Spider Research Paper

Spider Research Paper
Spiders By:Jevan What will most grown men scream at the mere sighting of? A spider! Did you know that
spiders have been on planet earth for at least 380million years! They found a spider trapped in amber over 200
million years.Humans have only been around for 200,000 years, a lot less than spiders. Spiders have been
around with dinosaurs. In the next paragraph you will learn what a spider is and some interesting facts. Did you
know that spiders can't get stuck to their web´s? They have oily legs, and a tiny hairs called setae so when they
walk on the web only the oily hairs touch the web. They made the discovery in 2012 in Bern Switzerland at the
history museum. Spiders work together to make community webs to catch more prey with a better ... Show
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The word spider comes from an old english verb which means to spin. Spiders silk when inside the spider is a
liquid but when it leaves it turns into a solid. Spiders silk is as strong as steel but more flexible. Spiders are
good for the environment because they eat pesky insects such as mosquitoes and other harmful insects. Well
that sums up my essay, I hope it was a fun
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The Development Of Super Soldiers
Abstract: This paper will analyze the possibility of the development of super soldiers. This will be done through
breaking down the different developments in the fields of gene engineering and exoskeleton suits. It also will
dive into the ethics involved that could inhibit the development of these super soldiers. "You are deluded,
Captain. You pretend to be a simple soldier, but in reality you are just afraid to admit that we have left humanity
behind" (Captain America). In our current year, the super human capabilities presented in science fiction
movies seem like they are categorized correctly. As fiction that is. Complex ideas such as the iron man suit and
the serum that turned Steve Rogers into the American hero, Captain America, appear as they would forever
remain as a dream for most. Is that really true though? Will the human race ever fully develop either the genetic
engineering to produce a Captain America or the exoskeleton that enhances human abilities from Iron Man?
Scientific development alone won't determine human's abilities to produce super humans, but the ethical
threshold held that humans hold will also play a huge role in determining how far the development of super
soldiers will proceed. Envision a world in the future. A world where soldiers have the ability to run faster and
longer, carry heavy loads, and have an increased ability to regenerate energy over a shorter period of time. This
type of super soldier may or may not develop. The real

Analysis: A Deeper Look Into The Fascinating World
A Deeper Look into the Fascinating World of the Cricket
1.What does it eat?
Crickets eat pretty much everything. They are omnivores and their diet depends on what is in their vicinity.
Crickets eat rotting plant material, leaves, fungi, fruit, insects –– sometimes even walls and clothing. As a last
resort, crickets can turn to cannibalism in order to survive due to the lack of food.
2.How does it eat?
The mouth of the cricket is made up of four different parts; labrum, labium, maxillae, and mandibles. Each part
aids in chewing food for consumption. The labrum protects the mouth, and the rest supports the mandibles in
chewing.
3.What eats it?
Frogs, lizards, salamanders, spiders, birds, other reptiles and mammals all eat the cricket. ... Show more content
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Crickets can serve as predators to other bugs and consumers of plants too! This is all due to crickets being
omnivores. Sometimes, they are seen as agricultural pests.
16.What feeding relationships are they are part of?
Crickets are consumers that munch on plants and insects which leads to the plants and insects being reduced to
numbers – keeping their population in check. Crickets are also food for bigger predators like reptiles and etc.
17.What trophic levels are they on?
Crickets are usually first order/primary consumers, but they can be secondary consumers.
18.What taxonomic groups do they belong?
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Arthropoda
Class = Insecta
Order = Orthoptera
Family = Gryllidae
19.What abiotic factors do they require?
Soil, water, oxygen, climate, sunlight, temperature, and etc.
20.What population density are they typically found in?
Crickets are usually in a large and very high population density.
21.What's unique about them?
People can eat crickets for their taste and nutrients. Also, female crickets can carry multiple different males'
sperm in their body at the same time and then pick which sperm they want to fertilize their eggs

Arthropods Research Paper
There are many vertebrates such as arthropods, mollusks and sponges, which all have a hard–outer shell to
protect their soft bodies. For the duration of their life, sponges inhabit only one location. Significantly, mollusks
have an organ to help them eat algae off of rocks. Protecting itself, arthropods have shells that shed when they
become too tight.
Arthropods are creepy crawling bugs which there are over a million–different species. Because of their vast
numbers, they are considered one of the most successful species. All arthropods have an exoskeleton made of
chitin containing hair which is used to feel. Also, the exoskeleton provides points of attachment for muscles.
Trying to protect the brain, it is the most guarded part of the animal.

Technical And Professional Communication : The Gap Between...
Mame Oulimata Mbaye
Professor Wade Crower
Technical and Professional Communication
16 November 2016 Exoskeleton
Introduction
Nowadays, people cannot see themselves without technology. Over the past few decades, there has been an
enormous advancement in technologies related to science. Because of it, people has been benefiting from the
good outcomes it resulted from. Many studies have been made on how to evolve and enable the bounds that
would help everybody. The next step in human evolution may not be biological but technological; by merging
ourselves with machines that augment and enhance our physical and perceived reality. But this is no small feet
because the human form is the product of billions of years of natural selection. That is why innovators are
looking to nature for inspiration to bridge the gap between men and machine.
Technology has the power to heal, to rehabilitate and to even extend human experiences and capabilities. After
so many studies, powered exoskeleton has been finally highlighted in order to contribute to the development of
the society. It is helpful for people that are disabled and for workers that lift heavy equipment in companies.
Also, it is known that exoskeleton has as purpose to increase the physical performance wearer. In contrary of
wheel chairs and hoist, exoskeleton is much more safe and secure. In this paper, the use of exoskeleton is
recommended as a feasible solution.
What is an exoskeleton? To define exoskeleton, we can

