The groundwater scenario of residential areas is very critical due to imbalances between recharge and exploitation. Built-up pattern of residential areas restrict rain water to percolate into sub-surface for recharging of groundwater. A large amount of rain water is lost through run off in dense populated areas due to absence of rain water harvesting structures at appropriate locations. Two dimension Electrical Resistivity imaging of sub-surface has emerged as a useful tool for various applications. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) of shallow sub surface has been carried out along southern and eastern margin of a commercial apartment (under construction) near Krishi Bazar Samatee in dense built up areas of Jhumari Telaiya town for identification of appropriate site of rain water harvesting structure. The ERI of both sites indicates that of fractured and weathered zones are present in sub-surface. The ERI reveals that resistivity of hard and compact rocks are more than 300 ohm-meter

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 24 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 6, Issue 7, Jul 2015, pp. 24-33, Article ID: IJCIET_06_07_004
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________
DEMARCATION OF SITE FOR ARTIFICIAL
RECHARGE STRUCTURE IN RESIDENTIAL
AREAS USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
IMAGING (ERI)
Ganesh Prasad
Government Polytechnic, Koderma
Dept. of Science and Technology, Nepal House, Ranchi
Suresh Prasad Yadav
Government Polytechnic Bhaga, Dhabad, Jharkhand
Dept. of Science and Technology, Nepal House, Ranchi
S. B. Mishra
Lecturer, Government Polytechnic, Koderma
Dept. of science and technology, Nepal House, Ranchi
ABSTRACT
The groundwater scenario of residential areas is very critical due to
imbalances between recharge and exploitation. Built-up pattern of residential
areas restrict rain water to percolate into sub-surface for recharging of
groundwater. A large amount of rain water is lost through run off in dense
populated areas due to absence of rain water harvesting structures at
appropriate locations.
Two dimension Electrical Resistivity imaging of sub-surface has emerged
as a useful tool for various applications. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
of shallow sub surface has been carried out along southern and eastern
margin of a commercial apartment (under construction) near Krishi Bazar
Samatee in dense built up areas of Jhumari Telaiya town for identification of
appropriate site of rain water harvesting structure. The ERI of both sites
indicates that of fractured and weathered zones are present in sub-surface.
The ERI reveals that resistivity of hard and compact rocks are more than 300
ohm-meter. Weathered or fractured rocks have resistivity lower than 300 ohm-
meter. Geologically, quartzite occurs in and around study area. Eastern
Margin is highly fractured and weathered in comparison to southern margin.
Therefore, weathered and fractured part in ERI has been selected as ideal site
for construction of recharge well to divert roof top rain water into sub surface
for artificial recharge of groundwater.

2. Demarcation of Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
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Key words: Resistivity, Imaging, Artificial Recharge and Groundwater
Cite this Article: Prasad, G., Yadav, S. P. and Mishra, S. B. Demarcation of
Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI). International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 6(7), 2015, pp. 24-33.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7
_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Decline of water table is the critical problem in dense populated residential areas due
to injudicious exploitation ground water. Roofs of building in residential areas act as
concrete carpet that causing disturbance to infiltration of rainwater into subsurface
and enforcing rainwater to flow as run off towards down slope. Elevated land
constitutes the major recharging zone (Karanth 87) [1]. Selection of elevated upland
for residential proposes is the common geographic event in Jharkhand. This recharge
zone is rapidly being covered with concrete made houses due to rapid growth of
population in urban as well as rural areas. Therefore, a large amount of rainwater is
lost through run off, a problem compounded by the lack of rainwater harvesting
practices
The imbalance between recharge and exploitation can be adjusted through
artificial recharge of ground water through roof top rainwater in residential areas.
Rainwater other than rooftop cannot be directly introduced into sub surface because
its contamination in urban area.
Artificial recharge is very important aspect of ground water management as it
raised the water level [3]. Several method of groundwater recharge like spreading, pit,
induced recharge and well method are practiced.
Figure 1 Block Diagram showing electrode arrangement and connectivity of electrode with
Resistivity meter via switch Box

