The material of a talk that I prepared to give in the online camel conference of Oman. Unfortunately, I had a death in the family the day before the conference and the material was presented by my friend Dr. Mohammed Alabri from Oman. The material is in Arabic and focused for camel breeders.

1. ‫اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن‬ ‫وﻋﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻧظر‬ ‫دﻋوة‬
‫اﻟﺣداد‬ ‫ﺣﺳن‬ .‫د‬
‫اﻟﻛوﯾت‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ - ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫أﺳﺗﺎذ‬
‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠوم‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣر‬
٢٠٢٠‫ﯾوﻟﯾو‬ ٢٧ ،‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ - ‫ﻣﺳﻘط‬
‫نـــنــظر‬

2. ‫اﻟﯾوم‬ ‫ﺣدﯾﺛﻧﺎ‬
.1.‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬

3. ‫العلوم‬ ‫كلية‬
‫البيولوجية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫قسم‬
(‫الجينات‬ ‫)علم‬ ‫دكتوراه‬
‫ماجستير‬ ‫و‬ ‫بكالوريوس‬
(‫دقيقه‬ ‫)بيولوجيا‬
‫حسن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬

4. ‫حسن‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرة‬
SamplEase
Jamalid Report Laboratory
Kuwait University, College of Science
Khaldiya Campus, 1Kh Lab No. 150
jamalidreport@gmail.com hagenetics.org
bader.alhajeri@gmail.com
hhalhaddad@gmail.com
@jamalid_reportJamalid Report@jamalidreport

5. ‫النظر؟‬ ‫ملاذا‬

6. ‫بدر‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫املطيري‬ ‫حمود‬ ‫مبارك‬

7. Animals 2020, 10, 780 7 of 20
Figure 1. Number of camel research publications from 1880 to 2019. Timeline is represented below the
graph in red, with blue-contoured spots marking the moment of release of a regulation document.
The highest JCR impact index (23.083) was reached by an article focused on functional
heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae and published in ‘Advances in Immunology’ in 2001
(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(01)79006-2). On the other hand, the article with the lowest JCR
impact index (0.128), which is about camel-related human injuries, was published in ‘Injury’ in 1994
animals
Article
E↵ect of Research Impact on Emerging Camel
Husbandry, Welfare and Social-Related Awareness
Carlos Iglesias Pastrana 1 , Francisco Javier Navas González 1,* , Elena Ciani 2 ,
Cecilio José Barba Capote 3 and Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo 1
1 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
ciglesiaspastrana@gmail.com (C.I.P.); juanviagr218@hotmail.com (J.V.D.B.)
2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences,
University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; elena.ciani1976.ec@gmail.com
Journal of Library, Information and Vol. 5 No. (1-2)
Communication Technology (ISSN: 0975-3168) June, 2013
MAPPING OF WORLD-WIDE CAMEL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS:
A SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
G. Rathinasabapathy1
and L. Rajendran2
1. Deputy Librarian and Head, 2. Assistant Librarian
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
Chennai – 600 007
ABSTRACT
World camel research: a scientometric assessment,
2003–2012
B. M. Gupta • K. K. Mueen Ahmed • Ritu Gupta • Rishi Tiwari
Scientometrics (2015) 102:957–975
DOI 10.1007/s11192-014-1405-5
World camel research: a scientometric assessment,
2003–2012
B. M. Gupta • K. K. Mueen Ahmed • Ritu Gupta • Rishi Tiwari
Scientometrics (2015) 102:957–975
DOI 10.1007/s11192-014-1405-5
٢٠١٩ ‫منشورات‬
٤٥٣١٨٢٠٢٩٦٦٣٣٣٢٥٥١٢٩١٥٤

8. Animals 2020, 10, 780 9 of 20
and Asian and North African countries for the four variables considered. Within Asia, significant
di↵erences (p < 0.001) were found between Middle Eastern countries and other rather eastern countries
of this area (China, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand) with scientific publications in camels. Figure 4
depicts a Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS) map displaying the number of camel
research papers per country to illustrate these results. The relative contribution of papers to camel
science depending on the topic/s addressed by such papers is reported in Figure 5.
Figure 3. Mean JCR impact index and mean number of citations per year between 1992 and 2019.
Figure 4. Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS) map displaying the number of camel
research papers per country.
780 8 of 20
Figure 2. Number of historical publications on camels across journals.
valuating scientific impact factor across country of corresponding author,
↵erences (p < 0.05, df = 55) were found between central and north-east European
‫التكاثر‬ ‫دراسات‬
‫والبيطرة‬

11. 17.BDL
21.HL
22.HH
5.FLL
15.LAH
10.RMW
16.HGL
14.LSH
13.BPW
15.BPG
12.KNG
9.SHW
11.EPG
10.EPW
5.FLL
6.FAL
7.FCL
8.MFW
1.KNW
3.FPL
2.FFW
4.FPH
19.THL
20.HCL
21.MHW
18.HLL
17.RMW
22.HKL
25.HPL
26.LAH
24.HPH
23.HFW
a.

