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Journal of Electrostatics 73 (2015) 65e70
Contents lists avai
Journal of Electrostatics
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/elstat
Electrostatic cleaning system for removal of sand from solar
panels
Hiroyuki Kawamoto*, Takuya Shibata
Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering,
Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555,
Japan
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20 May 2014
Received in revised form
16 September 2014
Accepted 27 October 2014
Available online 7 November 2014
Keywords:
Cleaner
Electrostatic force
Mega solar
Sand
Solar panel
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ81 3 5286 3914.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Kawamoto).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2014.10.011
0304-3886/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
a b s t r a c t
An improved cleaning system has been developed that uses
electrostatic force to remove sand from the
surface of solar panels. A single-phase high voltage is applied
to parallel wire electrodes embedded in the
cover glass plate of a solar panel. It has been demonstrated that
more than 90% of the adhering sand is
repelled from the surface of the slightly inclined panel after the
cleaning operation. The performance of
the systemwas further improved by improving the electrode
configuration and introducing natural wind
on the surface of the panel, even when the deposition of sand on
the panel is extremely high. The power
consumption of this system is virtually zero. This technology is
expected to increase the effective effi-
ciency of mega solar power plants constructed in deserts at low
latitudes.
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Solar power generation has grown drastically in recent years
owing to increasing energy demand as well as the environmental
and economical concerns associated with fossil fuel
consumption
[1], and many mega solar power generation plants are being
planned and constructed, especially in deserts at low altitudes,
where the sun shines the brightest. However, sand storms occur
frequently in deserts, and solar panels can become covered by
stirred-up sand, causing a drastic decrease in the output power
of a
photovoltaic power generation plant [2e7]. Because sand on
solar

panels is not cleaned by rain over a long period of time in an
arid
region, the capacity utilization of the power plant is reduced if
the
panels are not cleaned frequently.
To mitigate this problem, we have developed an automatic
cleaning system that does not need scarce cleaning water but
instead utilizes an alternating electrostatic force [8].
Transporting
particles using electrostatic force was first developed and
imple-
mented by Masuda et al. [9], and many investigations of this
technology have subsequently been conducted mainly as a toner
supplier in electrophotography [10e21]. Numerous other
applica-
tions for the electrostatic particle transport have been proposed,
including control of bubbles in dielectric liquid [22], removal of
radioactive dust in a fusion reactor [23], transport of liquid
droplet
[24], movement of blood cells in liquid [25], classification of
particle
size [26], separation of seed by-products derived from
agricultural
processes [27], and dust removal from solar panels and solar
hydrogen generators [28]. Theoretical and numerical studies of
electrostatic particle transport have been conducted to clarify
the
mechanism and to support the development by many researchers
[10,12,13,21,29]. Cleaning of lunar or Martian dust on solar
panels
for space exploration is another potential application of this
tech-
nology [30e33]. It has been demonstrated that more than 98% of
the dust on a glass plate can be removed using electrostatic
trav-

eling waves generated by a four-phase rectangular voltage
applied
to a transparent conveyer consisting of transparent indium tin
oxide (ITO) electrodes printed on a glass substrate [33].
However, this technology is not suitable for use in commercial
mega solar systems because it requires prohibitively expensive
ITO
electrodes, the ends of the electrodes must be three-dimensional
to
prevent the intersection of phases, and the power supply and in-
terconnections required are relatively complicated and
expensive
for large-scale commercial plants. To mitigate these issues we
have
developed an improved system that consists of a sand-repelling
glass plate with parallel wire electrodes embedded in a cover
glass plate of a solar panel and a high-voltage power supply that
generates a single-phase rectangular voltage. The alternating
electrostatic field generates a standing wave that causes a
flipeflop
motion of the sand particles on the device, and when airborne,
the
sand particles are transported downward by gravity [8]. This
report
describes a basic principle and performance of the system, and
how
the performance of the systemwas further improved by
improving
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the electrostatic cleaning system
that uses a standing
wave and gravity to remove sand from a solar panel.