Lobster Life Cycle
To understand the life cycle of a lobster it is important to understand the first five to seven years of a lobster
because until this age lobsters are not at a large enough length to be taken ashore (NOAA, 2012). Little is
known about the exact timeline as to how long a female lobster holds and releases the eggs that she carries
(NOAA, 2012). Before the lobster egg appears on the tail of a lobster a range from nine months to slightly over
a year is the time span needed for eggs to develop inside the female lobster (NOAA, 2012). Nine to twelve
months later, eggs will slowly attach to the external swimmerets which are a part of the female lobster's tail
(NOAA, 2012). There is a huge timespan between having an egg and forming a baby lobster at ... Show more
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Lobsters are benthic organisms because they on the ocean bottom (Townsend, 2012). These animals are on the
bottom of the seabed and do not swim as much as organisms that never touch the seabed (Townsend, 2012). In
this case, epifaunal is a word to characterize that lobsters live on the seabed (Townsend, 2012). Lobsters do not
burry themselves into the seabed, but instead hind under rocks for protection from prey (Townsend, 2012). In
addition, the mobility of lobsters was designed to catch prey and the mobility of a lobster is used for a survival
technique that is heavily influenced based on feeding styles (Townsend, 2012). Furthermore, feeding styles
increase growth in a lobster therefore molting and temperature of ocean are also important to study (Townsend,
2012). Studies are trying to find correlations that climate change can be linked to molting patterns, or with more
carbon dioxide in the water lobsters carbon shells could be impacted (Townsend, 2012). Surprisingly, after over
twenty years of studying many lobsters researcher Dr. Jelle Atema has come up with a detailed explanation for
lobster mating behaviour where female lobster does not have a shell (University of Maine, 2016). On the other
hand, Dr. Robert Steneck debates technology is best used to understand the lifestyle of a lobster (Gulf of Maine
Research

Personal Statement Of Purpose For Mechanical Engineering
I always wanted to get into the greatest of all Sciences, i.e. engineering. The good thing about Mechanical
Engineering is that all my interests find application. Considered the most versatile field in engineering,
Mechanical Engineering covers range of subjects like design, software, production analysis, manufacturing to
name a few. This field demands high creativity, innovative thinking, very good hold on Math and most
important to think radically. This triggers the pulses and is the very reason for choosing this as my field of
study. My experiences as a student of .... the training, the projects, the tough targets etc. has brought me very
close to realities of life and made me realize that starting from simple household gadgets to complicated
medical equipment and supersonic jets to super–fast computers all are the gifts of Mechanical engineering and
technology and I am indeed one of the privileged few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A graduate degree provides me with this opportunity where I can continue to work in the dimension I want,
research fields that are close to my heart, fulfill my zest by spending long drawn hours doing what I'm certain I
will enjoy and look back with content at the (hopefully) substantial contribution I've made in the field of my
choice.
A graduate school will help me understand processes and industrial equipment better. It will provide me a wider
definition for the word engineering than what it is today. It will allow me to apply practically all the concepts
that I learn which will prepare me better for working in the industry or for research. I feel pursuing my Master's
at ............. will further enhance my abilities and hone my skills. A blend of academic inclination and a host of
values gained from my varied experiences will make my association with ...........a mutually beneficial

Pros And Cons Of Military Exoskeletons
The main con's of the exoskeleton bulkiness, effectiveness, and physical requirements. Military Exoskeletons
are a negative influence in warfare because it will decrease the effectiveness of allied forces, if broken it can
hurt someone physically, and it is currently a really bulky technology.
Bulkiness is one of the most lethal cons of the exoskeleton. For stealth is an important strategy in war. This
bulkiness would destroy this strategy of war and make us lose casualties in war. This also causes massive
amount of energy loss. Which means bigger battery packs, which makes it more bulky. Soldiers do not want to
be in the middle of battle and the exoskeleton dies on them. This would also causes them to lose the battle and
possibly the war. This could also cause money loss do to the power requirements which is lot's of energy
(Bender). On top of all of that there's a ton of certain physical requirements (Jermey). There is also much
effectiveness lost in the exoskeleton which could backfire in warfare. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The technology could very easily be disabled if the power source is visible. One threat to an exoskeleton would
be an EMP oriented weapon or device "(Greenemeier)". These devices have the capability to shut down
exoskeletons immediately and any other kind of electronics soldiers may be carrying. Another thing preventing
effectiveness is a stable power supply ; battery supplies for this technology can not last long and would not be
of any good use to an infantry soldier of any kind "(Ponsford)". The military exoskeleton technology is too
young to be any kind of effective; especially when it has the possibility to injure the

Essay On Robotics-Assisted Therapy
IntroductionRobotics–assisted therapy is the new advent for medical advancements, helping
patientsrehabilitate, recover, and have an overallbetter quality of life. Those who have suffered from astroke,
spinal cord injury, or neurological disorder are now able to benefit from thesetechnological advances in ways
no other physical modality can provide.Types of Robotic ProsthesesUpper ExtremityThe need for a specific
device is often based on the pathology involved. Since strokes arethe most common case among disease and
injuries for upper limb movement disorders, ourfindings will start there.Rehabilitation hospitals
likeBurkeMedical Research Institute (BMRI)are currently implementing robotic rehab in all of their physical
therapy programs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
invented a robotic arm exoskeletonwith an integrated springmechanism and an overhead sling suspension
system for fine motor skills. The device'sobjective was based on functional task orientation along with training
in a virtual environmentand therapeutic monitoring CITATION Lou13 l 1033 .Another rehab robot named
"Luna"works with electromyography (EMG) technology to diagnose the tonic state of muscles and thenerve
conductibility of cells around them. "(Luna's) versatile system's force sensors allow it todynamically change the
resistance during therapy sessions, offering patients a range ofpossibilities for isokinetic, isometric and isotonic
exercises, and uses automatic weightcompensation to detect as little as 0.2Nm" (Bortole, 2015).When motor
neuron cells sendelectrical signals to the muscles, the EMG electrodes detect them and determine the strength
andoverall health of the muscles. It can diagnose nerve or muscle malfunction and anycommunication problems
between nerves and musclesLower ExtremitySpeaking of innovation, another visionary (and double amputee)
is Hugh Herr, inventorand owner of BiOM,"the first lower–leg system to use robotics to replace muscle and
tendonfunction" (Shaer, 2014). Working with MITS media lab, he has developed his own system forthe ankles,
feet and knees. His vision was to improve the mobility and feel of the prosthetic leg
Speaking of innovation, another visionary (and double amputee) is Hugh Herr, inventorand owner of
BiOM,"the

Exoskeleton: WhatÂ´s An Arthropod?
Mentioned before is that they possess an exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is an amazing feature that gives shape
and support to the body, as well as provides protection from enemies and minimizes injuries. An exoskeleton
also decreases the loss of body fluids, and assures advantage to muscles for strength as well as agility in
movement. It is able to resist physical and chemical attack. The exoskeleton of an arthropod can either be as
flexible as rubber or as hard and rigid as some metals.
The second attribute that makes them so successful is that most arthropods have a small body size. Having a
small body size can be somewhat disadvantages since you have to worry about being stepped on constantly by
bigger organisms, but the pros outway the