12. ‫عملية‬ ‫نظرات‬

13. Kuwait University
HA Genetic Lab.
Sample Collection Form
Draft 12/2014
Sample Name:
Sample Type: Blood Saliva
Feather Nail
Other:
Sample Number:
Sex: Male Female Unknown
Breed:
Collector Names:
Color:
Sire: Dam:
Siblings:
Date of Collection:
Pedigree Photo Photo
Country: Location: GPS Location:
Owner Name: Breeder Name:
Owner Contact Number: Breeder Contact Number:
Medical Condition:
Phenotype condition:

15. ‫اﻟذﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﮭواﺗف‬ (App) ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬
|
All research requires data. Data are often collected unmethodically
and unsystematically. It is often the case that only after the com-
pletion of the field season, is this data organized and transcribed to
a format that can be more readily archived, analyzed, and shared
(i.e., a spreadsheet). This two-step process of data collection is time-
intensive (reducing the time spent collecting samples) and reduces
collection of biological specimen data. The closest application to
serve this purpose is EpiCollect (Aanensen, Huntley, Feil, al-Own, &
Spratt, 2009). However, the complex application design and multiple
features, although valued, may limit its wide-scale adoption and im-
plementation across fields.
In designing SamplEase, we adopted the recommendations of
Borer et al. concerning data formats, storage, and sharing potential
as well as technical issues with naming files and categories of data
| |
O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H
|
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait
University, Safat, Kuwait
Hasan Alhaddad, Department of Biological
Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat 13060,
Kuwait
Email: hhalhaddad@gmail.com
Careful collection and organization of biological specimens and their associated data
are at the core of field research (e.g., ecology, genetics). Fieldwork data are often col-
lected by handwriting or unsystematically via an electronic device (e.g., laptop), a
process that is time-intensive, disorganized, and may lead to transcription errors, as
data are copied to a more permanent repository. SamplEase is an iOS and Android
application that is designed to ease the process of collecting biological specimen data
in the field (data associated with biological samples, such as location, age, and sex). In
addition to biological specimen data, SamplEase allows for the assignment of photo-
graphs to each collected sample, which provides visual records of each specimen in
its environment. SamplEase outputs biological specimen data in a tabular format, fa-
cilitating subsequent analyses and dissemination. Despite the simplicity of SamplEase,
no similar data management application is readily available for researchers.
animal sampling, biological specimen data, data management, fieldwork, images
SamplEase and Cdrom archive:
Windows to study the dromedary Camelus dromedarius
(Artiodactyla: Camelidae) and related camelids
Hasan Alhaddad and Bader H. Alhajeri
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
SamplEase
1. Search
2. Download
3. Register
4. Link to Dropbox
5. Collect data
6. Upload data
7. View data
Sample ID Date Nickname Sex Age Sire Dam Breed
Bio
Sample
Other 1 Other 2 Other 3 GIS Country Region Notes
Breeder
Name
Breeder
Phone
Breeder
Email
Photo 1st
Photos
Total
S-Other 1 S-Other 2 S-Other 3 Collector Name
Collector
Phone
Collector Email Collector Affiliation
201701151200_1 201701151200 Hasan Male 4 y ? ? Wadh Saliva 29.32491182 - 47.97026849 Kuwait Khaldiya KU 6199998888 h@gmail.com 201701151200KU_1_1 3 Hasan Alhaddad 123456789 jamalidreport@gmail.com Kuwait University
201701151200_2 201701151200 Bader Male 5 y ? ? Sufur Hair 29.32491182 - 47.97026849 Kuwait Khaldiya KU 6199998888 h@gmail.com 201701151200KU_2_1 5 Hasan Alhaddad 123456789 jamalidreport@gmail.com Kuwait University
Figure 1: How to use SamplEase, an iOS sampling application.
1. Register SamplEase
• SamplEase registration ensures
that each sample links to the
collector’s contact information
(Table 1).
• Registration information records
the contribution of each
investigator working within a team.
2. Link to Dropbox
• SamplEase needs to be linked to
a Dropbox account, where
sampling data and associated
images can be deposited.
• If need be, SamplEase can be
unlinked from one Dropbox
account and linked to another.
3. Session information
• A session is defined as a sampling
trip, often to a specific breeder, in
a specific location.
• All samples collected at a single
locality share the same session
information.
4. Sample information
• Unique information for each
sample can be easily entered and
saved.
• Samples can be continually
added until the sampling session
is complete. The session ends
when sampling is done.
5. SamplEase output
• For each session, data is stored as a zip file, which contains a table of SamplEase data
(Table 1), along with the associated images.
• Data can be uploaded to the linked Dropbox account (when connected to the internet), in
a folder with the label: App/SamplEase.
• When not connected to the internet, the session data will be stored on the device
temporarily, so that it can be uploaded to the linked Dropbox account when internet is
restored.
• Images are automatically assigned a unique name, based on the sample ID.
Why use SamplEase?
1. Search
2. Download
3. Register
4. Link to Dropbox
5. Collect data
6. Upload data
7. View data
Introduction
• Collection, organization, and dissemination of biological data, in the form of specimens
and associated information is essential for long and short-term research projects. Manual
data collection (i.e. by hand) is time-intensive, hard to share, and is more susceptible to
loss.
• SamplEase is an application designed to ease the process of biological specimen
sampling, particularly in a fieldwork setting. The application allows systematic assignment
of basic data to each collected specimen.
• SamplEase can be utilized by ecologists, geneticists, plant and animal breeders, and
researchers from other fields.
• It is easy to use.
• Paperless data collection.
• Data can be inputted in any language.
• Data output is organized in a table.
• Data is automatically backed up in Dropbox.
• Data is uploaded as a zip file to save space.
• Each collected sample is automatically
assigned an ID, a date and time, and GIS
coordinates.
• Unlimited number of photos for each
sample.
• Assignment of sample IDs is based on the
sampling date & time (yyyy-mm-dd-hh-
mm_#).
• Rapid collection of phenotypic, behavioral,
and environmental data.
• Images are named according to the sample
ID.
• The name of the output file corresponds to
the date & time of the sampling session.
• File names are arranged in chronological
order (yyyy-mm-dd-hh-mm_name).
Table 1: An example of a table outputted from SamplEase.