Table 1
Specification of sand used for experiments.
Item Unit A B C D E F
Area Namib Japan Eurasia Oceania North America Africa
Relative
permittivity
4.2 2.2 3.2 4.3 4.0 5.3
Elongation 0.72 0.53 0.76 0.83 0.81 0.71
Angle of
repose
deg 36 38 39 31 34 35
Bulk density g/cm2 1.5 1.4 1.4 3.0 1.7 3.0
H. Kawamoto, T. Shibata / Journal of Electrostatics 73 (2015)
65e7066
the electrode configuration and introducing natural wind on the
surface of the panel, evenwhen the deposition of sand on the
panel
is extremely high. The power consumption of this system is
extremely low compared to the output power of the solar panel.
This technology is expected to increase the effective efficiency
of
mega solar power generation plants constructed in deserts at
low
latitudes.
System configuration
Parallel wire electrodes embedded in the cover glass plate of the
solar panel was employed instead of ITO electrodes to reduce

the
manufacturing cost of the cleaning plate. Although the wire
elec-
trodes create a shadow and disturb the absorption of light, this
is
minimized by using a fine wire and a wide pitch configuration.
The
diameter chosen for the wire electrodes was 0.3 mm, and the
size
chosen for the pitch between the electrodes was 7 mm.
To mitigate the complexity of the electrode wiring, power
supply, and interconnections, we adopted a standing wave
instead
of a traveling wave [34e36]. That is, a single-phase rectangular
voltage was applied to parallel wire electrodes. Because a
traveling
wave is not generated by the application of a single-phase
voltage,
particles are not transported in one direction but rather repelled
from the plate, and when airborne the sand particles are trans-
ported downward by gravity. We generated a single-phase rect-
angular voltage by using a set of positive and negative
amplifiers
switched by semiconductor relays that were controlled by a
microcomputer. Because a high slew-rate is not required for this
system, we employed conventional low-capacity onboard ampli-
fiers (HUR30-6, Matsusada Precision, Tokyo).
Fig. 2. Six types of sand u
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the system. If the system is
operated intermittently, the sand that has adhered to the cover
glass of the solar panels is repelled. On the other hand, if the
system
is operated continuously, the sand that approaches the cover
glass
is also repelled, and thus, the system can protect solar panels

against the adhesion of sand.
Six types of sand, collected from desert areas around the world,
were used for evaluation. Photographs of the sand particles are
shown in Fig. 2, and these specifications are summarized in
Table 1.
Sand A was commonly used in the experiments unless otherwise
specified.
Results and discussion
Effect of plate inclination
We manufactured a small device for use in the basic investiga-
tion of the system. The dimensions of the substrate glass plate
were
100 � 100 � 3 mm. After 0.3-mm-diameter copper wires were
arranged on the plate, a thin glass plate, 0.1 mm in thickness,
was
adhered using transparent adhesive to make the surface smooth
and to prevent insulation breakdown. Cross-sectional drawing of
the device is shown in Fig. 3.
The device was inclined, and sand was uniformly scattered on
the cover glass. A single-phase rectangular voltage was then
applied to the parallel electrodes. The experimentwas conducted
in
an air-conditioned laboratory (20e25 �C, 40e60 RH). As shown
in
Fig. 4, the sand particles on the glass plate were repelled and
transported downward, as confirmed by direct observation of
particle motions using a high-speed microscope camera
(Fastcam-
max 120 K model 1, Photoron, Tokyo) [21,33,35] and numerical
sed for experiments.

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional drawing of cleaning device.
Fig. 5. Relationship between the inclination of the panel and the
cleaning efficiency
(100-g/m2 surface loading, 0.86 kVp-p/mm, 1 Hz).
65e70 67
calculations. The numerical calculations were on the basis of a
three-dimensional hard-sphere model of the distinct element
method (DEM). Details of the numerical method are reported in
the
literature [21,33,35]. The electrostatic field that determines the
Coulomb force and the dielectrophoresis force applied to the
sand
particles is calculated by a two-dimensional differential element
method in a cyclic domain. Although the dynamic motion of the
particles cannot be conveyed by still images as shown in Fig. 4,
we
confirmed the calculated and observed motions are in
qualitative
agreement by comparing calculated and measured movies. As
described later, the calculated performance agrees well with the
measured results, not only qualitatively but also quantitatively.
Fig. 5 shows the cleaning efficiency, i.e., the ratio between the
weight of the sand fed onto the panel for 30 s and that after the
cleaning operation of the system, versus the inclination of the
plate.
A cleaning experiment using a four-phase traveling wave was
also
conducted for comparison with single-phase cleaning. High per-
formance was achieved even when the plate was only slightly
in-