Effects Of The Wright Brothers '
Exoskeletons: From Arachnid To Human Humans have always had the ability to observe the ways of the world
and then figure out how to improve our living with them. For example, Leonardo da Vinci, the Wright brothers
and others watched birds and their patterns until they figured out a way to make pieces and parts into a flying
machine. Their research has now become airplanes, and aircraft carriers. By simply seeing the world, they
figured out a way to better human transportation. Since the beginning of time, humans have been flawed.
Whether the flaws are internal like mental disabilities, or external like paraplegia, they have always existed.
Sometimes people are born with these disabilities, other times they develop. Either way, we, as humans have
one thing that we want to do: fix the problem at hand. The Wright brothers are a wonderful example of this.
They wanted to change the way humans traveled from place A to place B, thus they found a solution. Scientists
from all around the world have been working on how to make hemiplegia, paraplegia and quadriplegia
manageable. With this thought in mind, scientists looked to arachnids, lobsters, crabs, and other creatures with
exoskeletons. They marveled at the outer skeleton and wondered how they could use that idea to help the
disabled. Their idea was to have something support and control the movement outside the body instead of the
inside. If the body itself isn 't able to work properly, then why not make something that can

The Human Walking Gait Cycle
Exoskeletons and orthoses are defined as mechanical devices "worn" by an operator and fitted closely to the
body to work in concert with the operator's movements. The term "exoskeleton" is used to describe a device
that augments the wearers performance, while the term "orthosis" is used to describe a device used to assist a
person with limb pathology. Lower extremity exoskeletons seek to circumvent the limitations of autonomous
legged robots by adding a human operator to the system. The system is designed in parallel with human limbs
to augment human strength and endurance during locomotion. The basic system design consists of two powered
anthropomorphic legs, a power unit, associated actuators, sensors, and a control unit.
When designing exoskeletons it is necessary to understand the biomechanics of human walking. The human
walking gait cycle is represented on a scale of 0% to 100% and includes several notable phases shown in Figure
1. The structure of a human leg contains total of 7 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) with three rotational DOFs
located at the hip, one at the knee and three at the ankle. Degrees of Freedom are directional factors that affect
the range of independent motion in a system. Biomechanical measures of level ground walking at the hip, knee,
and ankle are shown in Figure 2. The power requirement curves display the general power fluctuation for the
hip as positive or near zero, the knee as negative, and the ankle is as equally balanced. This outcome signifies

Research Paper On Shrimp's Exoskeleton
Shrimp's exoskeleton Inspires new armor design
Our underwater friend, a model.
When you think of fierce underwater creatures, the tiny shrimp may not come to mind among the water giants
such as killer whales, the great white shark, manta rays, and others. But yet, when you are eating that
scrumptious thing, don't you find that shell a bit troublesome?
Well, whereas you may find that part annoying and just a hassle to deal with when cooking, other people, such
as researchers may have taken a shine to it. It was nearly a month ago that news barely broached out from
researchers
(http://esciencenews.com/articles/2015/06/18/mantis.shrimp.inspires.new.body.armor.and.football.helmet.design)
about possibly using the Mantis Shrimp (http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/worlds–
deadliest/deadliest–mantis–shrimp)'s exoskeleton (key feature to all arthropods livelihood and survival) to
design a new body armor. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According the information available from last month and lately, the shrimp's exoskeleton is unique because of
its ability to basically body slam its prey using a technique the researchers called "shear waves". This part of
the body it uses for this task is also unique in its design as it is as hard as other crustacean's shells but shaped
differently, a spring or spiral

Brain Trauma Essay
Haptic and Exoskeleton Devices, Virtual Reality, and Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation
Leah Piggott, Samantha R. Wagner, and Mounia Ziat
Abstract– Brain trauma frequently affects an individual's motor functioning and sensory feedback. Current
neurorehabilitation research explores how technology can improve a patient's quality of life. Haptic and
Exoskeleton devices assist in motor functioning, and enable sensory and haptic feedback; virtual reality can
create immersive environments or games for rehabilitation. Research is also focused on inexpensive
technologies that can be used in therapy settings or at home.. This review highlights the most important haptic
and robotic devices used in neurorehabilitation research and their benefits, as well ... Show more content on
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Drug prescriptions may help with pain, and occupational therapy, physical therapy, and massage therapy are
useful for the recovery of motor and sensory functions. However, there are limitations to these therapies, such
as when and where they can be performed. Additionally research has focused on a person's overall ability or
disability in performing activities of daily living (ADL) after therapy, which doesn't distinguish between the
motor function of the affected limb and compensation by other limbs. Neurorehabilitation research contributed
to changing the discussion to an individual's level of motor and sensory function and the development of
assistive haptic and robotic devices [6]. The range of technology varies from simple end–effector devices to full
scale exoskeleton robots, to be fitted to the hand or affected limb.
(talk about importance of immediate, and repetitious movement for rehabilitation) If motor functions of the
upper limbs are not addressed within the first three months and improvements are not seen by six months, a
person may not be able to regain the level of motor skills they had before a stroke [1], [13], [17]. Not only has
this research improved the lives of patients and the quality of rehabilitation, but it has improved our
understanding of how humans interact with their environment

Taking a Look at Hydras and Flatworms
PART 1:
Q 1. Hydra can move from one place to another by flexing the body and gripping the substrate with the
tentacles and then looping the body over the mouth to gain a new position. Explain exactly what mechanisms
and principles are involved in this movement? The full answer to this question involves the hydrostatic skeleton
formed by the gastrovascular cavity and contractile cells. [5–6 sentences]
The movement of hydra is called looping/somersaulting. This movement is possible due to the presence of a
hydrostatic skeleton. This fluid filled chamber can be bent and moulded into different shapes. When the muscle
cells (longitudinal and circular) contract, hydrostatic fluid from the gastro vascular cavity (GVC) is squeezed in
a certain direction (depending on type of muscle cell). The contraction of longitudinal muscles cells leads to
hydrostatic fluid from the GVC in an outwards and downwards direction, this makes the hydra seem
compressed. When the circular muscle cells contract (squeezing the GVC from the sides) the hydrostatic liquid
is forced in an upwards manner, this in turn elongates the hydra. A combination of elongation and compression
allows itself to somersault itself to a new position.
Q 2. What reasons can you think of that might limit this type of body form to aquatic systems? [5–6 sentences]
Being a freshwater dwelling organism, the obvious source of the hydrostatic fluid in the gastro vascular cavity
for the hydra is from its surroundings

