building industry, and range from purlins to
roof sheeting and floor decking. Generally these are available for use as basic building elements for
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137
assembly at site or as prefabricated frames or panels. These thin steel sections are cold-formed, i.e.
their manufacturing process involves forming steel sections in a cold state (i.e. without application of
heat) from steel sheets of uniform thickness. These are given the generic title Cold Formed Steel
Sections.Sometimes they are also called Light Gauge Steel Sections or Cold Rolled Steel Sections.
The thickness of steel sheet used in cold formed construction is usually 1 to 3mm. Much thicker
material up to 8 mm can be formed if pre-galvanized material is not required for the particular
application. The method of manufacturing is important as it differentiates these products from hot
rolled steel sections. Normally, the yield strength of steel sheets used in cold-formed sections is at
least 280 N/mm2
, although there is a trend to use steels of higher strengths, and sometimes as low as
230 N/mm2
.Manufacturers of cold formed steel sections purchase steel coils of 1.0 to 1.25 m width,
slit them longitudinally to the correct width appropriate to the section required and then feed them
into a series of roll forms. These rolls, containing male and female dies, are arranged in pairs,
moving in opposite direction so that as the sheet is fed through them its shape is gradually altered to
the required profile. At the end of the rolling stage a flying shearing machine cuts the member into
the desired lengths.An alternative method of forming is by press - braking which is limited to short
lengths of around 6 m and for relatively simple shapes. In this process short lengths of strip are
pressed between a male and a female die to fabricate one fold at a time and obtain the final required
shape of the section. Cold rolling is used when large volume of long products is required and press
breaking is used when small volumes of short length products are produced.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to investigate experimentally the efficiency of the Stud in
push-out test and to determine the strength and behavior of the shear transfer enhancement in steel-
concrete composite construction.
• To determine the strength and slip characteristics of the stud shear connectors.
• To study the strength and behavior of the shear transfer enhancement with different orientation
of angles.
• To study the modes of failure of the members under static loading.
REQUIREMENTS OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS
The specimen setup contains steel pipe and PVC mould on both sides. Stud connected with
welded connection. Dimension of the steel section 600mm height, 110mm diameter and 2mm
thickness filled with M20 grade concrete. Dimension of the stud is 20mm length and stud head is
5mm diameter.
Fig.1 Experimental Setup of Control Specimen
P
Concrete
Shear connector
Vernier
600mm
110mm 110mm 110mm
Concrete

3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 136-140 © IAEME
138
Fig 2 Specimen setup Fig 3 Stud setup
CONCRETE GRADE
• For normal concrete the concrete class is 21MPa ≤ f'c≤ 55MPa
• For light weight concrete the concrete class is f'c≥ 28MPa
• Structural steel and reinforcement bars grade. The yield strength is Fe 415 N/mm2
.
SHEAR ENHANCEMENT IN COMPOSITE SECTION
Shear connection, by means of either dowel connectors or rib connectors are the most widely
used arrangements. The former is found in standard composite beams whilst the latter is used in
profiled sheeting composite members. Shear connector is function as the holder between the concrete
and steel due to the inadequate bonding. Stud is one of the economic types of shear connectors
widely used in the composite construction. In building construction the studs are welded through the
steel deck into the structural steel framing; in bridge construction the studs are welded directly to the
framing. The head of the stud is intended to resist the pull out force while the shank of the stud and
the welding are intended to resist the horizontal force.
In column section shear connectors to resist vertical shear between concrete and steel where
the bottom part of the shear connector transfers the vertical shear and hold the concrete .Types of
shear connectors include studs, channels, stiffened angles, and flat bars. There is variety of shapes,
sizes, method of fixing and its choice is increasing to cater for changing demands. Because of both
the variety and the complex mechanism by which the shear is transferred, the material properties of
mechanical shear connectors are always determined empirically. The main problem for cold-formed
steel-concrete composite column is on the welding of shear stud due to the light gage and thickness
of the sections for cold-formed steel is too small. From this view point, this research was carried out
to study the possibility and performance of the use of new proposed shear transfer enhancement
called stud for application in the composite cold-formed steel-concrete columns.
METHODOLOGY
Literatures related to the composite column members with shear enhancements were
collected and based on the literature survey preliminary works were performed. Fabrication of steel
channel section with different angles of enhancements was done.Safe load carrying capacity of the

4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 136-140 © IAEME
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stud was calculated.Concrete encased in three portion of the circular tube section.All the specimens
were tested for compressive strength under static reaction type loading frame. Load was applied on
the circular steel section .Behaviors of stud & concrete and their modes of failure were studied,
based on the experimental results and numerical analysis, behaviour of the stud was compared.Cold-
formed steel cylindrical section is used with diameter 110mm, height 600mm and thickness 2mm of
steel section. Size of the PVC mould for both side same as steel section. The size of stud 20mm
length and diameter of the stud head 5mm.
Fig. 6 Experimental Setup
In Section with 450
shear enhancement
In section with 450
orientation of shear enhancement, the failure occurred only on the
concrete.
Fig.11 Specimen with 450
orientation
In Section with600
shear enhancement
In Section with 600
orientation ofshear enhancement the failure occurred only on the
concrete.

5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 136-140 © IAEME
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Fig. 12 Specimen with 600
Orientation
CONCLUSION
The results show that specimens employed with shear transfer enhancements increase the
shear capacities of the specimens as compared to those relying only on a natural bond between cold-
formed steel and concrete.As the steel and concrete element dimensions were kept constant for all
the specimens, no effects were observed from the dimensional properties.Two types of specimens
investigated, stud provided the best performance in terms of compressive strength, shear transfer in
composite section member.
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filler in concrete. 1st International Conference on Sustainable Materials 2007_ICoMS 2007
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Beams under Negative Bending” ASCE (2004)
4. RoderaGarcía., “Design of Composite beams using Light steel sections”
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