BUS508 Week 3 Scenario The Business Plan: A foundation for success; What an Entrepreneur Is; and Characteristics of Entrepreneurs Slide # Scene/Interaction Narration Slide 2 Picture of reception area for company with logo in background Tammy: Welcome again to Contemporary Business. This week I will be meeting with Cliff Walters, the President of Walters Aeroworks. Among the topics we will talk about are: The Business Plan being a foundation for success; What an Entrepreneur Is; And certain characteristics of Entrepreneurs. Let’s now go visit Cliff to see what we can learn that will help us make recommendations regarding the strategic direction for the company going forward. Slide 3 Office of Cliff Walters, Company President (silver-haired tall gentleman in his early 60s) Office should be a large executive’s office with fine furniture; Cliff and Tammy should be sitting in a seating area off to the side from his desk Tammy: Good morning, Cliff! Thank you for taking the time to speak with me this morning regarding Walters Aeroworks and your vision for this organization. I know that you have put a lot of yourself into this business, and if you would, could you please share the reason why you started this business? Cliff Walters: Tammy thanks for being here. I’ve heard some wonderful things about you. To answer your question, I started this company fifteen years ago with four friends that shared a love of flying. We all had our own planes at the same airport; we also loved the idea of building our own planes based on World War I and World War II designs. We would often meet in one of the hangars to talk about how we could make the parts that we all needed for our aircrafts. Based on those conversations, we came to the reality that the only way this was going to happen was if we got our resources together and started to manufacture the parts ourselves. This is how Walters Aeroworks got started. Slide 4 Same location as slide 2 Tammy: So, Cliff, what was your original vision? I know you said you all shared the love of flying, but what made you think that this would be a viable enterprise that would make money? Cliff Walters:It seemed that we all had friends that were also interested in World War I and World War II aviation. We would often attend the major fly-in at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio every other year. This particular fly-in hosted the same kind of airplane people from all over the world. There were also local events that we were able to participate in and share our love of building planes. We compared notes with others and realized that there was a wide open marketplace that we could take advantage of and fill two purposes: our own needs for the aircraft we were building, and then also help the rest of the aircraft builders and manufacturers across the world with their needs. Slide 5 Same office location but from another angle Tammy: So if I understand you correctly, your vision was to support ...

1. BUS508 Week 3 Scenario
The Business Plan: A foundation for success; What an
Entrepreneur Is; and Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 2
Picture of reception area for company with logo in background
Tammy: Welcome again to Contemporary Business.
This week I will be meeting with Cliff Walters, the President of
Walters Aeroworks. Among the topics we will talk about are:
The Business Plan being a foundation for success;
What an Entrepreneur Is;
And certain characteristics of Entrepreneurs.
Let’s now go visit Cliff to see what we can learn that will help
us make recommendations regarding the strategic direction for
the company going forward.
Slide 3
Office of Cliff Walters, Company President (silver-haired tall
gentleman in his early 60s) Office should be a large executive’s
office with fine furniture; Cliff and Tammy should be sitting in
a seating area off to the side from his desk
Tammy: Good morning, Cliff! Thank you for taking the time
to speak with me this morning regarding Walters Aeroworks and
your vision for this organization. I know that you have put a lot
of yourself into this business, and if you would, could you
please share the reason why you started this business?
Cliff Walters: Tammy thanks for being here. I’ve heard some
wonderful things about you.

2. To answer your question, I started this company fifteen years
ago with four friends that shared a love of flying. We all had
our own planes at the same airport; we also loved the idea of
building our own planes based on World War I and World War
II designs. We would often meet in one of the hangars to talk
about how we could make the parts that we all needed for our
aircrafts. Based on those conversations, we came to the reality
that the only way this was going to happen was if we got our
resources together and started to manufacture the parts
ourselves. This is how Walters Aeroworks got started.
Slide 4
Same location as slide 2
Tammy: So, Cliff, what was your original vision? I know you
said you all shared the love of flying, but what made you think
that this would be a viable enterprise that would make money?
Cliff Walters:It seemed that we all had friends that were also
interested in World War I and World War II aviation. We
would often attend the major fly-in at Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base in Dayton, Ohio every other year. This particular
fly-in hosted the same kind of airplane people from all over the
world. There were also local events that we were able to
participate in and share our love of building planes.
We compared notes with others and realized that there was a
wide open marketplace that we could take advantage of and fill
two purposes: our own needs for the aircraft we were building,
and then also help the rest of the aircraft builders and
manufacturers across the world with their needs.
Slide 5
Same office location but from another angle
Tammy: So if I understand you correctly, your vision was to
support the ongoing work of aircraft builders in their love of
aviation and military history?