clined, and the performance achieved by standing wave cleaning
was almost the same as that for traveling-wave cleaning when
the
inclination was greater than 20�. This suggests that the system
would even be effective at low latitudes at which solar panels
are
installed at low inclinations.
Effects of pitch, applied voltage, and frequency
Figs. 6 and 7 show the cleaning efficiency versus the averaged
electrostatic field strength determined by the applied voltage
divided by the pitch of the parallel electrodes and the frequency
of
the applied voltage, respectively. The solid curves in Figs. 6
and 7
show the calculated results, which agree well with the measured
results. We observed that producing a high field strength
achieved
high performance; however, saturation occurred at a high value.
Because the applied voltage is limited by the insulation
breakdown,
which is determined by the electrostatic field, the system
perfor-
mance is almost independent of the electrode pitch at the
threshold
Fig. 4. Observed and calculated motions of dust particles during
operation of the
system (20� inclination, 100-g/m2 surface loading, 0.8 kVp-
p/mm, 1 Hz).
voltage. The threshold voltage was 9.8 kVp-p for the 10-mm-
pitch
device and 8.4 kVp-p for the 7-mm-pitch device.
The maximum cleaning efficiency was approximately 80% and
was achieved at a low frequency (less than 20 Hz). The cleaning

performance decreased at higher frequencies because particle
motion cannot follow the high-speed change of polarity
[21,33,35,36]. However, low-frequency operation is not an issue
because high-speed cleaning is not necessary for this system.
Improved device
The cleaning performance of the system was further improved
by adopting a V-shaped configuration for the wire electrodes, as
shown in Fig. 8. An angle of 0� corresponds to the horizontal
(original) configuration and an angle of 90� corresponds to the
vertical configuration. It is clear that a V-shaped configuration
(with angles between 45� and 75�) for the electrodes improved
the
cleaning performance of the system. Careful observation of
particle
motion made using the high-speed microscope camera and nu-
merical calculations suggest that when the V-shaped
configuration
is used, some particles on the panel are repelled not only down-
ward but also toward the lateral sides of the panel, and this phe-
nomenon increases the cleaning efficiency.
Effect of surface loading of sand
El-Shobokshy et al. [37] reported a mean deposition rate of sand
on solar panels of 0.387 g/m2/day and a cumulative dust
deposition
in one month of approximately 10 g/m2 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
(latitude 24.9�). A much higher level of cumulative sand
deposition,
more than 400 g/m2 in one month, has been recorded at Kuwait
international airport [38]. Because the amount of sand
deposition
on the panel depends on the geographic and meteorological con-
dition of the location where the solar panels are installed, the

Fig. 6. Measured and calculated relationships between the
applied voltage (electro-
static field) and cleaning efficiency (20� inclination, 100-g/m2
surface loading, 1 Hz).
Fig. 7. Measured and calculated relationships between the
frequency of the applied
voltage and the cleaning efficiency (20� inclination, 100-g/m2
surface loading,
0.86 kVp-p/mm).
Fig. 9. Calculated and measured relationships between the
surface loading of sand and
the cleaning efficiency (20� inclination, 0.86 kVp-p/mm, 1 Hz).
The photograph shows
aggregated sand on the panel after operation. The sand bridges
adjacent electrodes and
locks on the plate.
65e7068
appropriate design criterion for sand deposition is not clear;
however, it is reasonable to assume that a cleaning system must
be
able to remove more than 100 g/m2 of sand. Thus, we conducted
experiments and calculations to examine the performance of the
cleaning system in cases of high loadings.
Fig. 9 shows the effect of the surface loading of the sand. If an
amount of sand greater than 300 g/m2 accumulated on the cover
glass, the performance of the cleaning system declined owing to
the
aggregation of sand that bridges the adjacent electrodes as
shown

in the photograph in Fig. 9 [24]. However, high performance
was
achieved when the surface loading was less than 300 g/m2,
which
corresponds to a sand layer thickness of approximately 0.3 mm.
Although the performance of the cleaning systemwas worse for
high surface loading conditions, it was experimentally
confirmed
that the cleaning performance improved when a weak wind, with
the velocity greater than 1e2m/s, flowed parallel to the plate in
the
inclined direction while the electrostatic cleaner was in
operation.
It is reported that high speed wind increases the deposition of
dust
[39]; however, stirring dust particles by the alternating
electrostatic
force in the presence of wind enhances the cleaning.
Effect of particle diameter
To determine the sizes of the particles that can be cleaned by
this system, the sand particles were classified into five groups
ac-
cording to their particle sizes, determined using sieves, and the
cleaning experiment was conducted using each classified sand
size.
Fig. 10 shows the cleaning efficiency versus the particle size.
Par-
ticles smaller than 25 mm in diameter and those larger than 300
mm
in diameter were not cleaned efficiently. The reasons for the
problems cleaning solar panels with small and large particles
are
Fig. 8. Relationship between the angle of the V-shaped