Advanced Skeletons
Topic: Advanced Prosthetics / Exoskeletons Do people ever think about what would happen if they lost an
influential body part and would no longer be able to perform everyday activities like they used to? This is a
very serious issue but luckily there are multiple ways to solve it. Amputations, the surgical removal of limbs,
can be either the entire limb or just a portion of it (Dictionary.com). Although amputations are only performed
on about 0.5 percent of people, this number is bound to increase hand–in–hand with obesity and diabetes (cite
source). Prosthetics are artificial limbs that replace these amputated limbs (Dictionary.com). Prosthetics and
exoskeletons for the human body continue to transform the way of life for many individuals. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The abilities of a successfully functioning exoskeleton machine seem to have no boundaries. For example,
Juliano Pinto, a professional soccer player from Brazil was fitted for an exoskeleton that could be controlled by
his brain. In the Men's World Cup game, Pinto instructed his legs to kick a soccer ball, and believe it or not it
worked (Eveleth, 2015). Another individual that has found success in the exoskeleton is Robert Woo. Woo was
paralyzed from the waist down. when fourteen–thousand pounds of steel tubes fell off a crane, up twenty–five
stories high, and onto his body. The ReWalk exoskeleton was able to get him walking again and he noted that
this device changed his life (Eveleth, 2015). Today, the exoskeleton continues to prosper as fantasy ideas
sketched out on paper actually become a reality. The XOS exoskeleton invented by Steve Jacobsen is the most
recent and advanced exoskeleton in existence at this time (Wilson, 2013). This exoskeleton was specifically
designed for military use. It would allow for increased strength and endurance and protection against bullets
and other weapons which would mean less injuries that need immediate medical assistance (Wilson, 2013).
Although this innovation seems limitless, the power and battery life pose some serious challenges. Along with
difficulties relating to power, other problems are related to height and weight

Robotic Therapy
Stroke significantly affects thousands of individuals annually, leading to physical impairments and functional
disability. Due to stroke the patient's gait pattern changes from normal walking speed, endurance, symmetry
and stride length which leads to pathological gait patterncite{bortole2015h2}.newline Research has proved
how robotic therapy is more efficient and effective as compared to conventional therapy, since during the latter
therapy the patient is expected to perform task–orientated repetitive movements that sometimes requires
manual assistance from the therapist. The manual assistance by the therapist can lead to poor limb coordination
and it's hard to regulate the level of assistance required by the patient, as well as keeping track of the patient's
progress cite{bortole2015h2}. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence due to these internal forces and discrepancies in the kinematic chain, safety and comfort of the patients
are compromised, since injuries can occur to the patient's articulations and soft skin tissues.newline In recent
research solutions to mitigate kinematic incompatibility (KI) between human–exoskeleton have been proposed
in several upper limb exoskeletons. All the proposed solutions suggested the use of passive degrees of freedom
(DoFs) in the kinematic chains which indeed managed to mitigate KI. However, the augmentation of passive
DoFs introduces more weight to the patient's limb which means more work must be done by the actuators to
compensate for the additional weight and results in high power consumption and also increases the degree of
injuries in case of malfunction. As a result rehabilitation exoskeletons are not exploited in stroke rehabilitation
centres. newline Hence the study will contribute to the on going research problem of kinematic incompatibility
between human–exoskeleton.

An Approach of Designing an Exoskeleton Arm
An approach of designing exoskeleton arm is synthesized by all dynamic forces and stress of arm .A
musculoskeletal arm model is built to simulate the injury symptom in terms of evaluating the muscle
activations, by using related commercial design software and also specific biomechanics software is used for
analyzing the exoskeleton . A stimulation platform is created by synthesizing a biomechanical model of human
body and the exoskeleton which allows and evaluates the functioning and effects of two models. Results of
design analysis and optimization are included
INTRODUCTION: An exoskeleton suit is designed to grant support, aid and defense for the human body.
Starting from these main functions researchers create robotic suits by combining several technologies for
military use to help soldiers with a bit of super–human strength, medical exosuits are the one which augments
the human strength and speed ,and exoskeleton suits that offer hope for paralyzed persons. This is achieved by
providing feedback to the various joints of the upper limb which include the wrist, elbow and shoulder. When
in use, the device itself may be grounded, in which case it limits the human mobility. Exoskeletons can be
categorized into two major groups, passive and active exoskeletons. Several passive exoskeleton robots have
been developed recently. The first true exoskeleton in the sense of being a mobile machine integrated with
human movements was co–developed by General Electric of United

The Burj Al Arab : The Tower Of The Arabs
The Burj Al Arab, also known to the people of Dubai as "The Tower of the Arabs", is located in the city of
Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is fourth tallest tower in Dubai, but it's about 39 percent of non–occupiable
space from the exoskeleton. The Burj Al Arab stands 1,053 feet tall, and is the ninth tallest tower in the world.
The construction started with the artificial island from the hotel in 1993. It took three years to bring the sand
from the bottom of the sea to create the seven meter high artificial island. To make the island stronger for the
hotel they placed a layer of large rock, circled with concrete honeycomb pattern to protect the island from
erosion. They used a machine to suck up the sand from the sea floor and place it around the rods driven into sea
bed to place the large rocks for the boundary of the island. Once the sand was dry and set around the permanent
support rods, they placed concrete armor units around the island to disperse the impact of the waves crashing
into the side of the structure. No one else in the gulf has ever has ever made this type of structure before. They
placed 250, 1.5 meter wide by 45 meter long piles into the structure and sea bed for the main support. The
interior of the island was excavated and a 2 in thick concrete wall was placed around the inside and the
basement floors were built. The construction of the hotel was started in 1996. The V–shape of the structure was
for the rooms of the hotel, leaving the largest atrium

Bounded Control Essay
Bounded control literally refers to the control of a system within certain bounded variables. This type of control
method seeks to define certain limits that correspond to the physical limit of the variable in question. The
variables often considered are that of the amplitude of the actuators. This is to avoid the possibility of an
irreversible damage to the actuator. See subsec.~ref {subsec:Sub–Problem 4}. This concept was used in (citet*
{guerrero2011bounded}) and adequately described in (citet* {flikop2004bounded}). (citet*
{rifai2011bounded}), proposed a bounded control method based on nested saturations for the rehabilitation of
the knee joint. By "nested saturation"; it means that the actuator is subjected to magnitude and rate saturation ...
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In order to accomplish this task, two (2) applications were considered. The first application seeks to drive the
knee–ankle orthosis to follow a predefined rehabilitation trajectory with and without human contribution. To
verify the level of contribution of the human the system may allow, a high gain observer is designed for this
purpose. Although high gain observers as been extensively used for the recovery of states such as in (citet*
{wang2003observer}), here, the recovered states were employed to verify the level of human contribution. The
stability of the closed–loop system without human contribution is verified using Lyapunov–based analysis. The
convergence of the error between the states of the wearer–exoskeleton and that of the high gain observer is also
analysed using Lyapunov stability theory. In the second application, the system is used to drive a full–body
exoskeleton with four (4) actuated joints in its lower limb (Hips and Knees) to follow a CPG–based human gait.
The CPG–based human gait is modified using polynomial functions to allow the selection of initial conditions
for the human–exoskeleton. Simulation and the eventual results were obtained via MATLAB/SIMULINK. The
performance of the system was discussed

