New Power Plants Of Automobiles

New Power Plants Of Automobiles
New Power Plants in Automobiles
Since the beginning of the automobile the power plant has been evolving. From the early days of the
steam powered vehicle to gas, diesel and hydrogen powered engines of today. The newest power
plants now are electric and electric hybrid vehicles but there is still one thing that hasn 't been
completely replaced in this type of vehicle, and that is the internal combustion engine. There have
been some innovations in recent years for the internal combustion engine, but it still has a way to go.
In the early days of the automobile the steam engine was first fitted to a three wheeled vehicle, this
was quickly replaced by the internal combustion engine, for in my opinion the practical reason of
carrying fuel was easier in a liquid form rather than in the form of coal, wood and water. But ever
since that day and especially ever since the 1960 's when laws were enacted for safety and for the
environment automakers have been working to make the internal combustion engine work better
and cleaner. This has brought us engines like the Flex Fuel engine. This is an engine that can run on
gasoline but can also run on a high ethanol containing fuel. The issue with ethanol is that it produced
a lot of octane, but not a lot of mileage, but because it is made from bio mass it is a greener form of
fuel. Another way they have tried to make the engine better is through on demand cylinders. This is
where a vehicle might have a v8 engine, but only uses those
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A Comparison Of Electric Cars Vs. Internal Combustion...
Electric Cars Vs Internal Combustion Engines
In discussions of vehicles, one controversial issue has been that electric cars Vs gas powered cars.
On the one hand, Ranjan, Kaushik argues the advantages of electric cars over internal combustion
engines. Then On the other hand, LeVine, Steve opposes electric cars.People are learning that
electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. It has taken many years of
investigating to overcome deep–seated dependency on gas and diesel–powered vehicles, which
cause pollution and greenhouse gases. Electric cars have increased range and reliability and
companies like Tesla are making electric cars that change the status quo.
Ranjan, Kaushik et. al is the author of "Electric Vehicles", Levine, Steve is the author of "The Car of
the Future May Run on Gasoline; For all the talk of electric cars, the old– fashioned internal
combustion engine is proving to be hard to beat". The intended audience for both of these articles is
to draw the attention of motor heads.
Ranjan states, "electric vehicles are nearly three times more fuel efficient than conventional gasoline
powered vehicles"(1). Ultimately, Ranjan's is genre about electric vehicles. According to LeVine,
"they're a long way from making electric cars competitive in the mass market"(1). In other words,
LeVine's genre is internal combustion engines.
The language in Ranjan's article is in the field of the automotive industry. Although, Levine's
language aims towards internal combustion engines. The purpose of these authors articles is to
inform the reader on advantages and disadvantages for electric and gas–powered vehicles.
According to Ranjan, electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. Davis
states, "Because they do not rely on an internal combustion engine, electric vehicles may represent a
way to reduce fossil fuel consumption if the electricity used comes from renewable resources"(1). In
other words, Ranjan believes that electric cars will not waste the earth's natural resources. Everyday
people use fossil fuels in their cars. There is only a limited amount of fossil fuels to keep using.
LeVine's view, "still for now at least, they continue to

Failure Analysis And Rectification Of Aero Engine...
TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Failure analysis and rectification of Aero Engine combustion chamber
field temperature measurement system.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the root cause of failure and rectification of Aero Engine combustion
chamber field temperature measurement system.
INTRODUCTION
About HAL
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was founded way back in year 1940 by a visionary Seth
Walchand Hirachand as Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile
princely State of Mysore. Government of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and
took over the management in 1942. HAL was formed on 1st October 1964 by merging of
Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot with Hindustan Aircraft Limited.
The present day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, is a Navaratna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU),
under Ministry of Defence and fully owned by Govt. of India.
AERO ENGINE TEST CELL
AERO ENGINE TESTING INTRODUCTION:
During manufacture, the aero engines are subjected to various tests, which will guarantee reliable
operation of the engines during its service life. Each Aero engine after its final assembly is subjected
to two tests, and every combustion chamber module of engine is subjected to temperature profile
measurement test. The tests are broadly classified as
 INITIAL TEST
 FINAL TEST (acceptance test).
 COMBUSTION

Difference Between Parallel Engine And External Combustion...
Intake stroke
In the internal combustion engine, the piston starts form the top. As the crankshaft rotates the piston
will start to move down which will allow the intake valve to open so air and fuel can flow inside the
combustion chamber. In this process, the mixture of air and fuel gets pulled in the combustion
chamber.
Compression stroke
During this stage, both intake and exhaust valve get closed. Due to this, as the piston moves
upwards, it compresses the air and fuel mixture
Combustion stroke
As the piston reaches close to the spark plug, the spark plug will cause a spark to burn the fuel and
the air mixture. This will cause the fuel and air mixture to explode which will cause the piston to go
downwards again.
Exhaust stroke
This is the final stage of the process where piston will move upwards to release the exhaust gas
through the exhaust valve. At the beginning of this stage, the exhaust valve will open to allow the
exhaust gas to release.
After the final stage, the piston will be left up where it originally stared from so the process can be
repeated.
Spark ignition and compression ignition engines
Both Spark ignition and compression ignition engines are really similar to each other. However they
both have different processor to burn the fuel as they both use different types of fuel types
(petrol/Diesel). Because of this, they both have different compression ratio.
Compression ignition engine are also know as diesel engine as they use diesel as a fuel. In

Synthesis From The Law Of Conservation Of Energy
introduction
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a sequence of multiple thermodynamic processes that encompass
the transfer of heat and work into and out of the system. This process can have many variables
within the system including pressure, temperature. (saylor.org, n.d.)The cycle ends with the system
returning to its initial state. The first law of thermodynamics is simply an adaption from the law of
conservation of energy but is slightly changed to encompass the differences. (clarkson.edu, n.d.)
This law when put simply states that the change in energy within the system is directly proportional
to the difference of the heat input to the system and the workout put of the system. (ucdavis.edu,
n.d.)This gives the following equation:
∆U=Q–W
Where;
∆U is the change in internal energy of the sytem
Q is the amount of energy added to the system through heat
W is the amount of energy lost due to work done by the sytem
Power cycles
Thermodynamic power cycles are the origin of the operation of heat engines which supply a
majority of the world electric power and also run a majority of motor vehicles. These power cycles
can be put into one of two categories; real cycles and ideal cycles. (saylor.org, n.d.)
Real cycles are those found within the real world and as quite difficult to analyse due to the presence
of complicating factors such as friction. To allow ease of design and analysis, ideal cycles were
created; these ideal models allowed engineers to study the major limitations

