Oman workshop

‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫أرﺷﯾف‬
‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣداد‬ ‫ﺣﺳن‬ .‫د‬
‫اﻟﻛوﯾت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ - ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذ‬
@jamalid_reportJamalid ReportJamalidreport
Jamalid Report Laboratory
Kuwait University, College of Science
Khaldiya Campus, 1Kh Lab No. 150
jamalidreport@gmail.com
900 camel
900 22635
‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ورﺷﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑوس‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠطﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ - ‫ﻣﺳﻘط‬
٢٠٢٠ ‫ﯾﻧﺎﯾر‬ ٢٨-٢٧

‫أﻧﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﻧﺎ‬

SamplEase
jamalidreport@gmail.com hagenetics.org
bader.alhajeri@gmail.com
hhalhaddad@gmail.com
@jamalid_reportJamalid Report@jamalidreport
‫اﻟﻌﻠوم‬ ‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوم‬ ‫ﻗﺳم‬
(‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫)ﻋﻠم‬ ‫دﻛﺗوراه‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻛﺎﻟورﯾوس‬
(‫دﻗﯾﻘﮫ‬ ‫)ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻛرﯾم؟‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺿور‬ ‫ن‬َ‫ﻣ‬

‫اﻟﻧظري‬ ‫اﻟورﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
.1.‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎرف‬
.2‫ﻋﻣﺎن؟‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟورﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎذا‬
.3.‫واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬
.4.‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ (DNA) ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬
.5.‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣواد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬
.6.‫واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻌوﺑﺎت‬
.7!‫اﻟﺣل‬
.8.‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت‬
.9.‫ﺗﺳﺎؤﻻت‬
.10.‫وﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭود‬ :‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎن؟‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻟﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟورﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم‬ ‫أﺳﺑﺎب‬

ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﻔﯾد‬ ‫أﻛون‬ :ً‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬

‫اﻟذھب‬ ‫إﺑل‬ :ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾ‬

‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾ‬ ‫أﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ذﻛر‬ ،"‫"اﻟﮭﺟن‬ ‫او‬ "‫ب"اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫إﺑل‬ ‫ﻣرﺑﻲ‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫زﯾﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫ﻗﯾد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟزﯾرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻘﺎء‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﺑﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إﻗﺗﻧﺎﺋﮭﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ "‫اﻟﻌرب‬ ‫"إﺑل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫اﻻﺑل‬
‫ﺗﻧوع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ "‫اﻟطرب‬ ‫ب"إﺑل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻣوﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾطﻠق‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻟﺣﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻛﺛرة‬ ‫ﺟﺳﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻋظم‬ ‫ﺣﻠﯾﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟوﻓرة‬
‫واﻟﻐزوات‬ ‫واﻟﺣروب‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرب‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﺎﻟﻛﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻔس‬ ٌ‫طرب‬ ‫طﺑﺎﻋﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺳن‬ ‫أﻟواﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺗوﻓﯾر‬ ‫ﻛﻔﯾل‬ ‫اﻣﺗﻼﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛون‬ ،"‫اﻟذھب‬ ‫ب"إﺑل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾطﻠق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟرزق‬ ‫ﻣﺻدر‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻣوطﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ،"‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫"ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟزﯾرة‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻرة‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫ﻣوطن‬ .‫اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻧﻘل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬
."‫واﻟﮭﺟن‬ ،‫اﻷﺻﺎﯾل‬ ،‫اﻟﺣرة‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺣراﺋر‬ ، ‫"اﻟﺟﯾش‬ ‫وھﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرف‬ ‫أﺧرى‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

!‫ﻟﻛن‬ :ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛ‬

Chad(4)
Djibouti(1)Eritrea(2)
Ethiopia(8)
Kenya(5)Unknown(2)
Rwanda(1)
Som
alia
(13)
Sudan (14)
Algeria (11)
Egypt (9)
Libya (4)
Mauritania (4)
Morocco (10)
Tunisia (1)
Unknown (5)
Canary Islands (1)
M
ali (4)
Unknown
(5)
Niger(8)
Nigeria(2)
Unknown(1)
Afghanistan(3)
Azerbijan(1)
Iran(6)
Kazakhstan(1)
Turkmenistan(4)
Uzbekistan(1)
India(13)
Pakistan(26)
Arabian Peninsula (21)
Syria (2)
Iraq (2)Jordan (1)
Oman (25)
Saudi Arabia
(24)
Turkey(1)
UAE(17)
Yemen(4)
Australia(1)
Africa
(94)
Asia
(138)
East (37)
North(38)
West(93)
South (37) Central
W
est
•‫ﻛﺛﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﺣول‬
•‫ﻧﺳل‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌروف‬ ‫إﺳم‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
•‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺗواﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻣوﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬

Al Sohi
Al-Shahab (white + black tint)
Al-Shiabeen (light color)
Asail (pure)
Awadi (gentle)
Azaouad (black)
Benadir (white)
Brela
Cajeh (red)
Dkhan (smokey white)
Grain (tawny)
Homor (red)
Khader (green)
Kimta(h)
Labied (white)
Lahmami (color)
Lakhdar (green)Lasfar (yellow)Lazrag (blue)Maghateer (light)
Majaheem (black)
Ramli (sandy)
Shaele (brown)
Shageh (wheat)
Sofor (somkey yellow)
Waddah (white)
Zargeh (blue)
JabaliRiverine
Saharan
SahelSaheli
Sahelian
Sahraoui
Fellahi
M
aya
M
ehara
A(i)rAdrar des Iforas
Aftout
AjjerAl M
ahaliyat
Alsertaw
eya
Altebestee
Arak
Awarik
Azaouak
Azawak
Baladia
Batinah
Bikaneri
Butana
Campbellpuri
Chami
Danakil
DeraIsmailKhan
Deshi
Dhatti
Dhofar
Fleuve
Gandiol
Guban
HoratAlMadenia
Jaisalmeri
Jalore
Jebel
Judi
Kachchi
Kala
Kala-Chitta
Kanem
Kharai
Kharani
Khawar
Kohi
Kubule
Larri
M
ajorero
M
akraniM
alvi
Mewari
Mewati
MudughMultanOgadenPishinRakaRodbariSakarchagin
SakraiShekhawati
Shemelia
Sifdaar
Sindhi
Sirohi
Sowari
Tibesi
Tibesti
Turkana
Yerbent
Afar
Ait Khabbach
Al-Shorarat
Anafi
Arvana
Bagri
Bandari
Berabish
Bim
al
Bishari
Borena
Brahvi
Chaam
bi
Dhibian
Dolbahanta
GabbraGaddiGarre
GhulmaniGoraneHelai
JebliKabbashiKalkooi
Kenani
Lahwee
Maalia
Maganeen
Mahamid
Mareecha
Rashaidi
Reguibi
Rendille
ShanbaliTajakantTarguiUrfillaOuladSidiCheikh
Camel
Groups
(138)
Ecotype
Function
Phenotype
(27)
Geographic Region
(63)
Tribe's Name
(38)
(Breeds) ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ھل‬
‫أﻧﺳﺎل؟‬ ً‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬
‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ھل‬
‫ﻋن‬ ً‫ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺣﻠﯾ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻧﺳ‬ ‫ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫واﻟوراﺛﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫أﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫وﻛوﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬
‫؟‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﯾﻧﯾ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫أﻧﺳﺎ‬