3. Cliff Walters: Exactly! So the five of us formed a small
company that included all of us as founders. We understood the
importance of a successful small business to the overall
economy of our community.
Slide 6
Same as slide 4
[Transition to next slide automatically – fade effect]
Tammy: So, how did you decide what kind of company you
were going to form?
Cliff Walters: We looked at all of the different kinds of private
business ownership and decided on the one that made the most
sense to us. Let’s look at an interactive exercise here to talk
about the different kinds of private business ownership.
Slide 7
Show bubble chart with different kinds of business ownership
that the students can click
Sole Proprietorship
Cliff Walters: Click the icons on the side here to learn about
each type of private business ownership.
7-1
Cliff Walters: The first one we will look at isa Sole
Proprietorship.

4. Sole proprietorship is the most common form of business
ownership. There is no legal distinction between the sole
proprietor’s status as an individual for his or her status as a
business owner. This type of ownership is usually concentrated
among small businesses such as repair shops, small retail stores,
and service providers such as plumbers, hair stylists and
photographers. Although these companies are easy to form and
dissolve, the biggest disadvantage here is the owner’s personal
financial liability for all debts of the business. Most sole
proprietors are unable to pay the desired salaries that qualified,
experienced employees seek.
And in case you are wondering - Walter’s Aeroworks is not this
kind of business.
Slide 7-2
Partnership
Cliff Walters: Next we have a Partnership type business.
A partnership is an association of two or more people who
operate a business as co-owners by voluntary legal agreement.
They are easy to form by registering the business name and
obtaining any necessary licenses. About 2.5 million businesses
are organized as partnerships in the United States. They also
tend to be larger and even more profitable than sole
proprietorships.
Tammy: But what are the disadvantages of a partnership?
Cliff Walters: Great question! While they are easy to form,
partnerships are difficult to dissolve due to each partner bearing
full responsibility for the debts of the firm; as well as being
liable for the actions of the other partners. So, to dissolve or
totally break up the partnership, the partner or partners that
want out will have to find someone to buy his or her interest in
the firm. Even though this type of business has possible tax
advantages, it has many disadvantages regarding assets, but a

5. well-written partnership agreement can mitigate some of the
negative situations.
Although it may seem that our company is a partnership because
of our multiple founders, that’s not the case.
Slide 7-3
Corporation
Cliff Walters: A corporation is a legal organization with assets
and liabilities separate from those of its owners. Because of
this arrangement, stockholders have only limited financial risk,
so if the firm fails, the stockholders only lose the money that
they have invested. The stockholders also have protection for
their personal savings, as these are not at risk if the company
fails.
Walters Aeroworks is a corporation but a different kind of
corporation, which we will explain.
Slide 7-4
Employee-Owned Corporations
Cliff Walters: We are actually an employee-owned corporation
where the people that are employed by the company can buy
shares of stock in the company. This type of corporation is
becoming very popular; about twenty percent of all employees
of for-profit companies own stock in their corporations. By
having everyone that works here be a shareholder, we have a
deeper level of commitment from everyone because they benefit
when the company does well.
Tammy: I had no idea that these types of corporations are
becoming so widely known.
Cliff Walters: It is pretty amazing, and it speaks to the success
of these companies, because people have the personal

6. responsibility for the success or failure of the business. That
really fits in with what the five of us envisioned for when we
began this business.
Slide 8
Still in Cliff’s office, but back to the original view
Tammy: Thank you for sharing how you came to the realization
that the employee-owned corporation was the best for your
company.
Cliff Walters: Part of what we also had to consider was all of
the factors for incorporation; for example, what state to
incorporate in, what was everyone’s initial investment, how we
would set up our internal organization, what organizational
structure, number of people, and so on. We had to consider how
many others we were going to bring into the business based on
the business functions that we needed to support.
Tammy: I can see that all of these considerations would have
been very important to the initial success or failure of the
business. Starting out too fast could have made the business
fail, but with careful consideration of all of these factors, it
appears that you made good business decisions.
Slide 9
Still in Cliff’s Office
Cliff Walters: Thank you, but it was not as easy as it seems.
Tammy: What do you mean?
Cliff Walters: Well, let’s look at how we develop a business
plan. This was a very intricate stage.
Tammy: Well, let me hear your thoughts as to why a business
plan is so important?
Slide 10