3. Ganesh Prasad, Suresh Prasad Yadav and S. B. Mishra
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Table 1 Electrode array and measurement of apparent resistivity at study site in, Jhumari
Telaiya town
Station
number
Code no. for Connectivity of Electrodes with
resistivity meter via switch box for Profiling
Measurement
Code no of
Electrode
A
Code no of
Electrode
B
Code no of
Electrode
M
Code no of
Electrode N
AB/2
In
meter
MN/2
In
meter
Apparent.
Resistivity (Rho-
meter)
001 10 12 M1 N1 7.5 2 14.19
9 13 15 19.57
8 14 22.5 25.65
7 15 30 32.87
6 16 37.5 40.09
5 17 45 46.52
4 18 52.5 48.19
3 19 60 53.57
2 20 67.5 56.7
1 21 75 59.92
002 11 13 M2 N2 7.5 2 15
10 14 15 23.33
9 15 22.5 30.71
8 16 30 45.4
7 17 37.5 60.1
6 18 45 85.65
5 19 52.5 126.90
4 20 60 142.81
3 21 67.5 158.8
2 22 75 164..9
003 12 14 M3 N3 7.5 2 12.84
11 15 15 18.15
10 16 22.5 20.80
9 17 30 27.87
8 18 37.5 34.21
7 19 45 38.85
6 20 52.5 43.59
5 21 60 43.7
4 22 67.5 43.97
3 23 75 55.60
004 13 15 M4 N4 7.5 2 15
12 16 15 16.49
11 17 22.5 22.8
10 18 30 44.1
9 19 37.5 52.20
8 20 45 72.14
7 21 52.5 46.98
6 22 60 56.0
5 23 67.5 69.4
4 24 75 81.96
005 14 16 M5 N5 7.5 2 13.11
13 17 15 20.61
12 18 22.5 33.15
11 19 30 47.1
10 20 37.5 62.23
9 21 45 81.62
8 22 52.5 76.22
7 23 60 92.56
6 24 67.5 99.87
5 25 75 109.56

4. Demarcation of Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
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The residential areas that have hard rock in their sub -surface, infiltration of
rainwater through bore well for replenishes groundwater is only possible in thick
weathered zone or fracture zone. Therefore, search of such favorable zone is very
essential for drilling of recharge well. ERI has been proved an excellent tool for
delineation sub- surface set up in terms of weathering zone, fractures and litho- unit.
The present study aims to investigate the zone of weathering and fractures for drilling
of recharge well at study site with the help of ERI.
Figure 2 Manual method of calculation of resisitivity (Rho), thickness, and depth of layers in
inverse slope method (t1, t2, t3, t4, ……t7 are intersection points)

5. Ganesh Prasad, Suresh Prasad Yadav and S. B. Mishra
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6. Demarcation of Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
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Figure 3 (a-e) Conversion of Apparent resistivity into absolute resistivity of various layers
using inverse slope software
Figure 4(a) Geo-electric cross section along southern wall of hoursing complex

7. Ganesh Prasad, Suresh Prasad Yadav and S. B. Mishra
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Figure 4 (b) Geo-electric cross section along eastern wall of housing complex
Figure 4(c) Panel diagram showing aquifer geonmetry of the study site (based on ERI)

8. Demarcation of Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
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2. THE STUDY AREA
The study areas lie at northern end of Krishi Bazar Samiti in Jhumari Tilaiya town of
Koderma district. Geographic co-ordinates of four corners i.e. SW, SE,NE,NW of
study site are 24°26’22.77” N, 85° 31 31.08” E., 24° 26’ 22.13” N-85° 31’ 32.53”.,
24° 26’ 23.34”- 85° 31’33.52”., 24° 26’ 24.08’-85° 31’ 32.29’ respectively . The
Koderma district enjoys a hot summer and cold winter. The temperature range from
8° C in December to 45 °C in May. The average annual rainfall is 1400 mm, most of
which is precipitated during the monsoon months. Monsoon arrives in Koderma in the
third week of month of June and end in the month of September. Physiographically,
the Jhumary Telaiya town forms a part of the Chhotanagpur plateau characterized by
many upland and low land. Study area is the part of upland .The general altitude of
study area varies from 390 m to 420m.
3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Regional geology of study area constitutes a part of famous Koderma Mica belt of
crystalline metamorphic terrain of Chhotanagpur plateau. Major lith0-units include a
series of metasedimentary rocks. Granites and metasedimentary are also traversed by
many dykes of meta –dolerites and many Pegmatites (Mahadeven et al 1966) [2].
Quartzite occurs in and around of study site which are covered with clayey loam soil.
4. METHODOLOGY
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out at study sites employing Schlumberger
profiling techniques for generation of ERI.
A D.C resistivity meter (SSR- MP-AT) was used to measure the apparent
resistivity. This instrument has been fabricated by M/s integrated Geo-instrument and
service private limited, Hyderabad. It measures the apparent resistivity directly in
ohm – meter. In the presence of random (non-coherent) earth noise, the signal to noise
ratio can be enhance by √N, where N is the number of stacked reading. SSR-MP-AT
is a microprocessor based signal stacking resistivity meter in which running average
of measurement [1,(1+2)/2,(1+2+3)/3.(1+2+3…+16)/16 ] up to the chosen stacks are
displayed and the final average is stored automatically in memory. It has resolution of
10-5.
The SSR MP-AT contains mainly two parts viz. current unit and microprocessor
based measuring unit built in single housing. The current unit sends bipolar signals
into ground at a frequency of about 0.5 Hz. The receiver has 4.5 digital dual slope
analog to digital converter unit which can measure the ground potential and current
with resolution up to 10 µV and 10 µA respectively. The microprocessor controls the
current unit, determines attenuation level for potential measurements, computes the
resistance values, average the measured values, keeps the data in memory display and
transfer the data to PC.
A switch box was used as an intermediate connecting device between resistivity
meter and electrodes. All electrodes have been coded by a specific number and
connected with same code number key of switch box (Figure 1).
A profile line was marked along southern boundary and Eastern boundary of study
site. By keeping 7.5 meter electrode to electrode distance, 25 electrodes have been
used at first location. five stations each at 7.5 meter have been demarcated on
southern profile line. Station number -1 and station no-5 lies at south east and south
west corner of study site respectively. Station number 2,3,4, lies on profile in between
1 and 5.Station number 1 and 6 have been marked on eastern side profile line Current
terminal C1 and C2 of resistivity meter that represent electrodes A and B, have been