3 4 5 6 7
0510152025
log10 (Camel Head Count)
NumberofCamelBreeds
Azerbaijan Djibouti
Jordan
Kazakhstan
TunisiaTurkey Uzbekistan
Eritrea
Iraq Nigeria
Syria
Afghanistan
Chad
Libya
Mali
MauritaniaTurkmenistan Yemen
Kenya
Iran
Ethiopia
Niger
Egypt
Morocco
Algeria
India Somalia
Sudan
UAE
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Pakistan
UAE
Oman
‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫رؤوس‬ ‫ﻋدد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬‫اﻹﺑل‬‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫وﻋدد‬ (FAO) ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫رؤوس‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬

-10 -5 0 5
-2024
MDS1
MDS2
Omani
Hadana
Jebali
Ja
Kurri
Raidi
Hurra
ShaeleSofor
Maghateer
ShagehHomorWaddah
Mejaheem
Awadi
Sahraoui
Turkana
Kala
Batinah
Dhofar
Awarik
Kohi
Arabi
Baladia
Raka
Sahlia
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Kababish
(mt-DNA) ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫وإﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫أﺧرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ‬

−0.02 −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
−0.02−0.010.000.010.02
PC1 (30.16%)
PC2(25.27%)
Kohi
Raidi
Omani
Batinah
Dhofar
Awarik
AwadiHadana
Majaheem
Saheli
Shaele Sofor
Maghateer
Hurra
Raka
Jabali
Baladia
Mahamid
Ja
KalaKurri
Sahraoui
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Turkana
Gabbra
−0.02 −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
−0.010.000.010.02
PC1 (30.16%)
PC3(12.39%)
Kohi
Raidi
Omani
Batinah
Dhofar
Awarik
Awadi
Hadana
Majaheem
Saheli
Shaele
Sofor
Maghateer
Hurra
Raka
Jabali
Baladia
Mahamid
Ja
Kala
Kurri
Sahraoui
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Turkana
Gabbra
−0.010.000.010.02
PC3(12.39%)
a. b. c
(STR) ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫وإﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫أﺧرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻣﺎن؟‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌروف‬ ‫ﻧﺳل‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ (‫)اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ھل‬
‫اﻹﺑل؟‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫إﺧﺗﻼف‬ ‫أﺳﺑﺎب‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺗﺧﺎب؟‬ ‫ھل‬

‫واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬

AV06CH14_Blackburn ARI 30 November 2017 10:24
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
Biobanking Genetic Material
for Agricultural Animal Species
H.D. Blackburn
National Animal Germplasm Program, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA; email: harvey.blackburn@ars.usda.gov
Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2018. 6:14.1–14.14
The Annual Review of Animal Biosciences is online at
animal.annualreviews.org
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-
014603
This is a work of the US Government and is not
subject to copyright protection in the United
States
Keywords
genetic resources, gene banking, biobanking, livestock
Abstract
Biobanking animal germplasm and tissues is a major component of conserv-
ing genetic resources. Effectively constructing such gene banks requires an
understanding and evaluation of genetic resources, the ability to conserve
various tissues through cryopreservation, and a robust information technol-
ogy infrastructure to allow managers and potential users to fully understand
and make use of the collection. Progress has been made internationally in
developing national genetic resource collections. As these collections have
been developed, it has become apparent that gene banks can serve a multitude
of roles, thereby serving short- and long-term needs of research communi-
ties and industry. This article documents the development of gene banks
and provides examples of how they have been used to date and the extent to
Annu.Rev.Anim.Biosci.2018.6.Downloadedfromwww.annualreviews.org
AccessprovidedbyUniversityofFlorida-SmathersLib-Gainesvilleon12/23/17.Forpersonaluseonly.
PERSPECTIVE
Domesticated Animal Biobanking: Land of
Opportunity
Linn F. Groeneveld1
*, Sigbjørn Gregusson2
, Bernt Guldbrandtsen3
, Sipke J. Hiemstra4
,
Kristian Hveem5
, Juha Kantanen6,7
, Hannes Lohi8
, Lina Stroemstedt9
, Peer Berg1
1 NordGen—the Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Ås, Norway, 2 BioBank AS, Hamar, Norway, 3 Aarhus
University, Aarhus, Denmark, 4 Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen
University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 5 Department of Public Health, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 6 Natural Resources Institute Finland
(Luke), Helsinki, Finland, 7 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern
Finland, Kuopio, Finland, 8 Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary
Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 9 SLU Biobank, Department of Animal Breeding and
Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
* linn.groeneveld@nordgen.org
Abstract
In the past decade, biobanking has fuelled great scientific advances in the human medical
sector. Well-established domesticated animal biobanks and integrated networks likewise
harbour immense potential for great scientific advances with broad societal impacts, which
are currently not being fully realised. Political and scientific leaders as well as journals and
a11111
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Groeneveld LF, Gregusson S,
Guldbrandtsen B, Hiemstra SJ, Hveem K, Kantanen
J, et al. (2016) Domesticated Animal Biobanking:
Land of Opportunity. PLoS Biol 14(7): e1002523.