Advantages Of The Electric Car
Most people would see failure as a way to prove a idea didn't succeed but failure is necessary to
bring up new ideas and fix mistakes in previous plans. Failure allows us to apply our experience to a
previous idea and create a better more developed one. Failures of the internal combustion engine in
cars has caused humans to require a replacement which is the electric car. The electric motor gets rid
of the failures of the internal combustion engine while also providing numerous benefits.
The internal combustion engine was originally created in 1791 but not implemented in the first car
till 1886 and the electric car was first featured around the same time. The internal combustion
engine cars became much more popular due to cheaper mass ... Show more content on
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They also carry highly flammable fuels on board which often ignite in the event of a crash. Lastly,
the internal combustion engine also makes peak power and torque at redline which is the maximum
revolutions per minute of a motor. Meaning must at least be at the top speed allowed in first gear to
have maximum power available, and very time the car shifts you go out of peak power.
All that being said why are we still using them even till 2040?
Thankfully electric cars have have begun to make up a significant portion of new car sales, which is
good since they are superior in every aspect They are projected to keep increasing there portion of
the market more and more every year. First off they don't emit any toxic emissions or smoke and are
a hundred percent eco friendly. They don't cause any air pollution but there also silent compared to
combustion engines so they have greatly reduced noise pollution number the sound comes from the
tires.Electric cars are also significantly cheaper to run. They don't require any gas even though
electricity costs money its minuscule when compared the costs of gas vehicles. Being power by a
battery electric cars also don't use any lubricants which need to be

The Road Use Internal Combustion Engines
Introduction Currently, most vehicles on the road use internal combustion engines (ICEs). This type
of engine has existed from as early as the 19th century, when Nikolaus Otto created the first 4–
stroke cycle (Otto–cycle) system, which is still used in cars to this day. As of 2010, the vehicular
population surpassed 1 billion (according to the research by Ward's Auto [1]), meaning the IC
engine is extremely widespread throughout the world. However, this does not mean that an IC
engine is the most effective way of producing power for vehicles nowadays. They have many
problems, which include but are not limited to increased fuel consumption and high CO2 emissions.
There have been many attempts to improve the IC engine, including the ... Show more content on
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For each cylinder, there is a piston attached to a crankshaft, allowing it to move up and down (i.e.
complete a stroke), an intake manifold housing the intake valve, connected to the combustion
chamber and exhaust valve. The intake valve opens, and air is taken into the combustion chamber,
as the piston is pulled towards the crankshaft (Intake Stroke). Then the valves are closed, and the
piston is extended, pressurising a combination of air and fuel in the compression chamber, causing
combustion (Compression Stroke). This instantaneous combustion causes the pressure in the
combustion chamber to increase and act on the face of the piston, causing it to be pushed back
towards the crankshaft (Power Stroke). After this, the exhaust valve is opened, and the gas escapes
(Exhaust Stroke). Idling However, every time one cycle is completed, some fuel is used to create the
spark during the power stroke. This means that when the car is idling (i.e. the engine is on, but the
car is stationary), a lot of fuel and energy is wasted. This will not only negatively affect fuel
consumption, but also increase the CO2 emissions, which are already quite high. As stated by the
U.S. Department of Energy, around 27 million tonnes (30 million tons) of CO2 is produced in the
US alone [3], just due to idling vehicles. Personal vehicles also waste approximately 3 million
tonnes of fuel annually, just

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay
The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine
Two main types of engines powering everyday machinery are diesel and gasoline internal
combustion engines. Both vary on efficiency levels, but are still effective. Diesel engines have high
efficiency levels, such as producing great amount of torque at very low rpms. They are also known
for their fuel–efficient behavior and capability to produce low emissions.
Their capability to produce power at an efficient rate with little wear on the engine, this makes these
engines ideal for hybrid integration. Hybrid integration takes a typical engine and combines it with
an electric generator and motor, with the application of other electrical systems applied. Allowing
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tests represent the percentage of green house gases that the engine will produce over its
lifetime. The results are as follows: the gasoline combustion engine is 88%, the diesel–hybrid engine
is 56% (Weiss 29).
The MIT testing and research went into much more detail besides fuel efficiency and emission
release. These areas are still are very important in the mind of the everyday consumer.
Current Developments:
The diesel–hybrid idea is now being applied to several different applications. It ranges from road, to
water, and railroad. In each scenario the applications are the similar but the designs are different.
In Vancouver, Canada, RailPower Technologies has designed a hybrid locomotive, the Green Goat,
which utilizes diesel fuel and electric motors. The basic design started with removing all the original
engine parts and replacing them with a 6.0L Daewoo diesel engine and 20 volt lead acid batteries
(Siuru 1). This design uses the diesel engine, which acts as a generator to charge the batteries. The
batteries are then used to power the locomotive. Batteries propel the locomotive leaving more empty
space under the hood. The result of all this is: ability to create a smaller hood increasing overall
visibility for locomotive engineers, fuel economy improvement of 35%, and a 90% reduction of
overall emissions (Siuru 1).
In 2001, New York City

Material Analysis of the Internal Combustion Engine
Background : The foundry is one of the oldest metal working industries known to man. The
Egyptians made metal castings as early as 4000 B.C. Foundry methods have been employed
throughout the ages as being the most convenient means for making implements of war, artifacts
used in everyday living, agricultural implements, and other items. Traditionally, Gasoline engine
blocks were made up of cast iron because cast iron was readily available and cheaper and has a good
machinability. But as the technology advances and there is a need of improvising the basic design of
an engine to improve its performance. Moreover, the overall weight of the engine increased due to
complex design of the body. Therefore, in order to overcome this problems, the manufacturers
around the world started looking for other materials which are as strong as cast iron but should be
light in weight. Therefore, aluminum was being used in building engine blocks which significantly
increases vehicle performance and also lower its weight. Now–a–days magnesium is also used as a
material for designing engine block. Magnesium is much lighter than cast iron and aluminum as
well. But the main problem in using magnesium was that it became unstable at higher temperature.
Later that problem was solved but still wide range of Al and Mg alloys are being used in the
automotive industry in the current scenario. According to a study, 90% of automobiles in North
American countries are using aluminum for engine block which is

Carburettors Advantages And Disadvantages
In order for an internal combustion engine to operate correctly, a mixture of fuel and air needs to
enter into the combustion chamber, pressurised and then ignited by a spark ignition which then
drives the piston to rotate. The way that the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber has
evolved over the decades. Before electronic fuel injection, carburettors were the primary method of
mixing air and fuel. Carburettors work on the Bernoulli's principle: the faster the air moves, the
lower its static pressure and the higher its dynamic pressure. The throttle actuates carburettor
mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pulled into the engine, the speed of this flow and
therefore its pressure determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream.
Carburettors consist of an intake of air being pushed into the intake manifold to the engine. The
build–up of fast dynamic pressure will initiate fuel delivery action by providing a vacuum for fuel to
enter the intake with the manifold propagating as a mixture chamber to atomise the fuel into the air
to create an ideal mixture. Carburettors use Bernoulli's principle, where the speed of air intake
entering the engine intake manifold in relation to the potential difference of pressure will meter the
correct amount of fuel to be sucked in. The disadvantage of a carburettor is that the amount of fuel
being delivered cannot be fully controlled and carburettors tend to have higher fuel to air ratios and
sometimes flood the engine