16. ‫الراعي‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الذكي‬ ‫املوريتاني‬ ‫الراعي‬

18. ‫فواز‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الشيباني‬ ‫فواز‬ ‫بن‬ ‫محسن‬

20. Cdrom 233 ( ‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ )
S C
Multi-generational pedigree of several camel-types where
multiple phenotypes are segregating. The camels are bred and
maintained by Mr. Mubarak Humoud Almutairi in Abdili, Kuwait.
Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ﻟ‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Curly vs. Straight Coat ‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬/‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺣ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ق‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ھ‬‫ﻠ‬ّ‫ﮫ‬( )
Brown Coat Color Variation
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
Blackened
Homor
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫و‬‫خ‬
Twilight
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Shageh
Homor
Shaele
Sofor
384
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
Pink
NA 85
• Coat Texture: hair texture of Mezayen camel coats comes in two varieties, straight (118) and curly (185), the
latter appears as rings, especially in the torso region. Candidate gene: KRT71, which encodes for Keratin that
is expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
• Syrupy-Sofor: Syrupy-Sofor (50) is a distinct sub-type of Sofor camels and marked by a unique darker coat
color pigmentation at only body extremities such as: withers, upper neck, dorsal footpad, nails, and the tip of
the hump and the tail. Candidate gene: TYR, which encodes for Tyrosinase that is expressed in melanosomes
and catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
• Brown Coat Color: Mezayen camel breeders further classify their major six
camel-types into sub-types based on the tone of their coat color. This specific
classification allows for better phenotyping and better differentiation and
identification of responsible causing variants. Eleven Mezayen sub-types differ
from one another in the darkness and the ‘brownness’ of the coat. Candidate
gene: MC1R, which encodes for the melanocortin 1 receptor for melanocyte-
stimulating hormone on the surface of melanocytes. The gene is
predominantly expressed in dark coat colors.
Candidate gene: ASIP, which encodes agouti signaling protein
that acts as an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors.
In camels, missense mutation c.901C > T (p.Arg301Cys) is
associated with light coat color (Almathen et al., 2018).
Thanks to the following Kuwaiti camel breeders:
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ر‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ج‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫أ‬‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ز‬‫ي‬
-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﻠ‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫د‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ظ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ذ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺦ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬–‫ﺻ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬
• Waddah Skin Color: The Waddah camel-type is sub-classified into pink (24) and dark (20)
according to their skin color, which can be seen in the mouth, udders, nails, and footpad.
Candidate gene: KIT, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is involved in the
development of erythrocytes, melanocytes, germ cells, mast cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
In camels, c.1842delG variant results in a frameshift and leads to a premature stop codon.
The variant is associated with white-spotting in piebald camels (Holl et al., 2017).
Candidate gene: TYRP1, which encodes for
a melanosomal tyrosinase-related protein 1.
In camels, c.23T_del and c.25A > G are both
associated with black coat color (Qureshi et
al., 2008).
Majaheem (‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬ ) (28), Sofor (‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬ ) (87), Shaele (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬ ) (142), Homor (‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬ ) (12), Shageh (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (12), and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (85).
• Our scientific approach towards investigating the molecular basis of camel phenotypes is to:
1. Identify and characterize heritable phenotypes.
2. Select candidate gene(s) identified as being responsible for similar phenotypes in other animals.
3. Sequence the candidate gene(s) using samples of individuals that are positive and negative for the phenotype.
4. Examine genotype-phenotype concordance.
5. Genotype concordant variants across a large number of samples.
6. Test the segregation of variants and phenotypes in pedigrees.
Shaele
Majaheem
Waddah
Shageh
Homor
Sofor
black
Mezayen
breeds
Crow-black
Majaheem
Black
Majaheem
Light
Majaheem
Smoky-brown
Sofor
Syrupy
Sofor
Light
Sofor
Brown
Shaele
Milky
Shaele
Light
Shaele
Red
Homor
Blackened
Homor
Twilight
Homor
Wheat
Shageh
Light
Shageh
Rosy
Waddah
Blond
Waddah
White
Waddah
‫ﻟﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺑﺎب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠون‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻟون‬