‫واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎذا‬
.1.‫اﻟﻣواﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻧوع‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬
.2.‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻼﻻت‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﺗوﺛﯾق‬
.3‫وإﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗدراﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺣدﯾد‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻼﻻت‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟظﺎھرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧوع‬ ‫ﻛل‬
.4‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎھم‬ ‫وﺳﻼﻻت‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وإﺳﺗزادة‬ ‫إﻧﺗﺧﺎب‬ ‫ﺑراﻣﺞ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬
.‫اﻹﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬ ‫واﻹﺳﺗﻐﻼل‬
.5.‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ‬ ‫وأھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗواﺟد‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻼﻻت‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
.6‫ﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟطﻠﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗوﻓر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﺳﮭﺎم‬
.‫اﻟﺧﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.7‫ﻋن‬ ‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯾوﻓر‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧوع‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺗواﺟد‬ ‫وأﻣﺎﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧوع‬ ‫ﺧرﯾطﺔ‬ ‫رﺳم‬
،‫واﻷﻋﻼف‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾطرة‬ ‫ﺗوﻓﯾر‬ ،‫اﻷوﺑﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺣد‬ ،‫ﺣرارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧراﺋط‬ ،‫اﻟزﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣواﺷﻲ‬ ‫)ﺣرﻛﺔ‬
.(‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺻدﯾر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣراﻛز‬ ‫ﺗوﻓﯾر‬

‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ (DNA) ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫أھﻣﯾﺔ‬

‫واﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟوراﺛﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
:‫ﻋﺑر‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻣراض‬ ‫اﻟظﺎھرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺑﺎب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
.1‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻠﯾن‬ ‫أﻓراد‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻣرﺷﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳل‬ ‫ﻛﺷف‬
.(sequencing candidate genes) ‫ﯾﻔﻘدوﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻣن‬ ‫وآﺧرﯾن‬
.2‫أﻓراد‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ (‫)اﻟﺟﯾﻧوم‬ ‫اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻣوم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳل‬ ‫ﻛﺷف‬
‫ﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻘدوﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻣن‬ ‫وآﺧرﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻠﯾن‬
.(whole-genome sequencing) ‫ﻣرﺷﺣﺔ‬
.3‫ﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺟرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
.(linkage analysis)
.4‫ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭدﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
.(association analysis) ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫وﻋدﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬

‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺗﺷف‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻘق‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
‫اﻟوراﺛﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻣرض‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺑب‬

‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣواد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬

7. DNA Quantity (Figure 2)
We found no significant differences in DNA quantities extracted from each replica
ithin each individual, for all three DNA sources (all P>0.24; data not shown).
We did find significant differences in DNA quantities extracted from individuals
ithin each breed, for all three DNA sources (all P<0.0284*; Fig. 2a).
We found no significant differences in DNA quantities extracted from each breed,
r all three DNA sources (all P>0.1520; Fig. 2b).
We found a significant positive relationship between input DNA quantity and
utput extracted DNA quantity, for all three DNA sources (all P<0.0389*; Fig. 2c).
he strength of the association between these two variables was greatest for hair
R2=0.42), followed by saliva (R2=0.25), and weakest for blood samples (R2=0.03).
ased on the values used in this experiment, we found significant differences in
tal DNA extracted from each DNA source (P<0.0001*; data not shown). A post-hoc,
airwise comparison, indicates that the total DNA quantity extracted from hair was
gnificantly greater than that extracted from both saliva and blood (P<0.0001*;
ata not shown).
50
process was replicated
three times—from blood,
hair, and saliva.
Whole-blood
Buccal swabs
Tail-hair follicles
Yes
Somewhat
No
Figure 3: A comparison between blood, saliva, and hair, as to which provides
the best source camel DNA, to establish a camel DNA biobank.
c.
@jamalid_report jamalidreport@gmail.com@jamalidreport
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Quality and quantity of dromedary camel DNA
sampled from whole-blood, saliva, and tail-
hair
Hasan AlhaddadID
1
, Tasneem Maraqa1
, Suha Alabdulghafour1
, Huda AlaskarID
1
,
Randa Alaqeely1
, Faisal Almathen2,3
, Bader H. Alhajeri1
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait, 2 Department of Veterinary Public
Health and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia,
3 The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
* hhalhaddad@gmail.coma1111111111
a1111111111
‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬
.1.‫ﺟﻣﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫واﻟﮭدف‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﻧك‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬
.2.(DNA) ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻣض‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺻدر‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣواد‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺑذ‬
.3،‫اﻟﻣﻧوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬ ،‫اﻟﺣﻠﯾب‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﻧزوع‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌر‬ ،‫اﻟﻠﻌﺎب‬ ،‫)اﻟدم‬ ‫وﺗﺷﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣواد‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻧوع‬
.(‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟروث‬ ،‫اﻟﺑول‬ ،‫ﺑوﯾﺿﺎت‬
.4‫اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ ،‫وﺗﺧزﯾﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫)ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﺧذ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬
،‫اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ‬ ‫دﻋوات‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺎوب‬ ،‫اﻷﻣد‬ ‫واﻟطوﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﯾر‬
.(‫اﻟﺦ‬ ‫اﻷﻣراض‬ ‫ﻧﻘل‬ ‫إﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻠو‬

DNA quality and quantity assessment
The quality of the DNA extracted from each of the samples was examined using gel electro-
phoresis. We mixed 5 μl from the first elution of each extracted DNA sample with an equal
amount of loading buffer, before placing the mixture in a 1.5% agarose gel. The quality of the
extracted DNA was assessed by a direct comparison of visibility and size of the extracted DNA
to that of a lambda-HindIII or a 100 bp ladder. The quantity of each extracted sample (for
both the first and the second elutions) was measured using spectrophotometry (single channel
Nanodrop 1000), at the Biotechnology Center in Kuwait University.
Statistical analysis of camel DNA quantities
The three sources, and the five quantities, of the camel DNA samples used in the study. DNA extractions were performed on the five different
es, of each one of the three DNA sources.
oi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211743.g001

DNA extracted from the five buccal swab quantities (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 swabs) was clearly visi-
ble on the gel as a single, large-sized band (S3 Fig). However, minor signs of DNA degradation
were detected in the form of smears, in the extractions that used 3, 4, and 5 swabs (S3C–S3E
Fig). Visible differences in DNA quality (i.e. band intensity, presence of a smear) were detected
between the three replicated extractions of each individual, and between individuals but not
among the breeds (S3 Fig). Also, visible differences in the intensity of the bands were observed
for the various swab numbers, where the highest intensity bands were found for the largest
amount of swabs (5 swabs) (S3E Fig).
Fig 2. Quantity and purity of camel DNA extracted from whole-blood, saliva, and tail-hair follicles. (a-c) DNA quantity (μg) on the x-axis and 260/280 nm
ratio on the y-axis from whole-blood, buccal swabs, and tail-hair follicles, respectively. Each circle corresponds to a measurement (DNA quantity and 260/280
nm ratio) from the first elution (E1 = 100μl) and the size of the circle represents the different amounts of starting material (blood = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100μl,
saliva = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 swabs, hair = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 follicles). Dashed horizontal lines are the mean 260/280 nm ratio.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211743.g002
Camel DNA from whole-blood, saliva, and tail-hair
‫اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘدرة‬ ‫وارﺗﺑﺎطﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ :‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫دم‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬

source is not different overall (all data), or that the rate of DNA degradation was similar across
saliva and tail-hair DNA sources. A visual inspection of a scatterplot of time vs. extracted DNA
amount (of the first elution), separated by DNA source, shows that over all four three-month
Fig 4. Quantity and purity of camel DNA extracted from saliva (buccal swabs) and tail-hair follicles over a nine-month period. DNA quantity (μg) on the
x-axis and 260/280nm ratio on the y-axis over a nine-month period (0, 3, 6, and 9 month) extraction times, from (a) buccal swabs and (b) tail-hair follicles.
Each circle corresponds to a single measurement (DNA quantity and 260/280nm ratio) from the first elution (100μl). The dashed horizontal line is the mean
260/280nm ratio and the dashed vertical line is the mean of the DNA quantities (μg).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211743.g004
Camel DNA from whole-blood, saliva, and tail-hair
‫طوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫ﻣدة‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻣدى‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻟﺑﻧك‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧزوع‬ ‫اﻟذﯾل/اﻟذﻧب‬ ‫ﺷﻌر‬
(DNA) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬

‫واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻌوﺑﺎت‬

Kuwait University
HA Genetic Lab.
Sample Collection Form
Draft 12/2014
Sample Name:
Sample Type: Blood Saliva
Feather Nail
Other:
Sample Number:
Sex: Male Female Unknown
Breed:
Collector Names:
Color:
Sire: Dam:
Siblings:
Date of Collection:
Pedigree Photo Photo
Country: Location: GPS Location:
Owner Name: Breeder Name:
Owner Contact Number: Breeder Contact Number:
Medical Condition:
Phenotype condition:

| |
O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H
|
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait
University, Safat, Kuwait
Hasan Alhaddad, Department of Biological
Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat 13060,
Kuwait
Email: hhalhaddad@gmail.com
Careful collection and organization of biological specimens and their associated data
are at the core of field research (e.g., ecology, genetics). Fieldwork data are often col-
lected by handwriting or unsystematically via an electronic device (e.g., laptop), a
process that is time-intensive, disorganized, and may lead to transcription errors, as
data are copied to a more permanent repository. SamplEase is an iOS and Android
application that is designed to ease the process of collecting biological specimen data
in the field (data associated with biological samples, such as location, age, and sex). In
addition to biological specimen data, SamplEase allows for the assignment of photo-
graphs to each collected sample, which provides visual records of each specimen in
its environment. SamplEase outputs biological specimen data in a tabular format, fa-
cilitating subsequent analyses and dissemination. Despite the simplicity of SamplEase,
no similar data management application is readily available for researchers.
animal sampling, biological specimen data, data management, fieldwork, images
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺑﻠﯾز‬
‫ﻣﺑﺳط‬ ‫إﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾق‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯾداﻧﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬

|ALHADDAD AnD ALHAJERI
standardized table, formatted for easy accessibility and to ease shar- (name, phone number, email, and affiliation [Figure 2b]), which fa-
Overview of SamplEase.
Steps one to four are conducted only once
per session, while steps five to seven are
conducted each time data are collected
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺑﻠﯾز‬ ‫ﻋﻣل‬ ‫ﻓﻛرة‬
.1‫و‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫ﻷﺟﮭزة‬ (App Store) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺟﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎح‬ (SamplEase) ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬
.‫اﻷﻧدروﯾد‬ ‫ﻷﺟﮭزة‬ (google play) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.2.‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل‬
.3.‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺎﺣث‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗرﺑط‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬
.4‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ (Dropbox) ‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫رﺑط‬
.‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬
‫ﻓﻘط‬ ‫واﺣدة‬ ‫ﻣرة‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ (4-1) ‫اﻟﺧطوات‬
.5.‫وﺻورھﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺧدام‬
.6.‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬ (Dropbox) ‫ال‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬
.7.‫ﺷﺧﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻻﺣﻘ‬ ‫ودراﺳﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋرض‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ‬

(‫)اﻟﺑﺎﺣث‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺑﻠﯾزﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫إﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔون‬ ‫رﻗم‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﯾد‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻣﻲ/اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺗﻣﺎء‬

‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إرﺑط‬
‫اﻟرﺑط‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻟم‬
‫ﺧﺎص‬ (Dropbox) ‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫رﺑط‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟرﺑط‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎح‬

‫اﻟرﺑط‬ ‫ﺗم‬

‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ/رﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑدء‬
‫ﺟدﯾد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫واﻟﺑدء‬ ‫واﻟرﺑط‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬ ‫إﻟﻐﺎء‬

(‫ﻣرﺑﻲ‬ ‫إﺳم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫)ﻣﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫إﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔون‬ ‫رﻗم‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﯾد‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬
‫اﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬

‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

(‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ/أوﺗوﻣﺎﺗﯾﻛﻲ‬ ‫)ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫رﻗم‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫إﺳم‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻧس‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣر‬
‫اﻷب‬
‫اﻷم‬
‫ﻋﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻧﺳل/اﻟﺳﻼﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧوع‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻور‬ ‫ﻋدد‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻور‬ ‫ﻷﺧذ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣﯾرا‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬

‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﺧﺗﯾﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧوع‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬

‫اﻹﺳﺗﻣرار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﮭﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫إﺧﺗﺗﺎم‬
‫إﻟﻐﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗﻣرار‬

‫اﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟدﯾدة‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑداﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑوﻛس‬ ‫اﻟدروب‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
(Dropbox)
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل‬
!‫اﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫إﺳم‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ‬

‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻣﯾل‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺟﺎح‬ ‫إﺷﻌﺎر‬

‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت‬

| ALHADDAD AnD ALHAJERI
An example of a table
outputted by SamplEase (transposed)
Sample ID Automatic yyyymmddhhmm_#
Date Automatic yyyymmddhhmm
Nickname Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Loli
Sex List Male, Female, Unknown Male
Age Typed Letters, numbers, symbols 2 years
Sire Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Sami
Dam Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Tina
Breed Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Racing breed
Biosample List Blood, Saliva, Hair, Milk, Urine,
Feces, or Other
Hair
GIS location Automatic Latitude – Longitude
Country Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Kuwait
Region Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Abdali
Sample notes Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Subadult
Session name Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Test
Session phone Typed Numbers, symbols 333-333-3333
Session email Typed Letters, numbers, symbols breeder@email.com
Session notes Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Collecting hair samples
to start a camel biobank
First photograph Automatic yyyymmddhhmm_#_1
Total
photographs
Automatic Number 2
Collector name Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Researcher Richard
Collector phone Typed Numbers, symbols
Collector email Typed Letters, numbers, symbols camel@email.com
Collector
affiliation
Typed Letters, numbers, symbols Kuwait University
!‫وﻣﻌﻧﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌرف‬
‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺻورة‬ ‫إﺳم‬
!‫ﻋﯾﻧﺔ‬
atenated with session information to generate

