This is a presentation that prepared as one of seminars for "B08-Participatory Process for Urban Transformation". B08 is one of the modules of master course on Building & Urban Design in Development (BUDD) at Development Planning Unit - University College London (DPU-UCL) in 2002.

1. Seminar 3, 15 November 2002
Must
everyone
in the
community
participate?
Must everyone in the community participate?
Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation
Hizrah Muchtar, Katja Schäfer, Dyfed Aubrey

2. Building and Urban Design in Development
Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation
Session 1 Introduction to the module
Participation - Why, what and how?
Session 2 Overview of Intervention Techniques
Session 3 Intervening in Communities
Session 4 Ensuring Inclusivity
Session 5 Identifying Community Needs
Session 6 Problem Definition
Session 7 Strategy Generation
Session 8 Monitoring and Evaluation
Session 9 Implementation
Session 10 Participation in Practice, Review
Must everyone in the community participate?

3. Participation
•´Empowering the weakest and poorest´
•´a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over
development initiatives, decisions and resources which affect them´
•Effectiveness and sustainability of project outcome depend on commitment of
interested parties
Nelson, N. and Wright S. Power and participatory Development. Theory and Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1995
Must everyone in the community participate?

4. Key Stakeholder
•Any person, group or institution that has an interest in an aid activity, project
or programme
•Share common interest
•Includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers +
involved or excluded from decision-making processes
PRIMARY
STAKEHOLDERS
KEY STAKEHOLDERS
SECONDARY
STAKEHOLDERS
Must everyone in the community participate?

5. Primary Stakeholders
Social Class
Religion Gender/ Age
Location Community Ethnicity
Income/ Wealth Caste/ Clan/ Tribe
Abilities/ Vulnerability
Must everyone in the community participate?

6. Secondary Stakeholders
Donor Organistions
Trade Unions NGOs
Neighbouring
Community Religious Groups
Communities
Consultancy Companies Focus Groups/ Societies
Local Government
Must everyone in the community participate?

7. Considerations
1. PROJECT CYCLE
Appraisal
Design Discussion
Lessons
Identification Approval
Monitoring
Evaluation Implementation
Completion
Source: Wakely et al, 2001
Must everyone in the community participate?

8. Considerations
2. Money
•Participatory approaches can be labour intensive involve high
administrative costs at the expense of implementation cost
3. Time frame
• Participation can be take a long time, and consideration must be given to the
availability of the community to participate, and the timeframes imposed by
secondary stakeholders eg donor organizations
4. Scale of the project
• Effect number of stakeholders involved
• Effect types of stakeholders involved
5. Relevance of the Project
• Who in the community does the project affect?
Must everyone in the community participate?

9. Stakeholder Analysis
Who should be encouraged and assisted to participate?
•Identify and define the characteristics of key stakeholders
•Assess manner in which they might affect or be affected by the programme/ project
outcome
•Understand relation between stakeholders (assessment of real or potential conflicts
of interest, expectations between stakeholders)
•Assess capacity of different stakeholders to participate
Must everyone in the community participate?

10. Case Studies
2001- European Agency for Reconstruction Housing Programme, Kosovo
Timeframe: 1st March – 31st December
“Goal” programme
Scope: 450 houses in Pec
Method: Participation with municipality,
village leaders and donor
Outcome: Good proportion of funds
available for contractors
Project finished on time
70% occupancy (April 2002)
“WVI” programme
Scope: 600 houses in Podujeve/SReka
Method: Participation with elected
community members, KFOR,
HandiKos, Municipality and
donor
Outcome: Limited contractor funds,
increased reliance on self help
Project finished late
91% occupancy (April 2002)
Must everyone in the community participate?

11. Case Studies
“OTISTA CONTROL COMMUNITY”,
Building Community Participation Within Street-vendors and
Their Surrounding Community at Otista street, Bandung, Indonesia
December 1999 – December 2001
•Initiates by street-vendors
•no certain time frame
•Learning by doing process
•Long-term goals
•Participatory as an ends (“wild project”)
Must everyone in the community participate?

12. Case Studies
Early stage
•Scope/clients: 200 street-vendors
•Method:
•Facilitating street-vendors to design their
working neighborhood
•use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind
of participation
•stakeholders: street-vendors community &
PRAKSIS
•Outcome/goals: willingness to participate in broader level
Donor Organistions
NGOs
Trade Unions
Street-
Neighbouring vendors Religious Groups
Communities
Consultancy Companies Focus Groups/ Societies
Local Government
Must everyone in the community participate?

13. Case Studies
next stage
•Scope/clients: community within the area
•Method :
• Set up a dialogue forum within community and
local authorities
• use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind of
participation
•stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store owners, PRAKSIS,
Local Government, Academics
•Goals :
•consensus on trading rules
•Improving the quality of streetscape
Donor Organistions
Trade Unions
NGOs
Community
Neighbouring
Religious Groups
Communities
Academics Focus Groups/ Societies
Local Government
Must everyone in the community participate?

14. Case Studies
Last stage
•Scope/clients: community within the area
•Method :
• Set up a dialogue forum within
community and local authorities
• use design as a stimulate tool for
higher kind of participation
•stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store
owner, PRAKSIS,Local Government,
Donor Organisation
Donor Organistions
•Goals :
Trade Unions
NGOs •consensus on trading rules
•Control Comitee of Otista
•local monetary institution
Community (Cooperation)
Neighbouring Religious Groups
•Improving the quality of streetscape
Communities
•Improving awareness of informal
sectors issues within city
Academics Focus Groups/ Societies
development
Local Government
Must everyone in the community participate?

15. Case Studies
before
after
Must everyone in the community participate?

16. Conclusion
•Participation is effective
•Should include all relevant stakeholders at relevant stages
•Identification of stakeholders should be subject to stakeholder analysis
•Incorporation of project considerations
Must everyone in the community participate?