Turbochargers: Internal Combustion Engine and Turbocharger
Society is driven by the thought of improving every existing invention to make it bigger, smaller,
more cost effective, or simply better. The internal combustion engine has been used in transportation
for everyone who lives in a civilized area; whether it is a motorcycle, car, bus, airplane, etc. The
most important advances in technology for these engines involve efficiency. Gas mileage,
performance, and displacement are key concerns for all engineers of internal combustion engines.
With the invention of the turbocharger all of these factors can be improved. The inventor,
progression, impact, and current adaptation of the turbocharger are very important in understanding
this engineering innovation. The entire world can thank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New ways of oil lubricating were added along with water–cooling. The sizes of turbochargers now
range from the diameter of a baseball to larger than a basketball. The turbocharger has made a
significant impact in all of our lives. The turbocharger enables millions of engines around the world
to make more power and give engines higher efficiency. Ships, planes, cars, trucks, etc. would all
have to have bigger engines that would use more fuel to accomplish what they do with a
turbocharger. The air pollution and gas shortage would be much worse if none of our engines were
turbocharged. Furthermore turbochargers are used in many sports. The two main sports that simply
rely on turbochargers are drifting and rally racing. These cars need to be light, so they cannot have
big displacement engines thus relating back to forced induction. Major companies such as Garrett,
HKS, Turbonetics, and Banks are always coming up with new ways to improve turbochargers.
These companies drive the industry in terms of turbochargers because of the constant improvement
of the already great invention. Although there are many factory vehicles that come with
turbochargers the aftermarket industry truly drives the need for improvement. Drifting alone has
become a billion dollar industry causing manufacturers to work harder than ever to make their
individual products stand out from the crowd. In the sport of drifting ninety percent of the cars in the

A Short Note On Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Naveen Penmetsa
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309
C ombustion instability has long been an area of research in the design of both aircraft and rocket
engines. Specifically in terms of rocket engines, combustion instabilities occur in every type of
engine including solid rocket motors, cryogenic engines, hyperbolic engines, and hydrocarbon
engines. Although combustion oscillations tends to exist in almost every engine, the goal is to
minimize these variations in combustion such that any pressure oscillations are below the ambient
noise of the engine itself. In order to reduce the linear and nonlinear coupling that causes these
instabilities, it is important to identify not only the types of oscillations that occur but also the causes
for each of these oscillations.
In liquid engines there are three main types of instabilities. These are chugging oscillations which
are low frequency, buzzing oscillations which are of an intermediate frequency, and screeching
which is a high frequency oscillation. Additionally, instabilities can oscillate in three different
direction, due to the three dimensional nature of combustion. These directions are longitudinally,
radially, and transversely.
Flow States' Effect on Liquid Engine Combustion Instability
Overview
The various forms of combustion instability in liquid rocket engines are directly and indirectly
affected by the state of the flow from the inlet of the injector to the throat of

The Industrial Revolution : The Era Of The Internal...
Petroleum is one of the most important energies which mankind need to use for survive. Since 18th
century, human used energy from biomass and muscular sources and it was provided by man labours
and animals meanwhile the biomass from firewood prepared for cooking and heating energy needs.
Other energy sources such as watermills and windmills were occurred in marginal contribution. In
the middle of nineteenth century, the industrial revolution played an important role to bring a major
change in energy resources with the utilization of coal and developed to use for steam engines. As a
result, there were increasing power plants. In the beginning of the 20th century, human relied on
coal for mainly energy source however there was a gradual ... Show more content on
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However, there are improving a green substantial coal technological potential, developing the
biotechnologies to support the growth usage of biofuels as well as nuclear energy shall play a
significant role in the future if nuclear fusion could become commercially energy.
Oil and gas have been the world's commercial energy sources in recent century and it still remain
this important role in the 21st century. As industrial productions have grown by approximately 50
times during the 20th century, this led to tremendous increasing of the energy consumption.
Presently, oil and gas account for almost 40 per cent of the world energy sources because they are
unique commodities and easy to transport in many areas with low costs. The advances of
technologies make petroleum become cleaner, safer and more efficient energy. Consequently, oil and
gas could meet more strictly environmental regulations and comply with the widely demands of
sustainable development. However, petroleum is a scarce resource and the demands of energy
consumption will be increased. Humans try to improve recovery rates by enhancing technology and
developing infrastructure for better accessibility. Presently, the volatility and high prices of oil
market have been a significant cause for concerning among many countries. Even the increasing
price trend in recent year, the market has still remained

Atkinson Cycle and Very High-Pressure Turbocharging:...
ATKINSON CYCLE AND VERY HIGH–PRESSURE TURBOCHARGING: INCREASING
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND POWER WHILE REDUCING
EMISSIONS Gheorghiu, Victor* Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Berliner Tor 21, 20099
Hamburg, Germany Keywords: Atkinson Cycle, Ultra–Downsizing, High Pressure Turbocharging,
CO2 and NOx Reduction. ABSTRACT The Downsizing of internal combustion engines (ICE) is
already recognized as a very suitable method for the concurrent enhancement of the indicated fuel
conversion efficiency (IFCE) and lowering of the CO2 and NOx emissions [1], [2]. In this report the
Ultra–Downsizing is introduced as a still higher development stage of ICE. The Ultra–Downsizing
will be implemented here by means of strict Atkinson ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The performances achieved for IFCE and IMEP using this method are therefore unrealistically high
and serve only as a general indication [3]. This Paper extends the previous investigations from [3] to
real Atkinson cycles by using the simulation tool BOOST (AVL Co). This tool allows to take into
consideration the true geometrical dimensions of the engine components (cylinder, valves, channels,
pipes, manifolds, turbocharger, intercooler, silencer etc.) and the losses caused by friction and heat
transfer along the intake and exhaust gas pipes. In addition, the power balance of turbochargers
determines the actual boost pressure level of the engine. The turbochargers (TC) are modeled for
these investigation in a simple manner. It describes the expansion process in the turbines (Tx) by
means of their discharge coefficients while the air compaction in the compressors occurs up to a
maximum pressure ratio, which depends on the available turbine output. To be able to simulate
cycles with very high boost pressures as well, three intercooled TC are placed in line (three–stage
turbocharging, see Fig. 1). When the boost pressure required for preserving the pressure limit on the
cycle is low, the superfluous TC are kept in use (i.e. are not bypassed). The expansion and
compression ratios of the turbines and compressors tend gradually toward 1, i.e. these TC switch off
themselves thermodynamically. The asymmetrical crank mechanism used here

Electric Engines Vs Full Combustion Engines
With the quick advancements in technology during the past decades, electrical cars are now more
efficient than ever. As of today, there are 3 types of vehicles – electric, combustion, and hybrid; I
will be focusing mainly on full electric engines vs full combustion engines. While new combustion
car technologies have already already been halted for many years, electrical cars in the other hand, is
rapidly improving. To start off, lets compare the differences between these two, lists the pros and
cons of an electric engine, and discuss the future of electric cars.
As the names suggest, both types of engines are powered differently; one through electricity and the
other by burning gasoline fuel. Burning fuel has been creating a problem ever since the Industrial
Revolution; our climate and environment is rapidly decaying as a result of global warming caused
by the pollution from burning fuel and combustion cars are promoting that. Electricity engines on
the other hand, does not require an exhaust and it does not discharge any pollution to the air.
Electrical engines require next to zero maintenance while combustion engines recommend annual
check ups. If you've ever popped open your combustion car's hood and looked inside, you would
have been able to see a lot more parts than compared to an electrical car. This is because combustion
cars have around 1,000 moving parts compared to electric car's 150 or so moving parts. What this
means is that combustion engines are more