Feces, or Other
Hair
Total
photographs
Automatic Number 2
Collector
affiliation
‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺗدﺧل‬ ‫دون‬ ‫وﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬

Feces, or Other
Hair
Total
photographs
Automatic Number 2
Collector
affiliation
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ‬ (‫)اﻟﺑﺎﺣث‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﺟﻠﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺷﺗرك‬
‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬

Feces, or Other
Hair
Total
photographs
Automatic Number 2
Collector
affiliation
‫ﺑﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﺗرك‬
‫اﻟواﺣدة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ‬

Feces, or Other
Hair
Total
photographs
Automatic Number 2
Collector
affiliation
! ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻛل‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

‫ﺗﺳﺎؤﻻت‬
.1‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت؟‬ ‫وأرﺷﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻧك‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌدد‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
.2‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت؟‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬ ‫إﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺑدأ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻰ‬
.3‫ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﺎت؟‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬ ‫ﻧﻧﺷﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻷي‬
.4‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت؟‬ ‫ﻟﺑﻧوك‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧرى‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻰ‬
.5‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔظ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛﻔل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
.6‫اﻟﻣدﺟﻧﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺻور‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫ھل‬
.7‫اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ھل‬
.8‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺻور‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫ھل‬
.9‫واﺣد؟‬ ‫أرﺷﯾف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
.10‫ﻋﻣﺎن؟‬ ‫ﻟﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺗرﺣﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرﺷﯾف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺣﺎﻓظ‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬

‫وﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭود‬ :‫وﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧوك‬

REVIEW
published: 05 February 2019
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00048
Cdrom Archive: A Gateway to Study
Camel Phenotypes
Hasan Alhaddad* and Bader H. Alhajeri
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
Camels are livestock that exhibit unique morphological, biochemical, and behavioral
traits, which arose by natural and artificial selection. Investigating the molecular basis
of camel traits has been limited by: (1) the absence of a comprehensive record of
morphological trait variation (e.g., diseases) and the associated mode of inheritance,
(2) the lack of extended pedigrees of specific trait(s), and (3) the long reproductive
cycle of the camel, which makes the cost of establishing and maintaining a breeding
colony (i.e., monitoring crosses) prohibitively high. Overcoming these challenges requires
(1) detailed documentation of phenotypes/genetic diseases and their likely mode of
inheritance (and collection of related DNA samples), (2) conducting association studies
to identify phenotypes/genetic diseases causing genetic variants (instead of classical
linkage analysis, which requires extended pedigrees), and (3) validating likely causative
variants by screening a large number of camel samples from different populations.
fgene-10-00048 February 1, 2019 Time: 17:55 # 3
Alhaddad and Alhajeri Cdrom Archive and Camel Phenotypes
FIGURE 1 | Cdrom Archive sample-specific information. General counts based on (A) sex, (B) age, (C) pedigree information, (D) biological specimen type, and
(E) breed affiliation (1: Homor and 2: Shageh).

Curly vs. Straight Coat ‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬/‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺣ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ق‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ھ‬‫ﻠ‬ّ‫ﮫ‬( )
Waddah
Shageh
Homor
Shaele
Sofor
Majaheem
Omani NA
384
Straight
NA
urly (185), the
for Keratin that
darker coat
h detailed phenotypic and
plication.
ezayen’ ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ), which includes
, and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (85).
her animals.
d negative for the phenotype.
• The full sequence length of dromed
• The lengths of exon1, exon2, and e
respectively.
• The FGF5 gene of dromedary came
• Two polymorphisms were identifi
(1) Synonymous mutation in exon
amino acid (p.137Gly).
(2) Frameshift mutation (c.426de
resulting in a truncated FGF5 p
ii.i. iii.
H.
MS/ /F*RCQKKENSMQVPDLQMTASSGSDFKRTAITPMPQRYTELRTQGGSGTWP*TRGGKLNGAAAPGLNPSTSPLTFCQDLS140
a.a.
MS/ /FLAMSKKGKLHASARFTDDCKFRERFQENSYNTYASAIHRTENTGREWYVALNKRGKAKRGCSPRVKPQHISTHFLPRFK
II.
I. 140
a.a.
Fig.1: Camel FGF5 sequencing. A-C. are schematic representation of the FGF5 exon1, exon2, exon3,
schematic representation of the FGF5 full isoform. E. Agarose gels of PCR products of FGF5 exons. F. T
samples- polymorphisms are highlighted. G. Chromatogram graphs of FGF5 cDNA: i. Cdrom112 shows an
polymorphism (c.410T>A), iii. Cdrom112 shows a homozygous genotype for no base deletion (c.431T), i
deletion (c.426delT). H. The amino acids sequences of: I. The reference. II. The changed amino acids of C
Conclusion
The frameshift mutation (c.426delT) in the cDNA of FGF5 gene could be associated w
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻧك‬
‫اﻟﻛوﯾت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
(Cdrom Archive)
‫اﻵن‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬

Alhaddad and Alhajeri Cdrom Archive and Camel Phenotypes
FIGURE 3 | Geographic distribution of Cdrom Archive samples from Kuwait. Samples were collected during 2015 (February–April), 2016 (October–December), and
2017 (March–April). Circle size corresponds to the number of camel samples from each breeder (location). Nine samples were collected from King Faisal University,
Saudi Arabia (not shown). Map generated using the ggmap R package.
‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺗواﺟد‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫واﻹﺳﺗﻔﺎده‬ (GPS) ‫ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ووﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠدراﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺳل‬ ‫وﻛل‬ ‫ﻧوع‬

‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ووراﺛﯾﺔ‬ (pedigree) ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺟرة‬

Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ﻟ‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Homor
Shaele
384
Straight
NA
Curly
384
(185), the
Keratin that
rker coat
the tip of
elanosomes
animals.
egative for the phenotype.
Phenotypes of Mezayen ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ) Camel-types
Fatmah Ismael, Tasneem Maraqa, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alhaddad
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Curly vs. Straight Coa
Sofor
Majaheem
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
• Coat Texture: hair texture of Mezayen camel coats comes in two varieties, straight (118) and curly (185), the
latter appears as rings, especially in the torso region. Candidate gene: KRT71, which encodes for Keratin that
is expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
• Syrupy-Sofor: Syrupy-Sofor (50) is a distinct sub-type of Sofor camels and marked by a unique darker coat
color pigmentation at only body extremities such as: withers, upper neck, dorsal footpad, nails, and the tip of
the hump and the tail. Candidate gene: TYR, which encodes for Tyrosinase that is expressed in melanosomes
and catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
• Waddah Skin Color: The Waddah camel-type is sub-classified into pink (24) and dark (20)
according to their skin color, which can be seen in the mouth, udders, nails, and footpad.
Candidate gene: KIT, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is involved in the
development of erythrocytes, melanocytes, germ cells, mast cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
In camels, c.1842delG variant results in a frameshift and leads to a premature stop codon.
The variant is associated with white-spotting in piebald camels (Holl et al., 2017).
• The Cdrom Archive camel biobank consists of tail-hair samples (384) that are accompanied with detailed phenotypic and
pedigree information and is organized in a unified format using the SampleEase smartphone application.
• The Cdrom Archive currently contains Arabian Peninsula camel-types generally described as ‘Mezayen’ ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ), which includes
Majaheem (‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬ ) (28), Sofor (‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬ ) (87), Shaele (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬ ) (142), Homor (‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬ ) (12), Shageh (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (12), and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (85).
• Our scientific approach towards investigating the molecular basis of camel phenotypes is to:
1. Identify and characterize heritable phenotypes.
2. Select candidate gene(s) identified as being responsible for similar phenotypes in other animals.
3. Sequence the candidate gene(s) using samples of individuals that are positive and negative for the phenotype.
4. Examine genotype-phenotype concordance.
5. Genotype concordant variants across a large number of samples.
6. Test the segregation of variants and phenotypes in pedigrees.

Curly (47)
Straight (66)
Unknown (50)
a.
b.
Unknown (163)
‫ﻟطول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫وﻗﺻر‬
Sequencing camel long-hair candidate gene FGF5
Tasneem Maraqa, Zahraa Hasan, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alhaddad
Materials and Methods
• DNA was extracted from ~30 tail hair roots from Five adult dromedary
camels, from different breeds (Shaele, Waddah, and Homor).
• Primer pairs (forward and reverse) were designed for each exon (Fig.1.A-
C.).
• PCR reaction was applied on the three exons, each with its specific
condition, followed by sequencing reactions.
• FGF5 cDNA was sequenced using Sanger sequencing method (ABI3130).
• The dromedary camel FGF5 cDNA sequences were aligned to the
dromedary reference sequence (NCBI reference sequence:
NW_011590980.1) and to the sequence of Alpaca.
Overview
• The appearance of hair, that vary in length among species, is a unique
characteristic of mammals that distinguishes them from other vertebrate
groups.
• The hair length is regulated by more than 2,289 genes and the main
regulator is the Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 (FGF5) gene.
• The FGF5 gene consists of three exons separated by two introns.
• Several FGF5 mutations have been identified that are associated with
long-hair phenotypes in many domestic animals.
• The domestic dromedary camel exhibits variations in hair length similar to
that of other camelids.
Results
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’Reference
Cdrom73
Cdrom112
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG[A/T]GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT[T/-]AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
Cdrom121 5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’Cdrom75
F.
G.
ii.i. iii. iv.
5’ 3’
Exon 1 (~400 bp) Exon 2 (~250bp) Exon 3 (~550bp)
ACCAGCCCTACAAGATGCAC AGGACGGGTTTTGTAGGAGAG
TCACAGTAATAAAGAATGGAAAGAA GGAAAATCATTTCATTCCAGTTTAC
GGTCCATGGAATTCCTGGTT AAACAAATGACCTGGCTTCG
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
H.
MS/ /F*RCQKKENSMQVPDLQMTASSGSDFKRTAITPMPQRYTELRTQGGSGTWP*TRGGKLNGAAAPGLNPSTSPLTFCQDLSNWSSRNFLSQLLFLKRKSHLTPSSQRSPFPHLGEAPAR*STDSSFALD140
a.a.
MS/ /FLAMSKKGKLHASARFTDDCKFRERFQENSYNTYASAIHRTENTGREWYVALNKRGKAKRGCSPRVKPQHISTHFLPRFKQLEQPELSFTVTVPEKKKPPNPIKPKVPLSTSRRSPSPVKYRLKFRFG*
II.
I. 140
a.a.
Objectives
1. Identify the coding sequence (cDNA) of FGF5 in dromedary camels.
2. Determine polymorphisms in the FGF5 cDNA that could be associated with the long-hair phenotype in dromedary camels.
Fig.1: Camel FGF5 sequencing. A-C. are schematic representation of the FGF5 exon1, exon2, exon3, respectively, each with its designed primers (arrows). D. A
schematic representation of the FGF5 full isoform. E. Agarose gels of PCR products of FGF5 exons. F. The Exon2 sequences of the reference and four sequenced
samples- polymorphisms are highlighted. G. Chromatogram graphs of FGF5 cDNA: i. Cdrom112 shows an A at position c.410, ii. Cdrom73 shows a single nucleotide
polymorphism (c.410T>A), iii. Cdrom112 shows a homozygous genotype for no base deletion (c.431T), iv. Cdrom73 shows a heterozygous genotype for one base
deletion (c.426delT). H. The amino acids sequences of: I. The reference. II. The changed amino acids of Cdrom73 and the generated stop codons (*).
Conclusion
The frameshift mutation (c.426delT) in the cDNA of FGF5 gene could be associated with the long-hair phenotype in dromedary camel.

(‫)اﻟدﺑﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻟﻠون‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬

Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
aight (118) and curly (185), the
1, which encodes for Keratin that
arked by a unique darker coat
al footpad, nails, and the tip of
hat is expressed in melanosomes
xidation.
nd dark (20)
d footpad.
d in the
al cells of Cajal.
stop codon.
7).
ees.
Phenotypes of Mezayen ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ) Camel-types
Fatmah Ismael, Tasneem Maraqa, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alhaddad
Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬
Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Curly vs. Straight Co
Sofor
Majahe
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
• Brown Coat Color: Mezayen camel breeders further classify their major six
camel-types into sub-types based on the tone of their coat color. This specific
classification allows for better phenotyping and better differentiation and
identification of responsible causing variants. Eleven Mezayen sub-types differ
from one another in the darkness and the ‘brownness’ of the coat. Candidate
gene: MC1R, which encodes for the melanocortin 1 receptor for melanocyte-