The Exoskeleton Art: The Image Of An Ear
The image of an ear growing on the an example of biomedical engineering where new body organs can be
grown on the recipients body. The ear is fully functional and it can be transplanted to patients who need them.
This art works indicates that scientists will soon solve the problem of organ failure and amputation by
extracting cells and growing new organs on the bodies of the patients. In this way, engineering will serve as an
alternative to organ donation that currently suffers from scarcity of donors. The exoskeleton art is a mechanical
machine with six–legs. The pneumatically powered machine can move forwards, backwards, and sideways.
Besides movement, its arms can grab objects and the individual fingers can move. It can also squat to allow
people to lift objects placed on the ground. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The robotic arm has sensors connected to his abdominal muscles and both hands. The aim of this performance
was to control the electrical arm by intercepting signals from his brain. The senors attached to his body pick the
signals sent to his muscles, rectify, and amplify them before being sent to the mechanical arm. In this way,
Stelarc can move the three arms independently using his brain. In the partial head project, Stelarc's face was
scanned alongside a hominid skull. The face was printed over the skull to create a face that neither hominid nor
human. The project indicates that skin can be printed digitally over a skull and living cell can be added to the
artificial face. This method can be applied in the medical field to regenerate faces of accident and burn victims
who become disfigured. The extended arm project is an extension of the third hand project. Stelarc places a
mechanical arm over his right hand and uses his muscle movements to control the robotic device. The extended
arm can move individual fingers and rotate the wrist in response to the motion of the

Flexor Muscle Exercise
Discussion
There were few significant differences in knee extensor and knee flexor muscle activity during walking with
robotic assistance. Significant differences in muscle activity across condition only occurred in muscles targeted
for intervention (knee extensor, VL), with an increase in muscle activity during the EXO condition, a positive
result for an extensor muscle. Although some undesirable increases in MH flexor muscle activity were seen in
the linear envelopes, they did not present significant changes the statistical analysis on the group level. Muscle
activity did not change significantly across visits with the exoskeleton.
On average, cortical activity did not differ in the presence of robotic knee extension assistance, supporting ...
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(2015). Prefrontal, posterior parietal and sensorimotor network activity underlying speed control during
walking. Front Hum Neurosci, 9:247. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00247. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID:
26029077; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4429238.
[4] Wagner J., Solis–Escalante T., Grieshofer P., Neuper C., Müller–Putz G., Scherer R. (2012). Level of
participation in robotic–assisted treadmill walking modulates midline sensorimotor EEG rhythms in able–
bodied subjects. Neuroimage, 63(3):1203–11. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.019. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
PubMed PMID: 22906791.
[5] Lauer, R. T., & Prosser, L. A. (2009). Use of the Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator for Muscle Activity
Detection in Children. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 37(8), 1584–93.

Cerebral Palsy Essay
Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent pediatric movement disorder [1] and often results in
pathological gait patterns that emerge during development and persist throughout life. More effective and
sustainable treatments are needed for gait rehabilitation in CP. Wearable exoskeletons provide an untapped
resource. A robotic exoskeleton that provides knee extension assistance was demonstrated to improve walking
in children with crouch gait from CP [1]. The full effect of exoskeleton assistance on volitional actions of the
user during walking remains unknown; however, active participation in concert with assistance is vital for
successful motor rehabilitation [2]. Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing
electroencephalography (EEG) to quantify the effect of exoskeleton assistance on cortical activity during
walking. Recent studies have used EEG to measure cortical activity during walking in healthy populations [3,
4] but it has not been applied in those with CP or to determine the effect of robotic assistance at a single joint,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After practice walking with the exoskeleton in three initial visits (lasting 2–3 hours each), data was collected on
the fourth visit under three conditions: treadmill walking with the exoskeleton providing knee extension
assistance during stance and late swing phase (exo condition) and providing zero assistive torque (free
condition) , and a rest condition during which participants stood still with eyes open. 64–channel EEG was
collected using a wireless, active electrode EEG system (Brain Products, Morrisville, NC) at 1000 Hz. Lower
extremity kinematics and gait events were recorded at 100 Hz using a Vicon MX motion capture system
(Vicon, Denver, CO)

Advantages Of Exoskeleton
1) Introduction 1.1. Purpose This report highlights the benefits and innovative of exoskeleton to the Singapore
Polytechnic (SP) Learning and Sharing Festival Organising Committee. It also suggested improvements and
other way of usages that can be used for future advancement according to expert and feedback from users. 1.2.
Background Since ancient times, soldiers have been wearing armour on themselves, however, the concept of a
body with mechanical mechanism appeared earliest in 1868, in a science friction by Edward Sylvester , named
"The Steam Man of the Prairies." This novel described a huge humanoid–shaped steam machine that towed its
creator, Johnny Brainerd, with a cart at 96.5 kilometres per hour. Figure 1 : The Steam Man of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages and Disadvantages 6.1 Advantages 6.1.1 Mental and Physical Health Benefits Since the body is not
meant to be able to stay still for extended periods, these people who cannot stand are at risk of developing
"serious problems with their urinary, respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive systems, as well as getting
osteoporosis, pressure sores, blood clots, and other afflictions associated with lack of mobility" (Salisbury,
2012). Using an exoskeleton can help reduce or prevent the risk of developing these ailments. Also, since it
help people to walk again, it helps prevent depression of the individual and the caregiver of the individual.
(2012) 6.1.2 Boosted Physical Capabilities As for military uses, there is the HULC which is a completely un–
tethered, hydraulic–powered anthropomorphic exoskeleton that provides users with the ability to carry loads of
up to 200 pounds for extended periods of time and over all terrains. The HULC has a versatile design, being
able to compensate for the user's positions such as squats, crawls and upper–body lifting. These functions
prevent the user from suffering back and leg injuries that would be caused by lifting heavy weights. (Lockheed
Martin, 2013) 6.2