21. ‫محمد‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫العتيبي‬ ‫حامد‬

23. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Livestock Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci
Classifying camel breeds using geometric morphometrics: A case study in
Kuwait
Bader H. Alhajeri
⁎
, Randa Alaqeely, Hasan Alhaddad
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Arabian Peninsula
Camel breed
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Geometric morphometrics
Phenotypic classification
Torso shape
A B S T R A C T
In this study, we examine the utility of image-based geometric morphometrics in classifying camel breeds. As a
case study, we explore morphometric variation of six common Arabian Peninsula camel breeds (“Mezayen”
breeds), traditionally named according to their coat color: Homor (red), Majaheem (black), Shaele (brown),
Shageh (wheat), Sofor (smoky brown), and Waddeh (white). According to prior research, Mezayen breeds are
often divided into two main groups: (1) the Majaheem breed alone and (2) the “Malaween” breeds, encom-
passing Homor, Shaele, Shageh, Sofor, and Waddeh breeds. Our main aim is to determine if we can find support
for these two groups based on geometric morphometric analysis. We quantified the shape and size of each
camel's torso based on landmarks and semilandmarks spanning their dorsolateral surface, from the root of the
tail to the base of the neck. Landmarks and semilandmarks were digitized on photographs of 514 camels,
sampled from > 23 breeders from various regions in Kuwait. The division of the Majaheem breed from the
Malaween breeds was strongly supported. The Majaheem breed showed marked group homogeneity and sig-
nificantly differed from all the Malaween breeds, while the Malaween breeds were largely heterogeneous, and
did not significantly differ from each other. These results were supported by Procrustes ANOVA, between-group
PCA, UPGMA cluster analysis, and Type-II ANOVA. Based on the TPS deformation grids, the Majaheem breed
mainly differed from the Malaween breeds in the shape of the posterior part of the torso (the curvature from the
tail root to the hump apex). We detected no significant allometry in shape variation, indicating no correlated
variation of torso shape with size. This study demonstrates the usefulness of geometric morphometric analysis in
camel breed classification. To utilize this method for camel breeding, further work is needed to determine
whether our results could be generalized to other breeds, and to discover the combination of morphometric traits
that best delineate breeds based on predefined breeding goals.
1. Introduction
Geometric morphometrics is a suite of methods that facilitate
characterizing complex shapes and visualizing their differences (see
Zelditch et al., 2004; Mitteroecker et al., 2013; Cooke and
Terhune, 2015). This is achieved through statistical analysis of two- or
three-dimensional (2D, 3D) coordinate positions of homologous points
(landmarks) and curves (semilandmarks) (Webster and Sheets, 2010;
Gunz and Mitteroecker, 2013). Among the advantages of this method
over traditional distance-based approaches is that the object's shape
(i.e. geometry) can be analyzed independently from its size
(Mitteroecker et al., 2013). Geometric morphometrics has been used to
quantify shape variation in diverse fields, such as anthropology, med-
icine, and engineering (Cooke and Terhune, 2015). In biology, this
method is commonly employed to compare shape differences among
preserved zoological specimens (e.g. Zelditch et al., 2004; Webster and
Sheets, 2010; Martin et al., 2016; Alhajeri, 2018, 2019; Alhajeri and
Steppan, 2018). Only recently has this approach been introduced to
animal science (i.e. using live animals) (e.g. Cervantes et al., 2009;
Fureix et al., 2011; Druml et al., 2014; Gmel et al., 2018; Sénèque et al.,
2018, 2019). So far, most such applications have been restricted to
horses. The aim of the present study is to assess the utility of this
method in classifying camel breeds, using Arabian Peninsula breeds as a
case study.
Livestock are often assigned into breeds based on economically
pertinent features such as milk and meat production (e.g. cattle and
sheep) (FAO, 1957; Al-Atiyat et al., 2016). This is not the case for
dromedaries, that are often classified into breeds based on coat color,
general use, and region (Kohler-Rollefson, 1993; Wardeh, 2004; Al-
Swailem et al., 2010; Porter et al., 2016). Most Arabian Peninsula
formed a strongly supported subcluster that excludes Homor camels
(AU score = 100%; Fig. 4).
In the scaled subsample, the Type-II ANOVA detected a significant
effect of breed membership on torso size (log centroid size)
(F == 5.21, p == 0.0002, ηp² = 0.13; Fig. 2f). As with torso shape,
there is not context or prior research to compare the magnitude of this
effect size, however, Cohen's (1988) guidelines denote an ηp² ≥ 0.06 to
indicate a “medium effect” (an ηp² ≥ 0.14 denotes a “large effect”). The
post-hoc Scheffé test indicated that Majaheem camels were significantly
larger in torso size than both Shaele (p == 0.0156, g == 0.94) and
Sofor breeds (p == 0.0006, g == 1.29; Table S4; Fig. 2f). Based on
Fig. 3. TPS deformation grids, showing shape dif-
ferences of the mean shape of each breed relative to
the mean shape of the whole sample. Mean shape
refers to the consensus landmark configuration.
Deformations are magnified three times in order to
make the differences more obvious. For all de-
formation grids, landmark/semilandmark sequence
corresponds to that shown in the first panel (for
Homor) which matches those described in Fig. 1a.
Please note, the cropped torso images represent a
single individual (matching those in Fig. 1),
whereas the TPS deformation grids represent the
deformation of the breed average.
B.H. Alhajeri, et al.
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Mejaheem
1
2
3
4
56
7
8 9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
Maghatir
Omaniat
ShaeleSofor