Fatmah Ismael, Tasneem Maraqa, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alhadd
Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬
Syrupy-Sofor Colo
Curly vs. Str
Brown Coat Color Variation
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
Pink
NA 85
stimulating hormone on the surface of melanocytes. The gene is
predominantly expressed in dark coat colors.
Candidate gene: ASIP, which encodes agouti signaling protein
that acts as an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors.
In camels, missense mutation c.901C > T (p.Arg301Cys) is
associated with light coat color (Almathen et al., 2018).
Candidate gene: TYRP1, which encodes for
Cdrom 233 ( ‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ )
S C
nd
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
Blackened
Homor
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫و‬‫خ‬
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
Pink
NA 85
nts from tyrosine by oxidation.
ssify their major six
t color. This specific
erentiation and
ayen sub-types differ
the coat. Candidate
ptor for melanocyte-
gene is
protein
is
Thanks to the following Kuwaiti camel breeders:
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ر‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ج‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫أ‬‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ز‬‫ي‬
-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﻠ‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫د‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ظ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ذ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺦ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬–‫ﺻ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬
sified into pink (24) and dark (20)
uth, udders, nails, and footpad.
ceptor that is involved in the
st cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
eads to a premature stop codon.
mels (Holl et al., 2017).

S C
Multi-generational pedigree of several camel-types where
multiple phenotypes are segregating. The camels are bred and
maintained by Mr. Mubarak Humoud Almutairi in Abdili, Kuwait.
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
Blackened
Homor
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫و‬‫خ‬
Twilight
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Shageh
Homor
Shaele
Sofor
384
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
Pink
NA 85
a melanosomal tyrosinase-related protein 1.
In camels, c.23T_del and c.25A > G are both
associated with black coat color (Qureshi et
al., 2008).
Shaele
Majaheem
Waddah
Shageh
Homor
Sofor
black
Mezayen
breeds
Crow-black
Majaheem
Black
Majaheem
Light
Majaheem
Smoky-brown
Sofor
Syrupy
Sofor
Light
Sofor
Brown
Shaele
Milky
Shaele
Light
Shaele
Red
Homor
Blackened
Homor
Twilight
Homor
Wheat
Shageh
Light
Shageh
Rosy
Waddah
Blond
Waddah
White
Waddah
‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺑﺎب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠون‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟون‬

(‫)ﺣداد،ﺣراب‬ ‫اﻟرأس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻋﻣودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﮫ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺳوداء‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬
(‫)ﺧرع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠف‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠوﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬
Morphometric measures
Fold
vs
Poin
TPR
Dark ends
vs.
Non-dark
TYR?
Morpho
metrric
Coat
Male
Wadeh
• Morphometric and discrete cha
extracted from photographs take
application.
• Variation in hair length, texture, and color was obse
among camel samples in the Cdrom archive.
• The hair-related phenotypes are not only selected for and
preferred but also are camel type/breed defining (Wedh:
white/pale).
•  Darker pigmentation at body extremities
was noticed in some camel types (dark
ends vs. non-dark ends). The phenotype
• Camel ears come in two varieties (pointed upward or
folded). Mejaheem type (black coated) are selected for
pointed ears whereas Sufor and Wadh types are selected
for folded ears. Sequencing candidate genes such TPRV4
and evaluating polymorphisms among the two varieties may
reveal the genetic basis.
• The main purpose of Cdrom arc
information and DNA to study ca
• Scale labeled photographs enables studying the d
in linear measurements (i.e. lengths of limbs) betw
camel types or variation in shapes (i.e. hump shap
relative position).
• Genetic basis of (1) long/short, (2) curly/straight hair, or
(3) coat colors (dark to pale) in camels cab be investigated
by sequencing mammalian candidate genes (i.e. FGF5,
KRT, TYRP, MC1R, ASIP)
Wadh

a. b. c.
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫ودﻗﯾق‬ ‫طوﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫وﺳﻣﯾك‬ ‫ﻗﺻﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬

Cdrom 235
‫أ‬‫ﺧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬
Cdrom 236
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 222
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬
Cdrom 238
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 255
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 247 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Cdrom 248
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Cdrom 249
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬2
Cdrom 256
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 251
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺟ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 239
‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 254
‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 241
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 237
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Cdrom 244
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬2
NA
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 245
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬
NA
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬2
NA
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺟ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
NA
Cdrom 243
‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 231 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Cdrom 234
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
NA
Cdrom 240
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 226 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬ )
Cdrom 225
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Homor
Shagah
Waddah
Mix Pure
L C
L C
S C
S C
P
P
S S L S P S S S S S C S C
S C
S S S S S S
S C
S C
S S
S C
S CS S L C
@jamalid_reportJamalid Report@jamalidreport
jamalidreport@gmail.com
Multi-generational pedigree of several camel-types where
multiple phenotypes are segregating. The camels are bred and
maintained by Mr. Mubarak Humoud Almutairi in Abdili, Kuwait.
M
ajaheem
Hom
or
Shagah
W
addah
Shaele
Sofor
Om
ani
Mix
Pure
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
Blackened
Homor
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫و‬‫خ‬
Twilight
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Black
Pink
NA 85
L S
C S
PB
Coat Length: Long vs. Short
Coat Texture: Curly vs. Straight
Skin Color: Black vs. Pink
References:
• Holl et al. (2017). A Frameshift Mutation in KIT is Associated with White Spotting in the
Arabian Camel. Genes 8(3): 102.
• Almathen et al. (2018). Polymorphisms in MC1R and ASIP Genes are Associated with Coat
Color Variation in the Arabian Camel. J Hered 109(6):700-706.
• Qureshi et al. (2008). Differentiation of six Pakistani camel breeds by molecular genetics
analysis. ICAR 2008 Satellite Meeting on Camelid Reproduction pp. 61–65.
a melanosomal tyrosinase-related protein 1.
In camels, c.23T_del and c.25A > G are both
associated with black coat color (Qureshi et
al., 2008).
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺟرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫إﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬

:(Morphometrics) ‫اﻷﺷﻛﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎس‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔرص‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺑﺣر‬