7. Different view in Cliff’s office
Cliff Walters: A well-written business plan serves two very
important functions. First, it organizes the business and
validates its central idea. This means that we defined the
formal direction of business and it really made the five of us
think through the realities of running and financing the
business. None of us had ever run our own business before, so
it was a sobering moment.
Second, it summarizes the business and its strategy to obtain
funding from lenders and investors. This means that we have a
blueprint to refer to when we are running our business and it
keeps us focused toward our goals. Note that a business plan is
vital in starting a business. Writing an effective business plan
can consist of 20 to 50 pages of business formation and
characteristics, and it can take six months to complete,
depending on the organization.
Tammy: I see what you mean.
Cliff Walters: So let me spend a little more time here explaining
all of the critical components of a well-written business plan.
In order, click the tabs on the side of the screen to learn more.
Slide 11
Picture of the outline of a business plan (similar to figure D.2)
being shared by Cliff and Tammy
Cliff Walters:
The Executive Summary. A good business plan has six main
sections as you can see by the example that I have given you.
In the first section, the executive summary is a one to two page
snapshot of what the overall business plan explains later in
more detail. You describe your strategy for succeeding in a
positive and realistic way so that you answer the first questions

8. that anyone would have about your business. It provides focus
on the issues that are most important to the business’s success
and saves the supporting matters for the remainder of the
document.
To sum it up, it’s pretty much an overview of the company and
why you are in business.
Slide 11-2
Same picture as previous slide
Focus on Sections II and III of the business plan
Cliff Walters:
Table of Contents and Introduction. The next part of the plan is
the table of contents that just shows the full contents of the
plan. After the table of contents comes the introduction. This
is where you begin to show further details about the business.
It describes the company, past, present and future. For
example, when we wrote our initial business plan, we included
the information about how we made the decision to form the
company in the first place. It gave our potential investors an
opportunity to see the foundation of the company from our
perspective.
Tammy: What else goes into the Introduction?
Cliff Walters: Another key component in the introduction is the
description of the management team – who they are, their key
qualifications including education, training and experience. For
this part of the plan, we included the information regarding the
fact that we were all amateur aircraft builders with a love of
aviation, and this passion is why we were starting the company.

9. Tammy: That had to be a great tie-in and really gave people a
good idea of why you are so passionate about your business!
There is one more part to the introduction, right?
Cliff Walters: Yes, Tammy, you are correct. The last
component in the introduction is a description of the products
and/or services that the company will provide. You talk about
what products you offer, and why your particular company is so
special. You may also want to mention the approximate costs of
the products that you want to sell. In our case, we talked about
the particular products we had selected for the initial start-up
and why they were important to us and our fellow airplane
builders.
Slide 11-3
Still looking at the business plan example
Focus now on section IV, Marketing Strategy
Tammy: So what is the next section of the business plan?
Cliff Walters: Section four of the plan is known as the
Marketing Strategy. This section describes the market’s need
for the product or service and how the company will fulfill that
need. The marketing strategies are not based on informal
projections or observations, but rather on market analysis. If it
is done properly, you can define your target market and position
your business within that sector to get its share of sales. In our
case, we distributed a survey to every amateur aircraft builder
that we had ever met at fly-ins and other events. We then asked
them to identify their most immediate needs in building their
planes. We later compared all of their answers and then decided
on which products were the ones that we wanted to start with.
Tammy: So you looked beyond just your own needs and
considered the marketplace as part of your initial product
development?