24. (‫)ﺣداد،ﺣراب‬ ‫اﻟرأس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻋﻣودﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﮫ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺳوداء‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬
(‫)ﺧرع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠف‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ (‫)اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻠوﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أذن‬
Morphometric measure
Fo
v
Po
TPR
Dark ends
vs.
Non-dark
TYR?
Morpho
metrric
Coat
Male
Wadeh
• Morphometric and discrete ch
extracted from photographs tak
application.
• Variation in hair length, texture, and color was obs
among camel samples in the Cdrom archive.
• The hair-related phenotypes are not only selected for and
preferred but also are camel type/breed defining (Wedh:
white/pale).
• Darker pigmentation at body extremities
was noticed in some camel types (dark
ends vs. non-dark ends). The phenotype
• Camel ears come in two varieties (pointed upward or
folded). Mejaheem type (black coated) are selected for
pointed ears whereas Sufor and Wadh types are selected
for folded ears. Sequencing candidate genes such TPRV4
and evaluating polymorphisms among the two varieties may
reveal the genetic basis.
• The main purpose of Cdrom a
information and DNA to study c
• Scale labeled photographs enables studying the
in linear measurements (i.e. lengths of limbs) be
camel types or variation in shapes (i.e. hump sha
relative position).
• Genetic basis of (1) long/short, (2) curly/straight hair, or
(3) coat colors (dark to pale) in camels cab be investigated
by sequencing mammalian candidate genes (i.e. FGF5,
KRT, TYRP, MC1R, ASIP)
Wadh

25. a. b. c.
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎھﯾم‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫ودﻗﯾق‬ ‫طوﯾل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬
‫اﻟﻣﻐﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ذﯾل‬
‫وﺳﻣﯾك‬ ‫ﻗﺻﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑت‬

26. ‫سلطان‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫العنزي‬ ‫مرجي‬ ‫نواف‬

27. Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ﻟ‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Curly vs. Straight Coat ‫ﻣ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬/‫ﻣ‬ِ‫ﺣ‬ْ‫ﻠ‬ِ‫ق‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ھ‬‫ﻠ‬ّ‫ﮫ‬( )
Shaele
Straight
NA
Curly
384
he
that
at
of
omes
als.
for the phenotype.
Phenotypes of Mezayen ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ) Camel-ty
Fatmah Ismael, Tasneem Maraqa, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alha
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Syrupy-Sofor C
Curly vs
Straight
NA
Curly
384
• Coat Texture: hair texture of Mezayen camel coats comes in two varieties, straight (118) and curly (185), the
latter appears as rings, especially in the torso region. Candidate gene: KRT71, which encodes for Keratin that
is expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
• Syrupy-Sofor: Syrupy-Sofor (50) is a distinct sub-type of Sofor camels and marked by a unique darker coat
color pigmentation at only body extremities such as: withers, upper neck, dorsal footpad, nails, and the tip of
the hump and the tail. Candidate gene: TYR, which encodes for Tyrosinase that is expressed in melanosomes
and catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
• Waddah Skin Color: The Waddah camel-type is sub-classified into pink (24) and dark (20)
according to their skin color, which can be seen in the mouth, udders, nails, and footpad.
Candidate gene: KIT, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is involved in the
• The Cdrom Archive camel biobank consists of tail-hair samples (384) that are accompanied with detailed phenotypic and
pedigree information and is organized in a unified format using the SampleEase smartphone application.
• The Cdrom Archive currently contains Arabian Peninsula camel-types generally described as ‘Mezayen’ ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ), which includes
Majaheem (‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬ ) (28), Sofor (‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬ ) (87), Shaele (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬ ) (142), Homor (‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬ ) (12), Shageh (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (12), and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (85).
• Our scientific approach towards investigating the molecular basis of camel phenotypes is to:
1. Identify and characterize heritable phenotypes.
2. Select candidate gene(s) identified as being responsible for similar phenotypes in other animals.
3. Sequence the candidate gene(s) using samples of individuals that are positive and negative for the phenotype
4. Examine genotype-phenotype concordance.
5. Genotype concordant variants across a large number of samples.
6. Test the segregation of variants and phenotypes in pedigrees.

28. ‫أحمد‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الحربي‬ ‫أحمد‬ ‫فهد‬