The Engine And Internal Combustion
Introduction In 1816 Reverend Robert Stirling patented an engine that produced motive power from
heated air that is known today as the Stirling Engine. In general terms, the Stirling Engine is an
external combustion heat engine that functions through piston motion resulting from the expansion
and compression of a working gas sealed within the engine. Invention of this technology predates
the gasoline and Diesel engines and significantly differs from internal combustion heat engines. It
was not until April of 1945 that Stirling's invention became popularly known as the Stirling Engine.
While many differences can exist between a Stirling Engine and internal combustion engine, three
primary features stand out. First, exclusion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first practical application of this technology was used to pump water from a quarry and it would
be some time before it would be scaled to a larger useful application. After periods of refining his
ideas and designs, he teamed with his brother James, a locomotive engineer, to register patents for
improvements in 1827 and 1840.
By 1943, these improvements translated to increased power conversion and output, and the Stirling
Engine model was implemented at a level capable of driving all machinery at the Dundee iron
foundry. However, frequent mechanical failures of the Stirling system resulted in its abandonment
by the Dundee foundry, leading to replacement by the steam engine.
One of the supporting arguments for the use of the Stirling Engine over early versions of the steam
engine was safety – steam engine boiler explosions frequently lead to injuries and fatalities, along
with operational shutdowns. As steam engine boilers became safer the appeal of Stirling Engines
declined and the technology was marginalized to smaller domestic uses (e.g., pumping water). The
advent of the electric motor and smaller internal combustion engines further reduced the Stirling
Engine's market share, and by 1940, the technology was primarily limited to obscure applications.
The Philips Company was integral in carrying Stirling Engine technology forward on

The First True Gasoline Automobile Powered By An Internal...
As time slowly passes us by human beings continue to find more and more innovative ways to make
their lives, and those of people around them, more efficient and enjoyable. People will always strive
to make daily activities less costly, dangerous, and stressful by adapting new revolutionary
technologies as they readily become available to them. Ever since the invention of the first true
gasoline automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885/1886 ("Who Invented the
Automobile?", par. 2), the automobile industry has been at the forefront of human ingenuity and
inventiveness. There was a time in recent history where self–driving cars seemed like a far–fetched
dream out of a science fiction film or an episode of a The Jetsons ... Show more content on
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1). With Deutsche Reich Patent number 37435 granted to him by the German government on
January 29, 1886, his three–wheeled car set the spark for years of innovation. Later on that year
Benz began to carefully market and sell his automobile to the general population (par. 3). His
invention immediately shocked and quickly instigated curiosity of all those who saw his now
archaic vehicle, much like Google 's 21st century self–driving vehicle is successfully doing today in
the United States of America and around the civilized world. Sebastian Thrun, a programmer and
computer scientist from Solingen, Germany, is an expert in the fields of driverless cars, Artificial
Intelligence, and robotics. The founder of the semi–secret facility Google X (informally written as
Google[x]), run by the American multinational corporation Google, has been making vast
technological advancements in the autonomous car environment. Thrun has received international
recognition from numerous universities for his lead in the Google Self–Driving Car project and
many other endeavours (such as Google Street View). Along with his team at Stanford University in
California, Thrun created the robotic vehicle named Stanley in which ended up winning the grand
prize of two million dollars from the in the 2005 Defense Advanced Research Projects

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Leaded Additives
additives have replaced the lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic
hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol (usually ethanol or methanol). For technical reasons the use of
leaded additives is still allowed to use widely in world for the formulation of some grades of
aviation gasoline such as 100LL (one hundred low lead), because the required octane rating would
be technically infeasible to reach without the use of leaded additives.
1.2.2 Naphtha
Naphtha is obtained in petroleum refineries as one of the intermediate products from the distillation
of crude oil. It is a liquid intermediate between the light gases in the crude oil and the heavier liquid
kerosene. Naphtha is volatile, flammable and have a specific gravity of about ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is converted nearly all carbon fuels ( 99.5 percent ) in the liquefied petroleum gas to CO2 during
the combustion process . This conversion is relatively independent of the composition of all.
Although the formation of carbon dioxide and is working to reduce CO2 emissions , and the carbon
dioxide emitted and trivial amount compared to the amount of CO2 produced. It does not convert
the vast majority of the 0.5 percent of the carbon and CO2 for fuel because of incomplete
combustion in the fuel stream . The formation of N2O is subject during the combustion process
through a complex series of interactions and formation depends on many factors . It is minimized
when the formation of N2O are kept high combustion temperatures ( above 1475οF, 802οC) and
excess air is kept to a minimum (less than 1 percent ) . Methane emissions higher during periods of
low combustion temperature or incomplete combustion . Normally, the conditions that are in favor
of N2O are also in favor of CH4 emissions , [ 4, 5 ]

The Internal Combustion Engine
1 Introduction
Since the advent of the internal combustion engine nearly two centuries ago, humans have become
increasingly reliant on fuel to power these engines. Our only method, historically, for obtaining this
fuel is to probe the earth and oceans until crude oil is struck. Crude oil is termed a fossil fuel as it
takes hundreds of millions of years to form. Crude oil is extracted from a geological reservoir and
subsequently refined into the various fuels which we use at ever increasing rates (petroleum, diesel,
aviation fuel etc). Unfortunately we are not finding new oil deposits at anything like the rates we are
consuming, so logically we will eventually run out. Many of the alternate energy sources currently
available (electric engines, fuel cells and ethanol) have low energy density and do not scale well to
larger vehicles like aeroplanes and trucks. Therefore finding new renewable sources of energy to
power our current and future devices is paramount to our continuation as a successful species.
This project focuses on the prokaryotic enzyme, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 DGAT1 (not to be
confused with eukaryotic DGA1P a protein which provides the same function but is very different in
sequence and structure). This enzyme is encoded by the atf1 gene in Rhodococcus opacus PD630.
DGAT is important because it catalyses the final, rate limiting step, in the Kennedy pathway. This
step is the transfer of an acyl group from acyl–CoA to diacylglycerol, creating