9. Ganesh Prasad, Suresh Prasad Yadav and S. B. Mishra
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connected desired number of electrode via switch box according to codification as
given in table -1. All 25 electrode designated with a specific code number, were
connected with the same number of keys of switch box. M and N that represent
potential electrodes have been kept at 2 m (i.e MN/2) from each stations, where
stations secure its position in between them in (Figure 1). For measurement of
apparent resistivity, half of distance between A and B, M and N were entered into
resistivity meter through inbuilt key pad. Schlumberger profiling has been performed
to measure apparent resistivity at all stations and data were transferred to PC for
interpretation. Apparent resistivity was converted into absolute resistivity of various
layers using inverse slope software (Figure 3a to 3e) i.e based on inverse slope
principle proposed by Ramaujachary et al. ( 1967) [4]. Basic principles for calculation
of absolute resistivity have been shown in Figure 2. Resistivity with thickness and
depth of each layer has been also determined by using this software. Horizontal
extension (i.e. surface distance,), vertical extension (i.e. depth) and resistivity of
layers were placed in A, B, C column respectively in the worksheet of surfer software
for generation of image. Thereafter, all the data were transferred in data modules for
griding, which is important step before contouring. Finally, image has been generated
in form of coloured contour interval and pixel format. (Figure 4a and 4b)
5. DISCUSSION
Artificial recharge of groundwater through bore well is the best practice in settlement
areas. The study area constitutes a part of hard rock terrain [5]. Occurrence of
Groundwater in fractures and weathered layers is the characteristic feature of hard
rock. With the help of ERI, identification of such water bearing formation is very
easier particular in hard rock terrain, having complex sub-surface set up. In the
present investigation, ERI represents vertical cross-section adjacent to two boundaries
of study site for delineation of recharge well sites.
Along southern boundary, sub-surface was imaged up to a depth of 50 m along
with its horizontal extension of 30 m (Figure 4a). Clayey loam /clays having
resistivity range 20−60 ohm meter are seen in the upper part of this image. Fractured
and highly weathered quartzites are the second layers that occur below clay layer. The
third layer that occurs below second layer has been originated along hard rock that
constitutes the fourth layer. At depth of 35 -45 m, a fracture divides hard rock into
two parts.
ERI along eastern boundary also have similar layers, Aquifer geometry reveals
that fracture in the bottom layer have inclination toward east (Figure 4c). Aquifer
geometry facilitates identification of areas with favourable aquifer disposition
involving aquifer boundaries, areal extent, thickness and volume. This has implication
for artificial recharge (Srivastava, 2005; Tait et al, 2004) [6, 7] .The first and second
layers that have capacity to store rain water though natural recharge process. Ground
water flow direction is towards south east. Groundwater in these layers touches
ground level in most of dug well in and around study site. Therefore roof top rain
water run off must be diverted in deeper fracture through artificial recharge process
i.e. recharge well. Such fracture has been identified at depth of 35 to 45 m. SW sides
of study area have been suggested for drilling of recharge well. SE side may be
suggested for withdrawing of ground water through hand pump or other device.

10. Demarcation of Site for Artificial Recharge Structure in Residential Areas Using Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
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6. CONCLUSION
Decline water table in settlement area can be raised by percolation of roof rain water
into sub- surface through recharge well. ERI has been proved very important tool to
delineate appropriate site of recharge well in present study. Site specific investigation
for artificial recharge can carried successively with applying ERI technique.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to Dr. Arun kumar, director, Deptt. of Science and Technology,
Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand for his support and encouragement.
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