10. Cliff Walters: That’s right! We also included our distribution,
pricing and promotional goals as part of our marketing strategy.
This is an important part of determining how effective we could
be in getting market shares in a niche market.
Tammy: Did you consider competition as part of your
marketing strategy?
Cliff Walters: We certainly did! We looked at who our
competitors were and if we would be able to match or beat their
prices and the quality of the products that they were offering.
In some cases, we made the decision that our competitors had a
better product than we could produce, so we did not include that
product in our catalog. For those where we had no competition,
or we thought we had a better quality product, we chose to
include it in our product line.
Tammy: It sounds like you really spent a lot of time making
those initial product decisions and that it served you well in
your success. I know there are still two more sections of the
business plan. Which section is next?
Slide 11-4
Same view, but now focusing on part V, Financing the Business
Cliff Walters:
Next is Financing the Business. Obviously, the goal of any for
profit business is to make money. Everything that we decided
about the business ties into the financial component of the plan.
Even if we were not going to get outside financing we needed to
demonstrate the cost of the products, operating expenses,
expected sales revenue and profit along with the amount of the
business owners’ personal funds that would be invested to get
the business operational.
We had to make some assumptions that had to be realistic; for

11. example, where did we want to locate the business, get the
equipment we needed, and start producing products. In our
case, we took about six months to accomplish the start-up of the
business. This process included developing our website, getting
our production facility operational and producing the first
products that we took to some of the fly-ins for our fellow plane
builders to look at and provide feedback.
Tammy: Wow! That sounds like that may have been the hardest
part of the plan to develop!
Cliff Walters: It certainly was and it was accomplished through
a lot of late nights after we all had worked our nine-to-five
jobs. None of us quit our jobs until we knew that the business
was ready to go!
Slide 11-5
Same view, but now focusing on part VI, Resumes of Principals
Cliff Walters:Let me now tell you about the final section of the
business plan. This section includes the résumés of the
principals behind the business, or the management team. Each
résumé should include detailed employment information and
accomplishments and may also include business affiliations,
professional memberships, hobbies and leisure activities.
For the five of us, we spent a lot of time expanding the section
on hobbies and leisure activities because this is where the whole
concept of the company came from. We also highlighted our
business expertise by showing the positions we all had held in
our various corporate assignments. We were trying to show that
we had the right management team to run the business.
Slide 12

12. Show the website:
http://www.gaebler.com/entrepreneur-characteristics.htm
Tammy: Cliff, what do you think of some important
characteristics of effective entrepreneurs, like you and your four
partners?
Cliff Walters: Well, let me think about it. <pause for a few
minutes> I can think of ten characteristics:
An eye for opportunity: Many entrepreneurs start by finding a
need and quickly satisfying it.
Independence: Even though most entrepreneurs know how to
work within the framework for the sake of profits, they enjoy
being their own boss.
An appetite for hard work: Most entrepreneurs start out working
long, hard hours with little pay.
Self-confidence: Entrepreneurs must demonstrate extreme self-
confidence in order to cope with all the risks of operating their
own business.
Discipline: Successful entrepreneurs resist the temptation to do
what is unimportant or the easiest but have the ability to think

13. through to what is the most essential.
Judgment: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think
quickly and make a wise decision.
Ability to accept change: Change occurs frequently when you
own your own business, the entrepreneur thrives on changes and
their businesses grow.
Make stress work for them: On the roller coaster to business
success the entrepreneur often copes by focusing on the end
result and not the process of getting there.
Need to achieve: Although they keep an "eye" on profits, this is
often secondary to the drive toward personal success.
Focus on profits: Successful entrepreneurs always have the
profit margin in sight and know that their business success is
measured by profits. Is this your profile or would you rather do
your job, pick up your paycheck and leave the headaches to
someone else? Most of us, quite easily, choose the latter.
As I think through this list, we at Walters Aeroworks are
motivated to expect quick and concrete results. I hope that I
answered your questions.
Tammy: It certainly did. Thanks so much for sharing all of this
important information with me today. Not many people have
this opportunity.
Cliff Walters: You’re welcome, Tammy. I hope you have a
better understanding about our approach to the business plan,
and understand certain characteristics that motivate
entrepreneurs in today’s world. Many entrepreneurs have started
a business because they one, have a passion for something, and
two, have a better way of doing it than what’s already out there.
Oh, and please make sure you head over to the threaded
discussion forum to take part in this week’s assigned
discussion. So far the feedback from everyone has been great!
Thank you and take care now.