How Gasoline Is Used For Power The Average Automobile...
Introduction
I will describe in my own terms how gasoline is used to power the average automobile within an
internal combustion engine. I will describe this process from the perspective of thermodynamics.
The reason I feel this an interesting topic is the automobile has become such a steady presence in the
daily life of society over the past century that we often take for granted the amount of science and
engineering that go into them. The thermodynamics involved are a direct daily application of the
topics we covered in this course, it also applies concepts we learn in other courses. It's also an
important discussion, because what makes gasoline the most common fuel, how do the alternatives
stack up? Or should we look at engines that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the piston reaches the low point in this stroke the valves are closed. This is the end of the Intake
stroke
Compression
Next is the compression stage, the crankshaft and connector rod following a circular motion causes
the piston to move upward within the cylinder, the valves are closed and the volume begins to
decrease which compresses the fuel air mixture. Increasing both pressure and temperature of the
mixture within the cylinder.
Combustion (Power) As the piston reaches the top of its cycle and the mixture is properly
compressed the spark plug is fired. This ignites the highly pressured fuel air mixture, this ignition of
the fuel source is a chemical reaction. Simply put it's a contained explosion that even further
increases the pressure within the cylinder, the gas wants to expand with all this energy so it pushes
the piston downward in the cylinder, rotating the crankshaft by its attachment through a connector
rod. This is the stroke that does most of the work which is why it's often referred to as the power
stroke
Exhaust
The piston is now at the bottom of the cylinder, which is filled with exhaust gases left over from the
chemical reaction in the combustion cycle, the rotating crankshaft now pushes upward on the piston,
as the piston moves upwards exhaust valves open, allowing the pistons movement to push the gas
out of the cylinder so that the engine can start the 4 stroke cycle

Internal Combustion Engine Impact On Society
When the technology developing, lots of inventions appear in human society and lots of old stuff
vanished in people's version. The Internal combustion engine is one of them, but not the last one. As
a representative invention, Internal combustion engine promoted human society. However, it was
out of date and throw away. The Internal combustion engine in the graph is broken. The iron tube
was deformed, parts of the components got rusty, anyway, it makes people feel antiqued. In addition,
some letters were labeled with the parts of this engine. The tank is opened, and the gasoline leak out.
The whole diagram was under the background full of gray color, which is depressing. The letters
labeled on the components may represent the capital letter

Early Automobiles . Vehicles Have Changed Over Time Like
Early Automobiles Vehicles have changed over time like many other things, but the engine that
powers these vehicles has gone through the most changes. The internal combustion engine has
become a huge part in everyday life. These engines have allowed people to travel across the country,
generate electricity, and fly around the world. This engine has been a perpetual source of exploration
ever since Henry Ford mass produced the first Model–T. Automobiles have evolved over time along
with many other things; there are many fundamentals to learn about how the engine works, different
types of engines, and the history of the gas engine. The first thing to learn is how the basic engine
works. According to Nancy Hall, writing for the National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
7). The combustion increases the temperature of the exhaust gases, any residual air in the
combustion chamber, and the combustion chamber itself. From the ideal gas law, the increased
temperature of the gases also produces an increased pressure in the combustion chamber; the high
pressure of the gases acting on the face of the piston cause the piston to move to which initiates the
power stroke (para. 8). Unlike the compression stroke, the hot gas does work on the piston during
the power stroke. The force on the piston is transmitted by the piston rod to the crankshaft, where
the linear motion of the piston is converted to angular motion of the crankshaft. Hall's article for
NASA states that the work done on the piston is then used to turn the shaft (para. 8). Having
produced the igniting spark, the electrical contact remains opened. During the power stroke, the
volume occupied by the gases is increased because of the piston motion and no heat is transferred to
the fuel/air mixture (para. 9). As the volume is increased because of the piston 's motion, the
pressure and temperature of the gas are decreased. Heat that is left over from the power stroke is
now transferred to the water in the water jacket until the pressure approaches atmospheric pressure;
the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of An Engine
INTRODUCTION:
The internаl combustion engine is аn engine in which the combustion of а fuel (normаlly а fossil
fuel) occurs with аn oxidizer (usuаlly аir) in а combustion chаmber. In аn internаl combustion
engine the expаnsion of the high–temperаture аnd –pressure gаses produced by combustion аpplies
direct force to some component of the engine, such аs pistons, turbine blаdes, or а nozzle. This force
moves the component over а distаnce, generаting useful mechаnicаl energy
The term internаl combustion engine usuаlly refers to аn engine in which combustion is intermittent,
such аs the more fаmiliаr four–stroke аnd two–stroke piston engines, аlong with vаriаnts, such аs
the rotаry engine. А second clаss of internаl combustion engines use continuous ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cooling systems
Combustion generаtes а greаt deаl of heаt, аnd some of this trаnsfers to the wаlls of the engine.
Fаilure will occur if the body of the engine is аllowed to reаch too high а temperаture; either the
engine will physicаlly fаil, or аny lubricаnts used will degrаde to the point thаt they no longer
protect the engine. The lubricаnts must be cleаn аs dirty lubricаnts mаy leаd to over formаtion of
sludge in the engines.
Cooling systems usuаlly employ аir (аir–cooled) or liquid (usuаlly wаter) cooling, while some very
hot engines using rаdiаtive cooling (especiаlly some rocket engines). Some high–аltitude rocket
engines use аblаtive cooling, where the wаlls grаduаlly erode in а controlled fаshion. Rockets in
pаrticulаr cаn use regenerаtive cooling, which uses the fuel to cool the solid pаrts of the engine.
Piston
А piston is а component of reciprocаting engines. It is locаted in а cylinder аnd is mаde gаs–tight by
piston rings. Its purpose is to trаnsfer force from expаnding gаs in the cylinder to the crаnkshаft viа
а piston rod аnd/or connecting rod. In two–stroke engines the piston аlso

Internal Combustion Engines
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned ( that is, united with oxygen )
within the confining space of the engine itself.
This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformed into work through the
mechanism of the engine. This type of engine different from the steam engine, which process with
an external combustion engine that fuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal
combustion engine are : reciprocating engine such as Otto–engine, and Diesel engines ; and rotary
engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas–turbine engine. In general, the internal combustion
engine has become the means of propulsion in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ignition
In all engines some means of igniting the fuel in the cylinder must be provided. For example, the
ignition system of Otto–cycle engines , the mixture of air and gasoline vapor delivered to the
cylinder from the carburetor and next operation is that of igniting the charge by causing a spark to
jump the gap between the electrodes of a spark plug, which projects through the walls of the
cylinder. One electrode is insulated by porcelain or mica; the other is grounded through the metal of
the plug, and both form the part of the secondary circuit of an induction system. The principal type
of high–tension ignition now commonly used is the battery–and–coil system. The current from the
battery flows through the low– tension coil and magnetizes the iron core. When this circuit is
opened at the distributor points by the interrupter cam, a transient high–frequency current is
produced in the primary coil with the assistance of the condenser. This induces a transient, high–
frequency, high–voltage current in the secondary winding. This secondary high voltage is needed to
cause the spark to jump the gap in the spark plug. The spark is directed to the proper cylinder to be
fired by the distributor, which connects the secondary coil to the spark plugs in the several cylinders
in their proper firing sequence. The interrupter cam and distributor are driven from the same