29. Curly (47)
Straight (66)
Unknown (50)
a.
b.
Unknown (163)
‫اﻟوﺑر‬ ‫ﻟطول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
Sequencing camel long-hair candidate gene FGF5
Tasneem Maraqa, Zahraa Hasan, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alhaddad
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Materials and Methods
• DNA was extracted from ~30 tail hair roots from Five adult dromedary
camels, from different breeds (Shaele, Waddah, and Homor).
• Primer pairs (forward and reverse) were designed for each exon (Fig.1.A-
C.).
• PCR reaction was applied on the three exons, each with its specific
condition, followed by sequencing reactions.
• FGF5 cDNA was sequenced using Sanger sequencing method (ABI3130).
• The dromedary camel FGF5 cDNA sequences were aligned to the
dromedary reference sequence (NCBI reference sequence:
NW_011590980.1) and to the sequence of Alpaca.
Overview
• The appearance of hair, that vary in length among species, is a unique
characteristic of mammals that distinguishes them from other vertebrate
groups.
• The hair length is regulated by more than 2,289 genes and the main
regulator is the Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 (FGF5) gene.
• The FGF5 gene consists of three exons separated by two introns.
• Several FGF5 mutations have been identified that are associated with
long-hair phenotypes in many domestic animals.
• The domestic dromedary camel exhibits variations in hair length similar to
that of other camelids.
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’Reference
Cdrom73
Cdrom112
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG[A/T]GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT[T/-]AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
Cdrom121 5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’
5’TAAGTATTTTGGAAATATTTGCTGTGTCTCAGGGGATTGTAGGAATACGAGG A GTTTTCAGCAACAAATTTT T AGCGATGTCAAAAAAAGGAAAACTCCATGCAAGTGCC3’Cdrom75
F.
G.
ii.i. iii. iv.
5’ 3’
Exon 1 (~400 bp) Exon 2 (~250bp) Exon 3 (~550bp)
ACCAGCCCTACAAGATGCAC AGGACGGGTTTTGTAGGAGAG
TCACAGTAATAAAGAATGGAAAGAA GGAAAATCATTTCATTCCAGTTTAC
GGTCCATGGAATTCCTGGTT AAACAAATGACCTGGCTTCG
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
H.
MS/ /F*RCQKKENSMQVPDLQMTASSGSDFKRTAITPMPQRYTELRTQGGSGTWP*TRGGKLNGAAAPGLNPSTSPLTFCQDLSNWSSRNFLSQLLFLKRKSHLTPSSQRSPFPHLGEAPAR*STDSSFALD140
a.a.
MS/ /FLAMSKKGKLHASARFTDDCKFRERFQENSYNTYASAIHRTENTGREWYVALNKRGKAKRGCSPRVKPQHISTHFLPRFKQLEQPELSFTVTVPEKKKPPNPIKPKVPLSTSRRSPSPVKYRLKFRFG*
II.
I. 140
a.a.
Objectives
1. Identify the coding sequence (cDNA) of FGF5 in dromedary camels.
2. Determine polymorphisms in the FGF5 cDNA that could be associated with the long-hair phenotype in dromedary camels.
Fig.1: Camel FGF5 sequencing. A-C. are schematic representation of the FGF5 exon1, exon2, exon3, respectively, each with its designed primers (arrows). D. A
schematic representation of the FGF5 full isoform. E. Agarose gels of PCR products of FGF5 exons. F. The Exon2 sequences of the reference and four sequenced
samples- polymorphisms are highlighted. G. Chromatogram graphs of FGF5 cDNA: i. Cdrom112 shows an A at position c.410, ii. Cdrom73 shows a single nucleotide
polymorphism (c.410T>A), iii. Cdrom112 shows a homozygous genotype for no base deletion (c.431T), iv. Cdrom73 shows a heterozygous genotype for one base
deletion (c.426delT). H. The amino acids sequences of: I. The reference. II. The changed amino acids of Cdrom73 and the generated stop codons (*).
Conclusion
The frameshift mutation (c.426delT) in the cDNA of FGF5 gene could be associated with the long-hair phenotype in dromedary camel.
‫وﺑره‬
‫ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬
‫ﺟرداء‬

30. ‫خالد‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الحداري‬ ‫اللطيف‬ ‫عبد‬

31. (‫)اﻟدﺑﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻟﻠون‬ ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺑب‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬

32. Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Syrupy-Sofor Color ( ‫ﻟ‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫د‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
encodes for Keratin that
y a unique darker coat
ad, nails, and the tip of
pressed in melanosomes
.
(20)
d.
of Cajal.
on.
Phenotypes of Mezayen ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ) Camel-ty
Fatmah Ismael, Tasneem Maraqa, Bader H. Alhajeri, and Hasan Alh
Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Syrupy-Sofor
Curly v
Straight
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
• Coat Texture: hair texture of Mezayen camel coats comes in two varieties, straight (118) and curly (185), the
latter appears as rings, especially in the torso region. Candidate gene: KRT71, which encodes for Keratin that
is expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
• Syrupy-Sofor: Syrupy-Sofor (50) is a distinct sub-type of Sofor camels and marked by a unique darker coat
color pigmentation at only body extremities such as: withers, upper neck, dorsal footpad, nails, and the tip of
the hump and the tail. Candidate gene: TYR, which encodes for Tyrosinase that is expressed in melanosomes
and catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
• Brown Coat Color: Mezayen camel breeders further classify their major six
camel-types into sub-types based on the tone of their coat color. This specific
• Waddah Skin Color: The Waddah camel-type is sub-classified into pink (24) and dark (20)
according to their skin color, which can be seen in the mouth, udders, nails, and footpad.
Candidate gene: KIT, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is involved in the
development of erythrocytes, melanocytes, germ cells, mast cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
In camels, c.1842delG variant results in a frameshift and leads to a premature stop codon.
The variant is associated with white-spotting in piebald camels (Holl et al., 2017).
• The Cdrom Archive camel biobank consists of tail-hair samples (384) that are accompanied with detailed phenotypic and
pedigree information and is organized in a unified format using the SampleEase smartphone application.
• The Cdrom Archive currently contains Arabian Peninsula camel-types generally described as ‘Mezayen’ ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ), which includ
Majaheem (‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬ ) (28), Sofor (‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬ ) (87), Shaele (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬ ) (142), Homor (‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬ ) (12), Shageh (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (12), and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (85).
• Our scientific approach towards investigating the molecular basis of camel phenotypes is to:
1. Identify and characterize heritable phenotypes.
2. Select candidate gene(s) identified as being responsible for similar phenotypes in other animals.
3. Sequence the candidate gene(s) using samples of individuals that are positive and negative for the phenoty
4. Examine genotype-phenotype concordance.
5. Genotype concordant variants across a large number of samples.
6. Test the segregation of variants and phenotypes in pedigrees.