What Is Cambrian Explosion?
Cambrian explosion is one of the great evolutionary events of animals. Before this event (635 to 541 Mya),
most animals called Ediacaran fauna were almost flat and soft bodies (ref). However, in early Cambrian
(around 550 Mya), most of modern phyla of animals have evolved with skeletal tissues were remain as fossils
(ref). This direct evidence suggested that the mechanisms of skeletogenesis have evolved in the near base of
Bilateria in the earliest Cambrian period, and the Cambrian explosion might have been due, partly, to the
acquisition of this novel body plan. The common ancestors of Ecdysozoa or Lophotrochozoa have evolved the
external hard tissues, exoskeleton, and became diversified morphological and mineral structures in each
phylum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mollusca are second only to arthlopoda in the number of animal phyla and have evolved one or more
exoskeletons called "shell". Their initial shells are secreted in the shell gland that is formed by the invagination
of ectodermal cells (ref), and the gene engrailed expressed the boundary region of shell formation and
corresponds with their different number of shells per body (Fig. 1a; Polyplacophora, Jacobs et al. 2000;
Cephalopoda, Bratte et al. 2007; Scaphopoda, Wanninger and Haszuprunar 2001; Bivalvia, Jacobs et al. 2000,
Gastropoda, Moshel et al. 1998). In order to investigate engrailed function in molluscs, we focused on retinoic
acid (RA; a vitamin A–derived morphogen) pathway. Because RA pathway has been well known as one of the
signal pathways that regulate transcription factor genes in vertebrates (e.g. Hox genes, Marshall et al. 1994;
engrailed, Holder and Hill 1991). RA is mainly synthesized from retinal by the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase,
Aldh1a, and degraded to oxidized retinoic acid by the cytochrome P450 RA–hydroxylase, Cyp26 (Fig. 1b).
Thus these two enzymes regulate the saptio–temporal distribution of RA levels during embryogenesis
(Niederreither et al. 2002; Reijntjes et al. 2005). In molluscs, RA signaling machinery have already found from
the genome database in gastropods (limpet; Lottia gigantia; ref) and bivalves (pearl oyster; Pinctada fucata;
ref). However, it has been unknown whether RA pathway regulates engrailed expression like zebrafish and
correlates with shell

Designing an Exoskeleton Robotic Arm
It was believed that the decisive factor for designing a robotic arm is its inexpensiveness and friendly
interfacing with the user. Teleoperated master–slave anthropomorphic robotic arm with the single axis revolute
joints having six degree of freedom was designed [13]. The master used the human machine interface (HMI) to
operate in RTOS. The master incorporated the motion capture devices, such as vision sensors to transform the
motion into analog voltages so as to actuate the exoskeleton robotic arm. The human machine interface
comprised of GUI (Graphical User Interface) system, an Exoskeleton Robotic Arm and a Mode selector which
enabled the operator to choose among the three modes of operation (manual, autonomous and semi–
autonomous).
We humans are companionable with the amorphous environment which is the principal benefit of advancement
of Exoskeleton robots in the field of teleoperation. The 6–DOF exoskeleton enables the robot to elevate and
shift items anywhere in space. A 6–DOF exoskeleton is very analogous to homo–sapiens in regards to no. and
joints position. The limitation of this model was inadequate precision because of the non–linearity and
mechanical coupling of the joints. [13]
Nakai implemented a human interface technique using force feedback mechanism attached to the operator's
hand and named it Sensor Arm System [5]. The arm served the basis of the Master–Slave manipulator system in
Teleoperation. The arm with which he experimented had 7–DOF same as that

Arthropods Are The Most Successful Groups Of Animals
Arthropods are the most successful group of animals because they are the most diverse and live in a greater
range of habitats than do the members of any other phylum in the animal kingdom. They are the most numerous
living animal species currently known in the world and there may be millions more to be identified. (Myers,
2001) Some species known are insects, spider and crustacean and all are considered invertebrates, which means
their bodies do not have internal bones for support. Instead, they produce a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
which covers and protects their bodies and as they grow that protective barrier sheds away and are left with a
soft exoskeleton. All arthropods have jointed legs attached to their hard exoskeletons that allow

Three Taxonomic GroupsGas Exchange, Insects, Fish, And...
gas exchange is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases across the membrane by diffusion. These
can be found within the three taxonomic groups – insects, fish and mammals. Each of these taxonomic groups
all have different gas exchanges and adaptations to enable them to continue their way of life. In this report, I
will discuss the three taxonomic groups' gas exchanges, and adaptations to carry this out.
insects
The first taxonomic group is an insect. internal gas exchange systems connect individual cells, and tissues with
the air outside, due to a system of branching tubes named trachea. insects contain air tubes, named trachea and
tracheoles throughout their body. These tubes are held in shape by rings of chitin. Insects don't have a
circulatory system as such, so the tracheoles are to reach each individual cell in the body, as they're relying on
diffusion to take place to take in oxygen. At each end of the tracheole, a small amount of liquid is placed,
allowing gasses to dissolve, and then diffuse into each of the cells. The tracheal system is efficient in
maintaining a high metabolic rate. The places in which the tubes leave the body, are called spiracles. Spiracles
have the ability to open and close, to control the water loss. When in need of lots of oxygen, or if the
environment is moist, the spiracles begin to open. When they close or are slightly open, they're not in need of
oxygen, or the environment is dry. Insects also 'ventilate' their gas exchange

Mobility Disorders: Lower Limb Exoskeletons
Mobility disorder caused by SCI or related illnesses in people have been on the increase in recent years (citet*
{chen2016recent}). To help alleviate the difficulties these people go through in other to carry out their day to
day activities requires certain robotic devices. Wearable robotic systems such as lower limb exoskeletons do not
only provide effective and repetitive gait training but also reduce the burden of physiotherapists. This is
because it allows the integration of the human intelligence with that of the mechanical power of the robot.
Among other applications these devices may be required for, gait rehabilitation and human locomotion
assistance via exoskeleton is of great importance to people with lower limb disorders. For any

Participants With Acute Stroke And Unilateral Hemiparesis
2.1. Participants
Five participants with acute stroke and unilateral hemiparesis (Age 51 ± 17 years; Height 1.7 ± 0.1m; Weight
81.6 ± 3.6kg; LOS 36 ± 24.6 days; 3 males, 2 females; 2 with right hemiplegia) were recruited for RE gait
training during inpatient rehabilitation in conjunction with traditional therapy. Participant inclusion
requirements: have a medical clearance, upright standing tolerance (≥30 min), intact skin, physically fit into the
device, have joint range of motion within normal functional limits for ambulation, have had stroke with its
onset >1 week and 0.05). This may suggest that the RE was limited to rehabilitate muscles during the IDS and
swing phases as seen in figures (6–8).
TA muscle, a crucial muscle for foot lift during gait, and major player in maintaining balance and stability,
demonstrated no significant differences during IDS, SS, and TDS on the affected side with the RE as compared
to without the RE (P= 0.52780, P= 0.73530, P= 0.07592 respectively), but showed a significant difference
during swing as stated above. In the TA muscle, there was no significant differences between the affected and
unaffected limbs with RE (P>0.05). While there was no significant differences in EMG activation of the TA
muscle without the RE during TDS and Swing, conversely there was a significant difference in IDS, and SS
when comparing the affected and unaffected limbs (IDS: P=0.02631, SS: P=0.04539, TDS: P=0.06174, SW:
P=0.09960). There was no significant