Theory And Developments Of The Direct Injection,...
Abstract This paper reviews the concepts and developments of the direct injection, stratified charge
combustion engine; focusing on 4–stroke petrol commercial automotive applications. Introduction
The main objective of the direct injection (DI) stratified charge engine is to combine the benefits of
the petrol spark ignition (SI) engine, controlled and complete combustion of charge at full load; and
diesel compression ignition (CI) engines, lean burning and higher compression ratios and
efficiencies[1]. Direct injection Spark Ignition (Petrol Engine) Direct injection spark ignition (DISI)
engines are relatively new to the large scale commercial market, and are slowly becoming more
widespread. The demands for higher performance whilst realizing lower fuel consumption and
maintaining cleaner emissions, have the potential to be met by the direct injection spark ignition
engine[2]. The thermodynamic potential of DISI engines DISI engines have the potential to have
greater fuel economy that diesel engines at partial loadings though use of stratified charge and late
fuel injection; and have better performance than the naturally aspirated spark ignition engines at
high loads by operating under stoichiometric or slightly rich conditions utilizing early fuel injection
[3]. There are two basic strategies for preparing the air–fuel mixture used in direct injection
technology. Figure 1 illustrates the preparation of air fuel mixtures used to optimize both partial and
higher loads. At

The Effect Of Hho On An Internal Combustion Engine
What is the effect of HHO on an internal combustion engine
Introduction [200 words]
What is an internal combustion engine
Combustion, also known as rapid burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from
any fuel and air mixture. In an internal combustion engine, the ignition and combustion of the fuel
occurs within each cylinder of the engine block. The engine then partially converts the energy from
the combustion to push the piston down. The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston
(Springfield.mntm.org, 2017). The expanding combustion gases push the piston, which in turn
rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears in the powertrain, this motion drives the
vehicle's wheels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These benefits include; environmental, money saving, longer lasting engines etc. HHO eliminates
harmful exhaust emissions that pollute the environment, meanwhile not contributing to global
warming (Drive60mpg.com, 2017). Within the experiments that I conducted, I discovered that
supplying HHO to an engine had created many new and different advantages, which provide better
outcomes.
How does it work? (the theory) [250 words]
How do the chemicals react?
When the HHO is fed into the air intake, then into a cylinder, the hydrogen explosion is so rapid,
that it achieves total combustion upwards of three times faster than a gasoline based explosion
(Saisantosh et al., 2017). This subsequently ignites the gasoline from all directions (For example,
putting fuel on a fire), instead of just a spark in one end of the combustion cylinder. Hydrogen
behaves like this because it has a very wide flammability range–from 4% to 75% in air (Duncan,
2017) . Due to this there is a release of energy in a short period of time, causing the mixture to get
hot and greatly expand in volume (Saisantosh et al., 2017). If the fuel is not fully burnt in that short
amount of time then it just goes out the exhaust and is lost. It is also best to ignite all of the gasoline
when it is under maximum compression in a combustion cylinder to get the maximum amount of
energy out of it (this is a small time window). Once the piston starts going down, the energy transfer
from the explosion to the

Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine
Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine . i Willard W. Pulkrabek University
of Wisconsin–· .. Platteville vi Contents 2–3 2–4 2–5 2–6 2–7 2–8 2–9 2–10 2–11 2–12 Mean
Effective Pressure, 49 Torque and Power, 50 Dynamometers, 53 Air–Fuel Ratio and Fuel–Air Ratio,
55 Specific Fuel Consumption, 56 Engine Efficiencies, 59 Volumetric Efficiency, 60 Emissions, 62
Noise Abatement, 62 Conclusions–Working Equations, 63 Problems, 65 Design Problems, 67 , 3
ENGINE CYCLES 68 3–1 3–2 3–3 3–4 3–5 3–6 3–7 3–8 3–9 3–10 3–11 3–12 3–13 3–14 Air–
Standard Cycles, 68 Otto Cycle, 72 Real Air–Fuel Engine Cycles, 81 SI Engine Cycle at Part
Throttle, 83 Exhaust Process, 86 Diesel Cycle, 91 Dual Cycle, 94 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It provides the material needed for a basic understanding of the operation of internal combustion
engines. Students are assumed to have knowledge of fundamental thermodynamics, heat transfer,
and fluid mechanics as a prerequisite to get maximum benefit from the text. This book can also be
used for self–study and/or as a reference book in the field of engines. Contents include the
fundamentals of most types of internal combustion engines, with a major emphasis on reciprocating
engines. Both spark ignition and compression ignition engines are covered, as are those operating on
four–stroke and two–stroke cycles, and ranging in size from small model airplane engines to the
largest stationary engines. Rocket engines and jet engines are not included. Because of the large
number of engines that are used in automobiles and other vehicles, a major emphasis is placed on
these. The book is divided into eleven chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 give an introduction, terminology,
definitions, and basic operating characteristics. This is followed in Chapter 3 with a detailed analysis
of basic engine cycles. Chapter 4 reviews fundamental thermochemistry

Designing A New Type Of Internal Combustion Engine
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The intention of Rudolf Diesel to provide a new type of internal combustion engine operating with
higher efficiency than conventional steam and Otto cycle engines, and that could be operated on
many types of fuels. The engine cycle developed by diesel involves injection of fuel into a volume
of air heated by compression. Over the course of history, the durable and efficient diesel engine has
replaced other less efficient modes of power production, including steam engines in the railroad
industry. A diesel engine or compression–ignition (C.I.) engine is an internal combustion engine that
uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the
combustion chamber.
The global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With any probable petrol crisis, for all the sectors the alternative fuel is vital to be developed. In
addition, pollutants have formed because of combustion of petroleum based fuels in diesel engines.
Pollutants from diesel engines include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur
dioxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). NOx and PM are the two
primary pollutants of diesel engines. It was stated by Lloyd and Cackete, that Diesel emissions
contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of
air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Research on reducing
emissions resulted from diesel engines and studies on decreased fuel consumption are being founded
worldwide, especially in EU countries. There are many works on reliable researching and
implementations and useful results came to exist. Research and developing alter–native diesel
engine fuel is one of the aspects of these studies.
An alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines is considered as a viable option because of
the pollution effect & amount of petroleum products available. As an alternative fuel is
biodegradable and renewable fuel, biofuel is the most suited substitute for biodiesel. In developing
countries the demand for

How Internal Combustion Engines ( Ic ) Work
1. Introduction This report has been written to demonstrate a good understanding of how internal
combustion engines (IC) work, and how to correctly recognise malfunctioning components.
Including how to replace faulty components and what to identify to deem it as faulty. Other aspects
of an IC engine that will be covered are air/fuel ratios, the importance of threaded fasteners and
ignition timing; all with an explanation of what could happen if correct procedure is not followed.
The work carried out involves the use of varying types of tools and precision equipment which are
necessary to complete the task; this report explains the different types and their respective key uses.
2. Main Body 2.1 Types of Precision Equipment Three main precision tools that are commonly
found and used in an auto engineer's workshop are Micrometers, Bore Gauges and Vernier Callipers
(pictures found in Appendix A). They are a useful tool because they can give very accurate
measurements for specific components and parts; as these will measure very small distances. Which
could be the difference between a very smooth and effective engine opposed to a rough and
uneconomical one. There are three main basic types of micrometer: inside, outside and depth (see
Appendix A). An outside micrometer is used for measuring wires, shafts and blocks. Where an
inside micrometer can measure hole diameter and a depth micrometer measures depths of slots.
Vernier, dial, and