configuration of the wire
electrodes and the cleaning efficiency (20� inclination, 100-
g/m2 surface loading,
0.86 kVp-p/mm, 1 Hz).
different. For small particles, the electrostatic image force and
adhesion force are relatively large compared to the Coulomb
and
dielectrophoretic driving forces. As a result, these particles
adhere
to the surface of the glass plate, which reduces the performance
of
the cleaning system [33]. For large particles, the large
gravitational
force hinders their bouncing and transport. Because finer
particles
have a greater impact than coarser particles on the performance
of
a solar panel [2], the cleaning system and its operational scheme
must be improved and optimized to enhance its performance in
cleaning small particles from solar panels.
Effect of sand characteristics
The six types of sand shown in Fig. 2 and summarized in Table
1
were evaluated to confirm the effectiveness of the cleaning
system
for a range of sand characteristics. Fig.11 shows a comparison
of the
cleaning performance for the six different types of sand
considered.
Because many factors affect the performance of the cleaning
sys-
tem, it is difficult to clarify the reasons for the differences
observed
in the cleaning performance; however, the electrostatic cleaning

systemwas shown to be effective for a variety of sands. The
system
and its operational scheme must be modified and optimized to
fit
the environmental conditions of the site where the mega solar
plant is located.
Power consumption
The power consumption of the cleaning system is shown in
Fig. 12. The ordinates of the figures represent the power con-
sumption (the input power to the device) per unit area of the
Fig. 10. Cleaning efficiencies for the classified particle sizes
(100-g/m2 surface loading,
20� inclination, 0.7 kVp-p/mm, 0.2 Hz).
Fig. 11. Cleaning efficiencies for six types of sand (300-g/m2
surface loading, 20�
inclination, 0.86 kVp-p/mm, 0.2 Hz).
Fig. 13. Demonstration of the effectiveness of the electrostatic
cleaning system on a
large solar panel (150-g/m2 surface loading, 20� inclination,
0.7 kVp-p/mm, 0.2 Hz).
65e70 69
cleaning plate assuming that the power consumption is propor-
tional to the area of the plate. Because the transient current
flows
immediately after the polarity change, the power consumption is
proportional to the frequency. On the other hand, the power
con-

sumption is proportional to the square of the applied voltage if
insulation breakdown does not occur [33]. Because the voltage
limit
for insulation breakdown is 8.4 kVp-p for the 7-mm-pitch elec-
trodes, and the optimal frequency is less than 10 Hz, the power
consumption is only 0.2 W/m2 under operational conditions of
7 kVp-p and 1 Hz. An important factor that influences the
energy
consumption is the operational time of the system, which
depends
on the operational scheme, i.e., the number of operational
cycles
and the operational period. For example, if the system is
operated
for 30 min a day, the energy consumption is only 0.1 Wh/m2 a
day.
The energy consumption of this system is extremely low
compared
to the typical energy output by the solar cell.
Demonstration
The performance of this system was demonstrated using an
actual large solar panel (560 mm � 320 mm). The left-hand side
of
Fig. 12. Power consumption of the electrostatic cleaning
system.
Fig. 13 shows the sand accumulated on the panel, and the right-
hand side shows the panel after the cleaning operation was
applied to the left half of the solar panel for 3 min. Fig. 13
clearly
shows that the cleaning system is effective in removing accumu-
lated sand from a solar panel. The output power of the panel
with
the cleaner plate (without dust) was 97% compared to that
without

the cleaner plate and dust. The power was reduced to 60%when
the
dust covered the plate, and it was recovered to 90% after
operation.
Another experiment was conducted to demonstrate that the sand
that approaches the cover glass is repelled if the system is
operated
continuously. The performance of the cleaning system was
better
under continuous operation than under intermittent operation.
Field experiment must be conducted under desert conditions to
determine the optimal operational scheme and to demonstrate
the
effectiveness of the system for the specific conditions of
interest.
If the surface of the plate gets wet owing to rainfall or dewfall,
or
if a sandstorm and rainfall occur simultaneously, the
accumulated
sand will adhere strongly to the plate owing to liquid bridging
force. Cleaning experiments conducted under these conditions
confirmed that high performance was achieved after the plate
dried.
Concluding remarks
An improved cleaning system for removal of the sand that ac-
cumulates on solar panels using electrostatic force has been
developed. This system is suitable for use in mega solar power
plants constructed in deserts at low latitudes because it is poten-
tially inexpensive, requires virtually no power, and operates
auto-
matically without water and other consumables.
Acknowledgment