The Fortis Exoskeleton Is Being Designed And Manufactured...
Forits Exoskeleton Introduction The Fortis exoskeleton is being designed and manufactured by Lockheed
Martin Company. This industrial exoskeleton is there to help people that work in the military, fire fighters and
construction workers. This exoskeleton is used to help enhance human's physical capabilities. It is also used to
help with strength and endurance. This exoskeleton is used to help lift very heavy equipment that may be used
in a work place. The other aspect of this exoskeleton is that it helps ease the weight of the heavy equipment
used in the military. This may look like it is heavy in weight but it only weighs 30 pounds! It is also used for
easing the stress on the workers for when they use hand tools or physical equipment. Figure

How Have Exoskeletons Impacted Society
Exoskeletons a suit that has different pressure sensors that when given weight will help support the lower legs
and feet in walking. Helps people walk if in complete paralysis and minimal forearm strength Also helps
patients learn how to walk again and weight distribution Ekso Bionics, original inventor of the HUCL, develop
and Manufacture Ekso Bionics. In the american society. Exoskeletons have impacted society by giving people a
second chance to walk. A completely paralyzed man learned to re–walk after suffering a spinal cord injury.
Everyone who was medically cleared walked in their first session. Berkeley college has made its own prototype
exoskeleton. It's comprised of two anamorphic legs, a power unit, and a backpack–like frame on which variety
loads can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exoskeleton can be removed with just the machine becoming just a pack. Users can control the pack, to
move up to 1.1 MPH. Kazarooni started their build in 2000, after being funded by Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency. (D.A.R.P.A.). They were tasked to create a contraption that could help people carry heavier
loads for a longer time. In 2011, they made an exoskeleton for Berkeley senior Austin Whitney to help him
walk across the stage to get his diploma. The earliest exoskeleton–like device was a set of walking, jumping
and running assisted apparatus developed in 1890 by a Russian named Nicholas Yagn. As a unit, the apparatus
used compressed gas bags to store energy that would assist with movements, although it was passive in
operation and required.Not only has America made its own exoskeleton, other countries have started and have
had many built before. Take HAL or Hybrid Assistive Leg for example. There were two primary versions HAL
3 which were just for the legs. HAL 5, which was a full body suit. The first prototype was proposed in 1997,
they spent four years mapping out the

Sci-Fact: Exo-Skeletons
Sci–Fact: Exo–Skeletons Imagine a world with no physical human limits. A world where you can run for miles,
or pick up two hundred pounds without a blink of an eye. Before the invention of exoskeletons, Robert Heinlein
wrote about fighting suits (exoskeletons) in the novel Starship Troopers (Technovelgy.com). Exoskeletons can
make everyone's life easier, whether in school or at work. Exoskeletons can even help in war by increasing our
soldier's stamina. These devices will definitely make America a stronger country. Exoskeletons are a marvelous
concept, but who had the initial idea? That man's name was Robert Heinlein. Robert Heinlein was born in 1907
and died in 1988 (heinleinsociety.org). He first published his book Starship Troopers in 1959. Around this time,
there was little innovation, so he felt the need to bring some new ideas into the mix. A couple years after his
book hit the market, the first exoskeleton was designed. He just wanted something that could change the world.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first one ever invented was a large, clunky machine named Hardmoch 1. This suit was made by a man
named Ralph Mosher (cyberneticzoo.com). The Hardmoch 1 weighed 700 pounds, and could lift 1500 pounds
with ease. Although there was a problem. It had trouble responding to human movements. After a while, a
worker sustained an injury due to the poor design of the interior. So it was then scrapped until many years later.
Now, companies like DARPA are revamping this concept and making it viable (darpa.mil). The current model
from this company weighs much less than the original and you can move around in it freely. In the future,
companies plan to have exoskeletons that can be put into combat and that can also be worn discretely. This
shows that the technology used in robotic suits has really made some large jumps in its development. We
definitely have not seen the end of

Characteristics Of Boxelder Bug
Lola Blackman G Band Biology Boisea Trivittata Boxelder Bug The Boisea Trivittata, otherwise known as a
boxelder bug is a North American species of tree bug. The bug is around ½ an inch long, flat, brown/blackish,
eyes and part of the legs are red, flat backed, elongate, behind the black head there are three red stripes, these
stripes are key characteristics of a boxelder bug. (Figure 1) The Binomial nomenclature is Kingdom– Animalia,
Phylum– Arthropoda, Class– Insecta, Order– Hemiptera, Superfamily– Conoidea, Family– Rhopalidae, Genus–
Boisea, Species– B. trivittata Natural Habitat– (Figure 2) In spring and summer, Boxelder bugs live in maple
trees, ash trees and boxelder trees. (Refer to figure 2) They tend to live in forests and meadows. During the fall,
Boxelder bugs seek hibernation, they look for shelter. They tend to reside in buildings that are in warmer
climates. They cluster on ground floors on walls ha face the west or south so that they get more sunlight. As
mentioned before, Boxelder bugs are found in different places depending on the season. They are native to
western and southwestern United States, they can also be found in Mexico, Canada, and Guatemala. (refer to
Figure 3) Ecological Niche– (Figure 3) Boxelder Bugs are folivores, which means they are herbivores that
specifically eat leaves. Boxelder bugs are prey to some animals such as grasshoppers, rodents, birds spiders etc.
Boxelder Bugs themselves

Crayfish Body: A Case Study
1. Identify certain regions of the crayfish body: the head, thorax (combined with the head), and abdomen. Look
at Figure 2 to understand where to look.
2. Feathery gills lie under the lateral extensions of a large, expanded exoskeletal plate called the carapace. To
expose the gills, use the scalpel to a cut away a portion of the plate on the left side of the animal.
3. Remove the dorsal portion of the carapace to observe other organs in the head and thorax.
a. Create a dorsal flap in the carapace by making two lateral cuts extending along each side of the thorax and
forward the head, meeting just behind the eyes.
b. Insert a needle carefully under the flap and separate the underlying tissues as you lift the flap.
c. Observe the heart,