Invention of the Combustion Engine
After many years of trial and error, a combination of inventors and engineers developed a practical,
effective internal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing
views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The
invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and
inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859, Jean–Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the
first practical internal combustion engine which after many modifications and changes, led to the
modern engine that plays a crucial role in today's society. Prior to Lenoir, external combustion
engines such as the steam engine and early hydrogen engine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The automobile became a link to individual freedom and mobility. With the automobile, came one
of the most widely used technologies in the world, the invention of the internal combustion engine
which has left a noticeable impact on many parts of today's world. One of the most widely debated
and controversial topics having to do with the automobile is its effect on the environment. Al Gore,
former United States Vice President and Nobel Peace Prize award winner, has spent many years
trying to argue the negative effects that the internal combustion engine leaves on our planet. In his
presidential campaign in 2000, he preached the ideas of a cleaner environment and better ways of
living. He said, "When we seek to artificially enhance our capacity to acquire what we need from
the earth, we do so at the direct expense of the earth's ability to provide naturally what we are
seeking. We frequently ignore the impact of our technological alchemy on natural processes. When
we manufacture millions of internal combustion engines and automate the conversion of oxygen to
CO2, we interfere with the earth's ability to cleanse itself of the impurities that are normally
removed from the atmosphere." He has led many people to believe that the automobile of today is
leaving a terrible and lasting effect on the earth's atmosphere, and that it is one of the primary causes
of the term "Global Warming." Although Gore has had a giant following and

Combustion Engines: A Case Study
The traditional internal combustion engine has been the mainstream automobile power source and
even after the next generation vehicle engines made an appearance. The new generation engines still
have not entirely taken over its position as of yet. "One hundred years later, oil now accounts for
about 95 percent of the global transportation sector fuel and 13 percent of global greenhouse gas
emission. (Clements 2014)" The environmental damage from the internal combustion engine is still
a major problem. "Cars produce dangerous chemicals such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxide
(SOx) and carbon monoxide emissions. (Clements
2014)". Another issue of the internal combustion engine is still low energy conversion efficiency
even today. Only about 14 to 30 percent of the energy from the fuel in your car is converted to
moving the car (Clements 2014)". The auto company technologies and innovations indeed have
been improving tremendously to contribute to reducing carbon emissions, dangerous pollutants, and
to loss of energy in the last 20 years, however, the question is whether the industry still is able to
provide better solutions or not.
Big Three car manufacturers have been facing challenges in the market. "The total market share of
General Motors fell from 28.2% in 2000 to 17.6% by 2014. During this same period, Ford fell from
24.1% to 14.7%. Fiat–owned Chrysler now holds only 12.7% after having
15.7% of the market in 2000. (Investopedia 2015) "

Combustion Engine Vs Tv Research Paper
From ancient tools to the latest technological advances, human inventions have shaped history and
transformed the world. As society grows and demands new technology, new generations of
innovators take on the task of inventing. Ever since the creation of the wheel, many revolutionary
inventions have been created throughout history. However, two inventions have been most
influential to the world. The internal combustion engine and the television have influenced the
modern world most significantly. The combustion engine revolutionized transportation and industry.
The television led to cultural influence and greater media exposure to the world. The internal
combustion engine and the television are the two greatest technological advances of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The creation of television was a new form of education and entertainment. Television also became a
major source of news and information. Every major world event since the 1950's has been aired on
television. One of the largest influences television created was mass media. Before TV, few forms of
media existed, mainly radio and newsprint. Television was the first major form of visual media that
was brought directly into people's homes. TV also had a major influence on politics, mainly during
the 1960's when television had become an everyday commodity. The first presidential debate aired
on television was between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy in 1960. Though Nixon had much
stronger arguments and ideas than his opponent, Kennedy won the debate. On television, Nixon was
sweating profusely and appeared nervous. On the other hand, Kennedy's good looks and calm
appearance allowed him to win the debate and later win the Presidential Election. This was the
creation of the cult of personality brought on by TV. Politicians and world leaders such as John F.
Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev, Che Guevara, and Fidel Castro all had their political influence cast
through

Contributions Of Greenhouse Gas Consumption And Internal...
Transportation sector contributes to a considerable share of energy consumption and Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. In 2015, 50% of world oil consumption was consumed for road
transportation [1]. In 2014, 35% of energy was used in the transportation sector (21% of world
energy consumption was used in passenger cars) [1]. In 2010, about 14% of worldwide GHG
emissions was from the transportation sector [2]. The share of the transportation sector in a country's
GHG emissions varies among the countries all over the world. For instance, in the US, the
transportation sector is a major contributor to GHG emissions and accounted for 27% of GHG
emission in 2015 [3]. Out of that 27%, 60% of emission is from light–duty vehicles and 23% from
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a notable point especially for countries that have a high percent of emission–free electricity
generation capacity and can use that emission–free electricity to provide the energy needed in the
transportation sector. To cut CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 (as decided by G8 leaders and the
European Union in 2009), a 95% carbon emission reduction should happen in transport sector [6].
However, based on the expected number of passenger cars by 2050 and knowing the emissions and
efficiency of ICEVs, the reduction target for transportation sector cannot be achieved through an
increase in efficiency of ICEVs alone [6]. Knowing this limit, different countries/jurisdictions all
over the world have invested in alternative fuel vehicles. As defined by the US Department of
Energy, an alternative fuel vehicle is "a dedicated, flexible fuel, or dual–fuel vehicle designed to
operate on at least one alternative fuel" [8]. Biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, or
propane are considered as alternative fuels in this definition [8]. In this work, we are focusing on
reviewing the incentives for vehicles that operate on hydrogen and electricity as an alternative fuel.
We are not considering biodiesel and ethanol as there is uncertainty about the capability of biofuels
to fuel the transportation sector at large scale [6]. We

Internal Combustion Engines An internal–combustion engine is a heat engine that burns fuel and air
inside a combustion chamber located within the engine proper. Simply stated, a heat engine is an
engine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. The internal– combustion engine should be
distinguished from the external– combustion engine, for example, the steam engine and the Stirling
engine, which burns fuel outside the prime mover, that is, the device that actually produces
mechanical motion. Both basic types produce hot, expanding gases, which may then be employed to
move pistons, turn turbine rotors, or cause locomotion through the reaction principle as they escape
through the nozzle. Most people are familiar with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most ignition systems require an external electrical energy source in the form of a battery or a
magneto. Spark–ignition engines require a means for mixing fuel and air. This may be either a
carburetor or fuel injection. A carburetor atomizes the fuel into the engine's incoming air supply. The
mixture is then vaporized in the intake manifold on its way to the combustion chamber. fuel
injection sprays a controlled mist of fuel into the airstream, either in the intake manifold or just
before the intake valve or valves of each cylinder. Both carburetors and fuel injectors maintain the
correct fuel– to–air ratio, about one part fuel to fifteen parts air, over a wide range of air
temperatures, engine speeds, and loads. Fuel injection can compensate for changes in altitude as
well. Internal–combustion engines require some type of starting system. Small engines are generally
started by pulling a starting rope or kicking a lever. Larger engines may use compressed air or an
electric starting system. The latter includes a starter––a high–torque electric motor––to turn the
crankshaft until the engine starts. Starting motors are extremely powerful for their size and are
designed to utilize high currents (200 to 300 amperes). The large starting currents can cause a
battery to drain rapidly; for this reason a heavy– duty battery is usually used. Interrupting this
connection is an electrical switch called a solenoid, which