14. Unit 8 Lab: Colligative Properties and Osmotic PressureCHEM
1806
Purpose: To observe freezing point depression and Osmotic
pressure
Materials: Student Supplied – Karo Syrup, Salt, Distilled water,
Vinegar, Egg, Ice, Glass, Measuring spoon
LabPaq materials: Test Tube, Thermometer, 100mL plastic
beaker, 24-well plate
Procedure: Start the Osmotic Pressure procedure several days
before the due date!
Freezing Point Depression
1. Place ice water in 100mL beaker, up to the 100mL mark. (not
precise)
2. Add “some” salt to the ice water. This cools the water down
faster. (Mythbusters proved this once. )
3. Fill the test tube about half way with distilled water and
insert the thermometer.
4. Place the test tube assembly in the 24-well plate as a secure
place to hold the test tube.
5. Read the thermometer, to the hundredths place, until the
temperature is stable. Record in Table 1 below. Add rows to the
table as needed.
6. Place the test tube assembly into the beaker of ice water.
7. Start the stop watch and take temperature readings every 30
seconds until the temperature remains constant. (Remember to
read the thermometer to the hundredths place!) you might see
the temperature cool rapidly to -2 or -3 then rise to 0C. That is
expected. Continue to record 5 temperatures after that rise
occurs.
8. Dump out the cold water and refill the test tube half way with
room temperature distilled water.
9. Carefully add 1/8 teaspoon of table salt to the test tube. (The
salt won’t dissolve as much in cold water, so it is best to restart
with warmer water.)

15. 10. Stir gently with the thermometer and take readings, as in #5,
until the temperature is constant. Record these temperatures in
Table 2 below.
11. Place the test tube assembly in the beaker of ice water.
12. Start the stop watch and take temperature readings every 30
seconds until the temperature remains constant. (Remember to
read the thermometer to the hundredths place!)
You will graph this data in the Results & Discussion section.
Osmotic Pressure
1. Record physical observations of the egg in table 3. (Shape,
color, texture, etc.)
2. Gently place the egg in a small glass (that it fits in) and
cover the egg with Vinegar.
3. Make observations of the physical characteristics of the egg
over the next 24 hours.
4. Record observations in Table 3.
5. Once the shell has been dissolved, gently remove the egg and
record additional physical observations.
6. Rinse the egg and the glass with tap water (BE VERY
CAREFUL not to break the membrane!) and replace the egg in
the glass.
7. Cover the egg with light corn syrup (Karo is the only one we
tested).
8. Observe the egg in corn syrup for 24-48 hours.
9. Record the observations
Data: (4pts)
Table 1: Temperature Readings - distilled water
Time lapsed
Temperature of TestTube
Temperature of Test Tube in Ice water

16. Table 2: Temperature Readings - Salted - distilled water
Time lapsed
Temperature of TestTube
Temperature of Test Tube in Ice water
Table 3: Egg observations
Initial Observations:
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:

17. Shell removed Observations:
Egg in Karo syrup
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:
Time Lapsed: hours Observations:
Final Observations:
Results and Discussion:
1. (2pts)Graph your temperature observations in the ice water
bath. Insert those graphs here. (temperature on y axis, time on
x)
a. Distilled water results
b. Salted distilled water results
2. (2 pts)Draw a best fit line in the linear portions of the curves.
The intersection of these linear portions on each graph is the
freezing point.
i.e.
Where the Orange and blue lines intersect is the freezing point
for this graph. You may estimate with a best guess.
Report your freezing point for Distilled water here:
Report your freezing point for Salted Distilled water here:
3. (2 pts) Explain why these freezing points are the same or
different.

18. 4. (5 pts) In the Osmotic pressure portion of the lab, the egg
should have changed after it sat in the Karo syrup. Summarize
the change you saw and explain why this occurred. Include in
your summary whether the corn syrup was hypotonic or
hypertonic to the egg. Hypotonic is when the concentration of
the solution is lower than the cell system (egg, in this case);
Hypertonic is when the concentration of the solution is higher
than the cell system. Reason this out. (Complete sentences and
show thought.)
5. (5pts) Insert a picture of your egg after it sat in the Corn
Syrup.
When you are finished, save the file as
LASTNAME_Colligative and upload it to the Dropbox for Unit
8 Labs.
Unit 7 Lab: Water HardnessCHEM 1806
Purpose: To determine the hardness of your drinking water and
the technique of titration
Materials: Student Supplied –distilled water, tap water, books
or other height riser
LabPaq materials: 100mL glass beaker, toothpicks, 25 mL
Graduated cylinder, test tube clamp holder, 10mL syringe
titrator, syringe stopcock, Determination of water harness bag
Procedure:
**You might want to do steps 1-5 one day so the equipment can
dry to complete the experiment the next day.
1. Remove the plunger from the syringe titrator and set aside.
Attach the stopcock to the end of the titrator and twist into
place. This should fit snuggly.
2. Clamp the test tube holder around the middle of the titrator
and slide the long end of the holder between two books or
risers.
3. Set the 100 mL beaker on a sheet of white paper and adjust