Just What Exactly Is The Powered Exoskeleton?
Just what exactly is the powered exoskeleton?
Submitted by Supriya Rebello
Abstract:
"Insight improves action and action enables more insight". Innovation is everywhere. There is a lot of
innovation in the field of Robotics. One of the topics that interested me was Powered Exoskeleton. I think that
the Powered Exoskeleton is one of the emerging technologies and the benefits of the technology made me
choose it as the topic for the emerging technologies project.
Various research and development is being done on this technology by various organizations. The use of
powered exoskeleton will be able to eliminate the use of wheelchairs and other equipment that have been used
for so long.
There are various potential applications for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fascination of the humans to create something new led to the development of many new inventions in the
field of robotics and one of them was "Powered Exoskeleton". The aim of this paper is, how exactly is powered
exoskeleton an emerging technology? And if used sensibly how can it be a boon to the mankind.
If one was to be asked that what exactly is a powered exoskeleton then the image that would generally come to
a person's mind would be Iron man or they would think about the movies like Avatar, Aliens, The Avengers,
Edge of tomorrow. The list will go on and on. Earlier people were aware of only a handful of wearable
exoskeleton devices. They had a belief that all fictional and nonfictional wearable robotic devices were large,
rigid metal armors that were heavy and had sizable actuators. Researchers began to develop powered
exoskeletons which were wearable devices that performed useful physical work. Just like that, Exoskeletons
became obsolete! So did the term "Powered Exoskeletons". "Powered Exoskeleton" had been shortened to
"Exoskeleton". There were different names thrown around for this new family of fictional and real devices.
Question arises, Is powered exoskeleton an ironman thing or more than that? The answer is a big no, powered
exoskeleton is more than a big machine or Iron man suit. This paper will give us a more insight of what it is,
how it evolved and where it can be used to benefit us. It is written with the intention of making people aware

Goals And Objectives Of Avinoor Mann Company
The Ownership
The company will be structured as a Partnership.
The Management
Avinoor Mann is the charge day to day operations of the business and manages all operation of the business
from R&D to sales and etc.
The Goals and Objectives
To create a working exoskeleton plate carrier that is not reliant on electricity or batteries and aid's the operator
in preforming his or her duties while avoiding injuries.
The Product
– "Lion" Exoskeleton Plate Carrier
The Target Market
–Military member
–Private Military contractors
–Healthcare facility's
–Individuals with injuries.
Pricing Strategy
The price of the clothing is set to create a relatively median profit margin until the business recoups losses the
prices will be increased by 15% to further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Company Goals and Objectives
To create a working exoskeleton plate carrier that is not reliant on electricity or batteries and aid's the operator
in preforming his or her duties while avoiding injuries.
Company Ownership Structure
The company will be structured as a corporation.
Ownership Background
Avinoor Singh Mann (shareholder):
CEO and Founder of AVAN Industries, member of the Canadian Army with experience in computer and
physics. 85% owner.
Garrett Johnathan Roman (shareholder):
Chief R&D Officer, Member of the Canadian Army and a practical thinker. 15% Owner.
Company Management Structure
Avinoor Singh Mann is the leader and manages all operation of the business from R&D to sales and etc.
Organizational Timeline
October 2016 – Prototype and proof of concept created
November 2016 – Preliminary trials of the product
December 2016– Final Product blueprints created
January 2017 – Patent application submitted
February 2017 – Parts sourced and suppliers gathered for final product
March 2017 – Manufacturers contracted to create the final product

April 2017 – Final Product assembly and trials
May 2017 – Final product marketing and focus

Carcinus: The Evolution Of Exoskeletons
Evolution is viewed as a process that occurs in geological time and studied by the analysis of fossils. A lifetime
can pass while ecologists observe evolution through the analysis of living organisms that respond to the sudden
change in environments. For as the history of a change in an animal's shape it takes a long enough documented
history to complete a pattern of morphological change. The exoskeletons of snails differ from the exoskeletons
of other species. Many shells have three distinct layers and are composed mostly of calcium carbonate with a
small 2% of protein. These shells are not made up of cells, they have mantle tissues that are located under and
are in contact with the shell that secretes proteins and mineral extra cellular in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shell thickness and the shape has changed not drastically but has changed throughout the years in snails. The
gastropod shell is a single structure that shared the same developmental process and similar functions when it
appeared during the Cambrian explosion (AUTHOR 1). In an article, Plastic and Heritable Variation in Shell
thickness of.. associated with risks of crab predation, the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus has thicker shells
where there is wave action in which crabs are abundant and pose a high risk of predation than those are not at
the exposed sites. A thicker–walled shell at sites sheltered from wave action influenced the vulnerability to crab
predation. Crabs tend to be more numerous at sites sheltered from wave action or longer periods at a low tide
shore. Sites exposed to wave action or higher shore levels, increased the resistance to dislodgement (AUTHOR
3). Shell morphology have been showed to be under heritable and plastic

Robotic Exoskeleton Suit Technologies For Military, Health...
Summary
My research question is "To what extent should the Australian government consider supporting investment in
public and private companies for the purpose of developing robotic exoskeleton–suit technologies for military,
health and industrial uses?". My inspiration into robotic exoskeleton suits is Ironman and I'm interested in
robotics and human enhancement. {I have huge interest in robotics and human enhancement since a very young
age. This interest was further magnified after watching the Ironman movie, a superhero who developed a Hi–
Tech robotic exoskeleton suit.} This was an interesting and valuable topic for me as I want to study engineering
at university. My primary research included interview, surveys and personal experience ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I gained a better understanding of the topic and the issues regarding it.
Surveys
I chose to conduct a survey as my topic is regarding government involvement in the funding of the
technological development of robotic exoskeleton suit. I wanted to determine the general public's knowledge
regarding the topic, how they perceive this technology and in the process educate them about the topic. This
helped me answer my research question by making a judgement on all gathered information. Quantitative data
was produced from the survey results which was used as a primary source and was further correlated to my
secondary sources.
From a trial run of surveys, it was determined that my initial survey questions was hard to understand by some
participants. It contained many scientific words and the participants lacked the scientific knowledge to
comprehend. To resolve this issue and gain the best possible results, some words were altered to maximise the
ease of understanding of the questions.
As the participants lacked the knowledge regarding this topic and this would majorly affects their judgement
and the survey results, I included informative paragraphs which the participants could read and gain some
knowledge. OR I included the informative paragraphs which the participants were required to read in order to
proceed with the survey.
My final survey composed of 7

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