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1. PUPIL DYNAMICS FOR IRIS LIVENESS DETECTION
ABSTRACT
The primary objective of this paper is to proposea complete methodology for eye liveness
detection based onpupil dynamics. This method may serve as a component ofpresentation attack
detection in iris recognition systems, makingthem more secure. Due to a lack of public databases
thatwould support this paper, we have built our own iris capturedevice to register pupil size
changes under visible light stimuli,and registered 204 observations for 26 subjects (52
differentirides), each containing 750 iris images taken every 40 ms. Eachmeasurement registers
the spontaneous pupil oscillations and itsreaction after a sudden increase of the intensity of
visible light. The Kohn and Clynes pupil dynamics model is used to describethese changes;
hence we convert each observation into a featurespace defined by model parameters. To answer
the questionwhether the eye is alive (that is, if it reacts to light changes
as a human eye) or the presentation is suspicious (that is, ifit reacts oddly or no reaction is
observed), we use linear andnonlinear support vector machines to classify natural reactionand
spontaneous oscillations, simultaneously investigating thegoodness of fit to reject bad modeling.
Our experiments showthat this approach can achieve a perfect performance for thedata we have
collected. All normal reactions are correctlydifferentiated from spontaneous oscillations. We
investigated theshortest observation time required to model the pupil reaction,and found that
time periods not exceeding 3 s are adequate tooffer a perfect performance.