19. the height of the titrator so that the end of the stopcock is
within 1cm of the top of the beaker.
4. Place 7-9mL of distilled water in the titrator and practice
dispensing 1 drop at a time.
5. When you are comfortable with the technique, dump all of
the water in the beaker and titrator down the drain and dry
thoroughly.
6. With the stopcock in the closed position, fill the titrator with
9-10mL of the EDTA solution.
7. In a waste glass, drop a few drops of the EDTA solution out
of the stopcock to remove any air bubbles.
8. Measure exactly 10mL tap water with the graduated cylinder
and place it in the clean, dry beaker. (Bottled water won’t
work)
9. Add 5 drops of pH 10 buffer solution to the beaker and
carefully swirl the mixture.
10. Dip 1 cm of a toothpick into distilled water and then into
the EBT indicator powder. Stir the beaker with the EBT covered
end of the toothpick to transfer the EBT to the beaker.
11. Carefully swirl the beaker for 30-60 seconds to dissolve the
EBT. The solution should turn a pale pink.
12. Read the initial volume of EDTA and record in the Data
Table. (This is Trial 1)
13. Add EDTA solution, one drop at a time, swirling the flask
between drops until the beaker solution is a pale blue-gray color
for at least 5 seconds.
14. Record the final volume of the EDTA solution remaining in
the titrator.
15. Pour the contents of the beaker in the drain; wash the beaker
and rinse it with distilled water. Thoroughly dry the beaker.
16. Refill the titrator and read the initial volume of EDTA.
17. Measure 10 mL of tap water and place in the beaker.
18. Follow the steps, as above, to titrate this trial of tap water.
(Steps 9-15)
19. Repeat for a 3rd trial.
(2 pts) Data Table: **Remember to record to appropriate sig

20. figs!
Initial EDTA volume
Final EDTA volume
Total Volume EDTA
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average volume
Results and Discussion:
(6pts) Calculate the total water hardness of your water in
Molarity and ppm. Show your work.
(3 pts) How much calcium would you ingest if you drink 8-8oz
glasses of you water?
(4 pts) Insert a picture of your titration set up.
When you have finished, please save the file as
LASTNAME_Water and upload to the Unit 7 Lab dropbox.
Unit 7 Lab: Liquids and SolidsCHEM 1806

21. Purpose: To measure boiling and melting points
Materials: Student Supplied –spoon, isopropyl alcohol, rubber
bands, white paper
LabPaq materials: 100mL glass beaker, burner fuel, burner
stand, gloves, test tubes, thermometer, Liquids and Solids
experiment bag
Procedure:
Boiling point
1. Place approximately 1mL of isopropyl alcohol in a test tube.
2. Attach a thermometer to the outside of the test tube with a
small rubber band. The thermometer bulb should be even with
the test tube’s bottom.
3. Insert an inverted closed – end capillary tube into the test
tube. (open side down in the liquid)
4. Put approximately 50mL of warm tap water in the beaker.
5. Place the test tube assembly into the water bath so that the
surface level of the alcohol is beneath the surface level of the
water.
6. Place the beaker on the burner stand and the burner under the
stand.
7. Light the fuel.
8. Stir the water bath frequently to ensure even heating until the
water bath boils and a rapid stream of bubbles emerges from the
capillary tube.
9. Extinguish the burner by setting the cap over the flame.
10. When the last bubble emerges from the capillary tube,
record the temperature as the boiling point of isopropyl alcohol.
Melting point
1. While wearing gloves, insert powdered acetamide into the
open end of new capillary tube by gently pushing and tapping
the capillary tube into the powder. **I had to put some
acetamide on a paper towel, cover with another paper towel, and
crush with a meat hammer. That way the powder goes in the
tube MUCH easier.
2. Flip the capillary tube over and gently tap the closed end on
the counter to move the solid towards the closed end. It is