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Livestock Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci
Classifying camel breeds using geometric morphometrics: A case study in
Kuwait
Bader H. Alhajeri
⁎
, Randa Alaqeely, Hasan Alhaddad
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Arabian Peninsula
Camel breed
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Geometric morphometrics
Phenotypic classification
Torso shape
A B S T R A C T
In this study, we examine the utility of image-based geometric morphometrics in classifying camel breeds. As a
case study, we explore morphometric variation of six common Arabian Peninsula camel breeds (“Mezayen”
breeds), traditionally named according to their coat color: Homor (red), Majaheem (black), Shaele (brown),
Shageh (wheat), Sofor (smoky brown), and Waddeh (white). According to prior research, Mezayen breeds are
often divided into two main groups: (1) the Majaheem breed alone and (2) the “Malaween” breeds, encom-
passing Homor, Shaele, Shageh, Sofor, and Waddeh breeds. Our main aim is to determine if we can find support
for these two groups based on geometric morphometric analysis. We quantified the shape and size of each
camel's torso based on landmarks and semilandmarks spanning their dorsolateral surface, from the root of the
tail to the base of the neck. Landmarks and semilandmarks were digitized on photographs of 514 camels,
sampled from > 23 breeders from various regions in Kuwait. The division of the Majaheem breed from the
Malaween breeds was strongly supported. The Majaheem breed showed marked group homogeneity and sig-
nificantly differed from all the Malaween breeds, while the Malaween breeds were largely heterogeneous, and
did not significantly differ from each other. These results were supported by Procrustes ANOVA, between-group
PCA, UPGMA cluster analysis, and Type-II ANOVA. Based on the TPS deformation grids, the Majaheem breed
mainly differed from the Malaween breeds in the shape of the posterior part of the torso (the curvature from the
tail root to the hump apex). We detected no significant allometry in shape variation, indicating no correlated
variation of torso shape with size. This study demonstrates the usefulness of geometric morphometric analysis in
camel breed classification. To utilize this method for camel breeding, further work is needed to determine
whether our results could be generalized to other breeds, and to discover the combination of morphometric traits
that best delineate breeds based on predefined breeding goals.
1. Introduction
Geometric morphometrics is a suite of methods that facilitate
characterizing complex shapes and visualizing their differences (see
Zelditch et al., 2004; Mitteroecker et al., 2013; Cooke and
Terhune, 2015). This is achieved through statistical analysis of two- or
three-dimensional (2D, 3D) coordinate positions of homologous points
(landmarks) and curves (semilandmarks) (Webster and Sheets, 2010;
Gunz and Mitteroecker, 2013). Among the advantages of this method
over traditional distance-based approaches is that the object's shape
(i.e. geometry) can be analyzed independently from its size
(Mitteroecker et al., 2013). Geometric morphometrics has been used to
quantify shape variation in diverse fields, such as anthropology, med-
icine, and engineering (Cooke and Terhune, 2015). In biology, this
method is commonly employed to compare shape differences among
preserved zoological specimens (e.g. Zelditch et al., 2004; Webster and
Sheets, 2010; Martin et al., 2016; Alhajeri, 2018, 2019; Alhajeri and
Steppan, 2018). Only recently has this approach been introduced to
animal science (i.e. using live animals) (e.g. Cervantes et al., 2009;
Fureix et al., 2011; Druml et al., 2014; Gmel et al., 2018; Sénèque et al.,
2018, 2019). So far, most such applications have been restricted to
horses. The aim of the present study is to assess the utility of this
method in classifying camel breeds, using Arabian Peninsula breeds as a
case study.
Livestock are often assigned into breeds based on economically
pertinent features such as milk and meat production (e.g. cattle and
sheep) (FAO, 1957; Al-Atiyat et al., 2016). This is not the case for
dromedaries, that are often classified into breeds based on coat color,
general use, and region (Kohler-Rollefson, 1993; Wardeh, 2004; Al-
Swailem et al., 2010; Porter et al., 2016). Most Arabian Peninsula
formed a strongly supported subcluster that excludes Homor camels
(AU score = 100%; Fig. 4).
In the scaled subsample, the Type-II ANOVA detected a significant
effect of breed membership on torso size (log centroid size)
(F == 5.21, p == 0.0002, ηp² = 0.13; Fig. 2f). As with torso shape,
there is not context or prior research to compare the magnitude of this
effect size, however, Cohen's (1988) guidelines denote an ηp² ≥ 0.06 to
indicate a “medium effect” (an ηp² ≥ 0.14 denotes a “large effect”). The
post-hoc Scheffé test indicated that Majaheem camels were significantly
larger in torso size than both Shaele (p == 0.0156, g == 0.94) and
Sofor breeds (p == 0.0006, g == 1.29; Table S4; Fig. 2f). Based on
Fig. 3. TPS deformation grids, showing shape dif-
ferences of the mean shape of each breed relative to
the mean shape of the whole sample. Mean shape
refers to the consensus landmark configuration.
Deformations are magnified three times in order to
make the differences more obvious. For all de-
formation grids, landmark/semilandmark sequence
corresponds to that shown in the first panel (for
Homor) which matches those described in Fig. 1a.
Please note, the cropped torso images represent a
single individual (matching those in Fig. 1),
whereas the TPS deformation grids represent the
deformation of the breed average.
B.H. Alhajeri, et al.
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Mejaheem
1
2
3
4
56
7
8 9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Maghatir
Omaniat
ShaeleSofor

‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت‬

Photographing individuals from which samples are taken ensures
that phenotype can be linked with genotype. More specifically, it
allows the researcher to spend less time collecting phenotypic data
in the field, and more time collecting biological samples, as the phe-
notypic characterization of the sampled individuals can be done off-
site (i.e., from the images).
For a video walkthrough of a typical SamplEase work session,
along with the associated output (.zip) file, see Videos S1 and S2 and
Data S1.
4 | SAMPLEASE
As an illustration of the utility of SamplEase in biological research,
we present an outline of our ongoing research on dromedary camels.
Our investigations focus on the molecular, biochemical, and morpho-
logical variations, which requires the collection of both biological
samples and phenotypic data for each sample. SamplEase eased the
process of collecting biological specimens (i.e., blood, saliva, tail-hair,
milk etc.) of our sampled camels and their accompanying specimen
data.
Lateral and dorsal views of
each image for morphometric analyses
|ALHADDAD AnD ALHAJERI
|
After the completion of a sampling session, the data are uploaded
to the linked Dropbox account as a compressed file (.zip), which is
deposited in a folder with the path: “Dropbox/Apps/SamplEase.”
The .zip file is given a unique name based on the collection date and
time, and the name of the sampling session, in the following format:
“year-month-day-hour-minute-session name.zip” (or yyyymmddhh-
mmSessionName.zip). The name of the (.zip) file, which begins with
delimited (.csv) file that contains the biological specimen data in
the form of a table, and (b) all the photographs captured during
the sampling session, in a Portable Network Graphics format
the same name as the folder that houses it, and contains the
data entered in the sampling session arranged into 23 columns
(Table 1).
The names of the photographs follow the same scheme (see
above), where each image is identified by the date, time, and ses-
Images of camel neck, body,
tail, and foot captured with SamplEase.
the body parts to allow for extraction of
scale factors

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