The Process of an Internal Combustion Engine
Matt Bagley
English 110
Process Essay
Process of a 4–stroke Internal Combustion Engine
A common phrase that is heard whilst growing up is "curiosity killed the cat". This phrase might be
true but; "ingenuity brought the cat back". Having a mindset in which giving up is never an option
has plagued most inventors of the modern day, especially a high school drop out named Nikolaus
August Otto, born in 1832. Otto was responsible for the development and improvement of the 4–
stroke motor that is used today in just about every automobile on the road. Many people drive cars
but fail to realize how they work, and don 't try to learn about engines because they think it is
complex, and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All of this pressure against the piston forces it down in the cylinder. The power impulse is
transmitted down through the piston, through the piston rod (connecting rod), and to the crankshaft.
The crankshaft is rotated due to the force.
• As the piston reaches the bottom of its travel, the exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves
up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust port.
When the piston reaches the top of its travel, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve opens.
The cycle repeats again with the intake stroke. The four strokes are continuously repeated during the
operation of the engine
This total process takes less than half a second to complete, and enables vehicles to get to their
destination. Reading this paper does not qualify the reader as a mechanic, but should give the person
reading a better appreciation for the vehicle. It is always good to know the basics of a car so if the
car ends up in need of repair, the owner can have some information and basic diagnosis. With the
knowledge gained from this paper, a basic understanding should be gained on the process of an
Internal Combustion

The Physics Of Combustion Engines
Throughout the life of combustion engines the goal has been to make them more efficient. Higher
efficiency lead to increased engine performance and power output, and a reduction in fuel
consumption. The Weber (We) number, shown in Equation (1), relates a fluid's inertial forces to its
surface tension forces making it useful in analyzing the atomization of fuel in a combustion engine.
We=Dynamic PressureSurface Tension Pressure=⍴U2(/D) (1)
The three main things that are required for combustion are; fuel, oxygen and ignition. For an engine
to achieve higher performance and run more efficiently, it is best to have a fully vaporized fuel. This
leads to a more complete combustion and less waste. For best results the fuel droplets should be
small, this will help them vaporize uniformly. When injecting fuel into combustion engines, a higher
Weber number is desirable and will help produce a clean burning and efficient combustion cycle. By
examining the Weber number more in depth, it is apparent that optimizing the parameters of
Equation (1) will help raise the Weber number significantly and increase the performance of internal
combustion engines.
It is well known that a higher Weber number is better for good atomization of fuel in an internal
combustion engine. The U shown in the Equation (1) is the velocity of the fuel relative to the
surrounding air. A common atomization method for gasoline engines is to spray fuel at high
velocities into the combustion

Use Of Propulsion And The Basic Principle And Theory Of...
Air Breathing Engines Author: Mohsin Rehman Abstract: This paper mentions the history and early
attempts at propulsion and the basic principle and theory of propulsion. Different types of air
breathing engines like turbojet turbofan ramjet scramjet etc. their basic working principle along with
their different working parts and the air planes on which these engines successfully worked are
discussed down the path. Progresses made on historical basis, future planning for the betterment of
aircraft propulsion industries and their major priorities are the highlighted areas of this research
paper. Index terms: horse power, Mach no, oxidizer, stealth technology, thermodynamics. I.
Introduction: In aircraft designing, propulsion system is the basic structure. For an aircraft to leave
the ground and be in air we want a system which can speedily thrust it into air. Before going after
history and detail we have to learn what propulsion basically is. The word is derived from two Latin
words: pro means before or forwards and pellere meaning to drive. Propulsion means to push
forward or drive an object forward [1]. A propulsion system is a machine that generates thrust in
order to push an object forward. Propulsion systems work on newton's third law of action and
reaction. Action is that working fluid is accelerated by the engine and the reaction to this
acceleration produces a force on the engine [1]. The first successful free flights by a man–made

Essay on The Process Of An Internal Combustion Engine
Process Essay
Process of a 4–stroke Internal Combustion Engine
A common phrase that is heard whilst growing up is "curiosity killed the cat". This phrase might be
true but; "ingenuity brought the cat back". Having a mindset in which giving up is never an option
has plagued most inventors of the modern day, especially a high school drop out named Nikolaus
August Otto, born in 1832. Otto was responsible for the development and improvement of the 4–
stroke motor that is used today in just about every automobile on the road. Many people drive cars
but fail to realize how they work, and don't try to learn about engines because they think it is
complex, and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and combustion are the premise ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the next step the air travels into the combustion chamber (cylinder), where it is mixed with the
other components of combustion.
Equally important as the air, is the fuel going into the cylinder. Fuel starts off in the gas tank of the
car and then gets pumped into the fuel lines by the fuel pump. The fuel goes through the fuel lines
and into the fuel rail. Attached to the fuel rail are electronically controlled injectors (one per
cylinder), which are controlled by the mass air sensor. The mass air senor regulates how much fuel
is necessary to mix with the air to achieve the ideal air to fuel ratio. The injectors "spray" into the
cylinder at synchronized times mixing with air and eventually resulting in combustion.
The final and most important steps of the Internal Combustion Engine are the movements of the
pistons. At this point in the process fuel, and air are both present inside the chamber and are
combined into a ratio, this is called the air fuel ratio, short AFR. There are four motions of each
piston; they are in perfect balance and harmony, much like watching an orchestra perform. These
motions (strokes) are detailed as follows:
• On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened. (The intake valve is the opening that the air and
fuel are released into the cylinder) The piston is moving down, and a mixture of air and vaporized
fuel is being

How Do Combustion Engines Work?
RESEARCH OUTCOME: HOW DO COMBUSTION ENGINES WORK? Introduction: The topic
chosen for research project was "How do combustion engines work?" and the reason for the choice
was because of the interest in that region of engineering. This document states the key findings and
results gathered from the research in the earlier ten weeks. The methods involved in researching
were done by utilizing internet articles, books and interviews. The research conducted in past 10
weeks will be discussed and analysed in this document. Key Findings: Combustion engines are a
fuel burning motor. The engine extracts fuel and combustion happens and converts it into
mechanical energy producing force to move the car. It converts energy into motion and it also uses
hydrocarbon fuel to burn it through energy. It changes the reciprocating motion into rotary motion.
This means that the information found was really useful and reliable as this section came from the
interviewee whose profession is a mechanical engineering. During research, some interesting
information was found such as many types of internal combustion engines were created before the
nineteenth century, their utilization was averted until the commercial drilling and creation of
petroleum began in the mid–1850s. By the late nineteenth century, engineering advances prompted
their widespread selection in a variety of applications. This highlights that learning was done and
some focus was also on the

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