22. easier than it sounds.
3. Repeat 1 & 2 until there is approximately 2 mm of powder in
the tube that is in the last quarter of the tube towards the closed
end.
4. Carefully attach the filled capillary tube to a thermometer
with a rubber band and align the bulb with the bottom of the
capillary tube.
5. Prepare a water bath as with the previous procedure.
6. Place the capillary tube assembly in the water bath and heat
until the acetamide melts. Extinguish the burner flame.
7. Let the acetamide cool and re-crystallize. Record the
temperature that recrystallization occurs.
Dispose of the capillary tubes by wrapping them in paper and
place them in the trash. Excess acetamide and isopropyl alcohol
can be flushed down the drain.
(3 pts)Discuss potential errors in your experiment. (Use
complete sentences.)
(3 pts) The published boiling point of isopropyl alcohol is 82.4
C. The published melting point of acetamide is 81 What is the
percent error in your measurements?
(9 pts) Insert a picture of your lab set up.
When you have finished, please save the file as
LASTNAME_Liquids and upload to the Unit 7 Lab dropbox.
Unit 6 Lab: Properties of GasesCHEM 1806
Purpose: To observe some properties of gases.
Materials: Student Supplied –matches, toothpicks, pie tin (or
something similar), marker, white vinegar, 3% H2O2,
measuring spoons, drinking straw, tissue paper, baking soda
LabPaq materials: Goggles, 5 test tubes, 24-well plate, Gas
Assembly, pipet, rubbler stopper, #00, 1 hole, pipet tip with
plastic gas delivery tube; Properties of Gases Experiment bag.

23. Procedure:
**Things that might help:
· Light a candle rather than trying to juggle the match and pipet
at the same time.
· Put a small amount of water in the bottom of a glass that is not
quite as tall as your pipet to store it when it is full of Hydrogen.
Hydrogen Gas
1. Place a small piece of mossy Zn in a test tube with HCl filled
to within 1cm of the top of the tube.
2. Cap the test tube with the rubber stopper that has the short,
straight, plastic gas delivery tubing in its center.
3. Use tissue to wedge this test tube into the 24-well plate to
keep it upright. (I had a stand with my kit. I originally had the
wrong materials) And place the whole apparatus in the pie tin.
(There will be overflow later. Kitchen sink would work too.)
4. Observe the reaction.
5. Fill a pipet with water, invert and quickly place it on top of
the gas delivery tube. The water will be displaced by the gas.
6. When all of the water has been displaced by gas, quickly
remove the pipet and place your thumb over the end to keep the
gas from escaping.
7. Light a match (I found a candle to be easier for this part).
While holding the pipet horizontally, the end about 1 cm from
the flame, squeeze a small amount of gas into the flame.
Observe what happens and record in the Data Table.
8. Mark the pipet with the marker into about 3 equal parts.
9. Fill the marked pipet with water, invert it, and set it onto the
gas generation tube, as before.
10. When the pipet is about 2/3 filled with gas, remove it,
keeping it inverted (open end down), in a well that has water in
it. (To seal the opening) OR a glass, as mentioned above.
Oxygen Gas
1. Place a few pieces of Mn into a second test tube.
2. Add enough 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (This is standard,
pharmacy hydrogen peroxide) to fill the test tube to within 1 cm
of the top.

24. 3. Place the rubber stopper with the plastic gas delivery tube
into the test tub. Wedge it into the 24-well plate so it stands
upright and observe the reaction.
4. Fill a new pipet bulb completely with water, invert, and place
it on top of the gas delivery tube, just like with the Hydrogen
procedure.
5. When the water has been displaced with oxygen in the
collection pipet, remove the pipet and place your thumb over
the opening to keep gas from escaping.
6. Light a wooden toothpick, extinguish it and quickly, while
still glowing, insert the toothpick into the O2 filled pipet.
Record observations.
H2 + O2
** helpful to have the candle lit here.**
1. Take the collection pipet that was set aside from the
Hydrogen experiment and place it on the Oxygen generation
tube. (The point is to mix the remaining Hydrogen with
oxygen.)
2. Collect enough oxygen to displace the remaining hydrogen.
3. Remove the pipet and cap the open end with your thumb to
keep the gas from escaping.
4. Holding the pipet horizontally with the open end
approximately 1 cm from a flame (candle or match), gently
squeeze the contents of the pipet into the flame. Record
observations.
5. Rinse the test tube assemblies.
Carbon Dioxide
**Keep the candle lit**
1. Put about 20-30 drops of Limewater into a well of the 24 well
plate.
2. Put about 20-30 drops of bromothymol blue into a well of the
24 well plate.
3. Place ½ a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate in the bottom of a
test tube.
4. (There might be overflow here) Add half a pipet full, not an
exact measurement, of white vinegar to the test tube. The