The author would like to express his gratitude to Haruna
Takahashi and Shogo Shibata (Waseda University) who helped
to
carry out the experiments. This work was supported by JSPS
KAKENHI Grant Number 23360116.
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on photovoltaic
solar cells: the effects of wind velocity and airborne dust
concentration on cell
performance, Sol. Energy 66 (1999) 277e289.
1. Write a short compare and contrast paper informing the
audience how the authors began to solve the complex problem
stated within the NAE Grand Challenge, again focusing on
problem identification, proposed solution, methods, data,
conclusions, and/or future work.
2. Repeat the process of selecting and researching a Grand
Challenge for Memo #2 and the Presentation.

Content of Submissions (both written and oral):
1. Briefly, describe the NAE Grand Challenge, focusing on the
need for this research or development.
2. Compare and Contrast the approaches presented in your
sources (problem identification, proposed solution, methods,
data, conclusions, and/or future work).
3. Identify your sources with properly formatted citations. A
minimum of 3 sources are required; 2 must be the journal
articles/conference papers. The third reference may be the NAE
Grand Challenges website; additional sources (but not
Wikipedia) may be used in your brief description of the Grand
Challenge. You must use the IEEE citation style.
Technical Communication Project
Page 1
Oral Format Requirements: Prepare and practice.
· dress well
· 4 to 5 minutes (no substantial videos)
· must be prepared using PowerPoint
· must be submitted by midnight the night prior (submission
link will close)
· graphics are required
Note: You will be selecting 2 Grand Challenges. The first will
be used for the presentation.

Paper #1a
Paper #1a will be peer reviewed by your classmates; the grade
is dependent upon a complete submission by the deadline. Full
credit is earned by submitting an electronic copy on Bb Learn
and bringing two hard copies to class on the due date. In class,
Paper #1a will be traded with two individuals for peer review.
Paper #1b
Paper #1b is a revision of Paper #1a based on the feedback
provided by your peers. In addition to Paper #1b, you will also
submit both peer reviewed copies of Paper #1a.
Presentation
For the presentation, a second topic is required. The purpose of
researching a second topic is to further develop your abilities to
find technical publications and then organize that information
for an audience. You should apply the critiques from the paper
when preparing and practicing the presentation, specifically
those comments regarding: 1) format, 2) grammar and spelling,
3) organization and clarity, and 4) technical accuracy. Lastly,
you should practice your presentation several times to make
sure you know what you are saying and stay within the 4 to 5
minute range. Practicing alone may be beneficial, but the
nervousness, anxiousness, and/or excitement of presenting in
front of a group can be a source of many mistakes.
Tips for an excellent paper:
· The 500-600 word limit will require concise writing. In
technical writing, the emphasis is on being brief, clear, and
concise – not poetic. If you have done your research properly,
you should have a very difficult time reducing your writing
down to a single page – shorter is harder than longer.
· The paper should be technically accurate – use good sources
and good information. Popular media and Wikipedia are often
unreliable sources.
· The paper should be presented in your own words – nothing
should be quoted from another source or student (if copied text

is found, you will receive a 0 on the report).
· Your paper should be free from spelling and grammatical
errors.
· Your paper should not be written in the first person (using
pronouns such as: I, we, my, our).
· Your paper should be free from slang, colloquialisms, and
informal language.
· Use appropriate headers (i.e., Introduction, Methods, Results,
Conclusion)
· Pictures are worth 1000 words… use graphs, pictures,
drawings, etc. to help elaborate the text of your paper.
· Make sure to use appropriate figure/table captions and
reference them in the body of the paper.
· If you have a difficult time reading your own paper (out loud),
resulting from awkwardly written sentences and unclear
statements, it will be near impossible for the audience. Your
grade will reflect this.
Tips for an excellent presentation:
· Practice, practice, practice!
· Practice what you want to say by yourself.
· Practice with a video recording device.
· Practice with a small audience.

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