25. reaction will be violent.
5. When the reaction has subsided, put the stopper with the
copper and plastic tube on the test tube.
6. Place the open end of the gas delivery tube into the limewater
that is in the well of the well plate.
7. Record observations.
8. Rinse the delivery tube carefully.
9. Place the gas delivery tube in the bromothymol blue and
observe.
10. Light a tooth pick or match and place inside the test tube
(have to remove stopper assembly first)
11. Record observations.
(2 pts) Data Table:
Flame Reaction
Glowing Splint
Limewater Reaction
Bromothymol Blue
H2
O2
H2 and O2
CO2

26. Results and Discussion:
1. (4 pts) Why did the observed flame and glowing splint tests
have the results they did?
2. (4 pts) Describe how the limewater reacted with the carbon
dioxide.
3. (4 pts) Explain why the Carbon dioxide reacted with the
bromothymol blue like it did.
4. (2 pts) I commonly use the carbon dioxide generation to
“pour” CO2 on a lit candle. It is fun to watch but WHY is it
possible. What happens with carbon dioxide and a lit match?
Explain.
5. (4 pts) Insert a picture of one part of your set up.
When you are finished, save the file as LASTNAME_Gases and
upload it to the Dropbox for Unit 6 Labs.
Unit 5 Lab: Caloric Content of FoodCHEM 1806
Purpose: To practice using thermodynamic data and calculations
to determine the caloric content of food.
Materials: Student Supplied –lighter or candle, Al foil or tray,
Food items (marshmallows, nut of some sort, chips or popcorn),
water, fork or small skewer for holding food
LabPaq materials: 100 mL glass beaker, burner stand, digital
scale, test tube clamp, thermometer
Procedure:
1. Record the mass of the clean, empty 100-mL beaker. (Record
below)
2. Place approx. 50mL of water in the beaker and mass it again.
(Record below)
3. Place the burner stand on top of the Aluminum foil.
4. Place the beaker of water on top of the burner stand and
record the temperature of the water. (Remember to record to
appropriate sig figs!)

27. Marshmallow (or other sugary, light, candy)
1. Mass the marshmallow and the fork or skewer you will use,
record.
2. With the marshmallow on the fork or skewer, light it with a
candle or lighter.
3. As soon as it is burning well, hold the marshmallow under
the beaker of water while stirring gently with the thermometer.
4. Record the final temperature of the water.
5. Mass the remaining marshmallow residue and fork / skewer.
Record.
6. Replace the water with fresh water and prepare for the Nut.
Nut (or other high protein, high fat food)
1. Mass the nut and record.
2. A nut is held best with the test tube holder. Light the nut. It
might take a few minutes to really get it lit.
3. Follow the same procedure as with the marshmallow (#’s 3-6)
Other food (whatever you have)
1. Mass another food.
2. Follow the same procedure as with the marshmallow (#’s 2-5)
(8 pts) Data Table:
Marshmallow
Nut
Other:
Mass of Beaker
Mass of Beaker + water
Mass of Water

28. Initial temp. of water
Mass of food item
Mass of holder
Final temp of the water.
Change in temperature.
Mass of food residue remaining
Change in mass

29. Q = t*m*cp
Heat energy per gram
Convert to kilocalories
Results and Discussion:
Complete the table above, for each food.
(8 pts) Provide one set of calculations below. (For example,
show all of the calculations required for the marshmallow.)
For Q, multiply the change in temperature of the water by the
mass of the water and heat energy gained by the water (in J). cp
= 4.184 J/g C)
To calculate the heat energy per gram, divide Q by the change
in mass of food. Change in mass of food = initial mass of food –
final mass of food.
(4 pts) Insert a picture of your charred food.
When you are finished, save the file as LASTNAME_Food and
upload it to the Dropbox for Unit 5 Labs.