33. ‫محمد‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫الهاجري‬ ‫ذياب‬

34. Department of Biological Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait
Black vs. Pink Skin Colo
Syrupy-S
Cu
S
NA
Curly
384
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
NA 85
• Coat Texture: hair texture of Mezayen camel coats comes in two varieties, straight (118) and curly (185), the
latter appears as rings, especially in the torso region. Candidate gene: KRT71, which encodes for Keratin that
is expressed in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
• Syrupy-Sofor: Syrupy-Sofor (50) is a distinct sub-type of Sofor camels and marked by a unique darker coat
color pigmentation at only body extremities such as: withers, upper neck, dorsal footpad, nails, and the tip of
the hump and the tail. Candidate gene: TYR, which encodes for Tyrosinase that is expressed in melanosomes
and catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
• Brown Coat Color: Mezayen camel breeders further classify their major six
camel-types into sub-types based on the tone of their coat color. This specific
classification allows for better phenotyping and better differentiation and
identification of responsible causing variants. Eleven Mezayen sub-types differ
from one another in the darkness and the ‘brownness’ of the coat. Candidate
gene: MC1R, which encodes for the melanocortin 1 receptor for melanocyte-
stimulating hormone on the surface of melanocytes. The gene is
predominantly expressed in dark coat colors.
Candidate gene: ASIP, which encodes agouti signaling protein
that acts as an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors.
• Waddah Skin Color: The Waddah camel-type is sub-classified into pink (24) and dark (20)
according to their skin color, which can be seen in the mouth, udders, nails, and footpad.
Candidate gene: KIT, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is involved in the
development of erythrocytes, melanocytes, germ cells, mast cells, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
In camels, c.1842delG variant results in a frameshift and leads to a premature stop codon.
The variant is associated with white-spotting in piebald camels (Holl et al., 2017).
• The Cdrom Archive camel biobank consists of tail-hair samples (384) that are accompanied with detailed phenotypic an
pedigree information and is organized in a unified format using the SampleEase smartphone application.
• The Cdrom Archive currently contains Arabian Peninsula camel-types generally described as ‘Mezayen’ ( ‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬ ), which in
Majaheem (‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬ ) (28), Sofor (‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬ ) (87), Shaele (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬ ) (142), Homor (‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬ ) (12), Shageh (‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (12), and Waddah (‫و‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺢ‬ ) (8
• Our scientific approach towards investigating the molecular basis of camel phenotypes is to:
1. Identify and characterize heritable phenotypes.
2. Select candidate gene(s) identified as being responsible for similar phenotypes in other animals.
3. Sequence the candidate gene(s) using samples of individuals that are positive and negative for the phen
4. Examine genotype-phenotype concordance.
5. Genotype concordant variants across a large number of samples.
6. Test the segregation of variants and phenotypes in pedigrees.
Cdrom 233 ( ‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ )
S C
Black vs. Pink Skin Color ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ر‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬/‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Brown Coat Color Variation
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
ned
or
‫ﻣ‬
NA
Non-
syrupy
Syrupy
87
Black
Pink
NA 85
eir major six
This specific
ion and
ub-types differ
t. Candidate
melanocyte-
Thanks to the following Kuwaiti camel breeders:
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ر‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ج‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫أ‬‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ز‬‫ي‬
ers, nails, and footpad.
that is involved in the
, and interstitial cells of Cajal.
a premature stop codon.
oll et al., 2017).

35. ‫بدر‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫املطيري‬ ‫حمود‬ ‫مبارك‬

36. ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺟرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫إﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬
Cdrom 235
‫أ‬‫ﺧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬
Cdrom 233 ( ‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ )
Cdrom 236
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 222
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬
Cdrom 238
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 255
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 247 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Cdrom 248
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Cdrom 249
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬2
Cdrom 256
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 251
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺟ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 239
‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 254
‫ر‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
Cdrom 241
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 237
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Cdrom 244
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬2
NA
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 245
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬
NA
‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺔ‬2
NA
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺟ‬‫د‬‫ة‬
NA
Cdrom 243
‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬
Cdrom 231 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬ )
Cdrom 234
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
NA
Cdrom 240
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫م‬
Cdrom 226 ( ‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫ﻷ‬‫م‬ )
Cdrom 225
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻠ‬‫و‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ت‬
Homor
Shagah
Waddah
Shaele
Sofor
Mix Pure
L
S
C
S
L C
S C
S C
P
B
P
S S L S P S S S S S C S C
S C
S S S S S S
S C
S C
S S
S C
S CS S L C
@jamalid_reportJamalid Report@jamalidreport
Jamalid Report Laboratory
Kuwait University, College of Science
Khaldiya Campus, 1Kh Lab No. 150
jamalidreport@gmail.com
Multi-generational pedigree of several camel-types where
multiple phenotypes are segregating. The camels are bred and
maintained by Mr. Mubarak Humoud Almutairi in Abdili, Kuwait.
M
ajaheem
Hom
or
Shagah
W
addah
Shaele
Sofor
Om
ani
Mix
Pure
Brown Coat Color Variation
Crow-black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﻏ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Black
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ء‬
Light
Majaheem
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ھ‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Smoky-brown
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Light
Sofor
‫ﺻ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Brown
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Milky
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬
Light
Shaele
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ل‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬
Red
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬
Blackened
Homor
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺟ‬‫و‬‫خ‬
Twilight
Homor
‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ء‬
Black
Pink
NA 85
L S
C S
PB
Coat Length: Long vs. Short
Coat Texture: Curly vs. Straight
Skin Color: Black vs. Pink
References:
• Holl et al. (2017). A Frameshift Mutation in KIT is Associated with White Spotting in the
Arabian Camel. Genes 8(3): 102.
• Almathen et al. (2018). Polymorphisms in MC1R and ASIP Genes are Associated with Coat
Color Variation in the Arabian Camel. J Hered 109(6):700-706.
• Qureshi et al. (2008). Differentiation of six Pakistani camel breeds by molecular genetics
analysis. ICAR 2008 Satellite Meeting on Camelid Reproduction pp. 61–65.
stimulating hormone on the surface of melanocytes. The gene is
predominantly expressed in dark coat colors.
Candidate gene: ASIP, which encodes agouti signaling protein
that acts as an inverse agonist at melanocortin receptors.
In camels, missense mutation c.901C > T (p.Arg301Cys) is
associated with light coat color (Almathen et al., 2018).
Thanks to the following Kuwaiti camel breeders:
‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ذ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ر‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺣ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬‫ﻓ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ج‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫أ‬‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻧ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ز‬‫ي‬
-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬-‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﻠ‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫د‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ف‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ز‬‫ﯾ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ظ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ر‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ط‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﷲ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ط‬‫ﯾ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫و‬‫د‬‫ذ‬‫و‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺦ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬-‫ﻓ‬‫ﮭ‬‫د‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﺑ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ر‬‫ﯾ‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫و‬‫ا‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻲ‬-‫ﻋ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ر‬‫ي‬–‫ﺻ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻌ‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ز‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬
Candidate gene: TYRP1, which encodes for
a melanosomal tyrosinase-related protein 1.
In camels, c.23T_del and c.25A > G are both
associated with black coat color (Qureshi et
al., 2008).

37. ‫سعود‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫العجمي‬ ‫سعود‬ ‫حمد‬

38. ‫اﻟﺟزﯾرة‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻرة‬
‫اﻟذھب‬ ‫وإﺑل‬

39. Chad(4)
Djibouti(1)Eritrea(2)
Ethiopia(8)
Kenya(5)Unknown(2)
Rwanda(1)
Som
alia
(13)
Sudan (14)
Algeria (11)
Egypt (9)
Libya (4)
Mauritania (4)
Morocco (10)
Tunisia (1)
Unknown (5)
Canary Islands (1)
M
ali (4)
Unknown
(5)
Niger(8)
Nigeria(2)
Unknown(1)
Afghanistan(3)
Azerbijan(1)
Iran(6)
Kazakhstan(1)
Turkmenistan(4)
Uzbekistan(1)
India(13)
Pakistan(26)
Arabian Peninsula (21)
Syria (2)
Iraq (2)Jordan (1)
Oman (25)
Saudi Arabia
(24)
Turkey(1)
UAE(17)
Yemen(4)
Australia(1)
Africa
(94)
Asia
(138)
East (37)
North(38)
West(93)
South (37) Central
W
est
•‫ﻛﺛﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﺣول‬
•‫ﻧﺳل‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌروف‬ ‫إﺳم‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫ﻣن‬
•‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺗواﺟد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻣوﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬

40. 3 4 5 6 7
0510152025
log10 (Camel Head Count)
NumberofCamelBreeds
Azerbaijan Djibouti
Jordan
Kazakhstan
TunisiaTurkey Uzbekistan
Eritrea
Iraq Nigeria
Syria
Afghanistan
Chad
Libya
Mali
MauritaniaTurkmenistan Yemen
Kenya
Iran
Ethiopia
Niger
Egypt
Morocco
Algeria
India Somalia
Sudan
UAE
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Pakistan
UAE
Oman
‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫رؤوس‬ ‫ﻋدد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬‫اﻹﺑل‬‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬‫ﻋدد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻣﺎة‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫وﻋدد‬ (FAO) ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑل‬ ‫رؤوس‬ ‫ﻋدد‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠطﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫عمان‬

41. -10 -5 0 5
-2024
MDS1
MDS2
Omani
Hadana
Jebali
Ja
Kurri
Raidi
Hurra
ShaeleSofor
Maghateer
ShagehHomorWaddah
Mejaheem
Awadi
Sahraoui
Turkana
Kala
Batinah
Dhofar
Awarik
Kohi
Arabi
Baladia
Raka
Sahlia
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Kababish
(mt-DNA) ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫وإﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫أﺧرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫عماني‬
‫ظفار‬
‫باطنه‬

42. −0.02 −0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
−0.02−0.010.000.010.02
PC1 (30.16%)
PC2(25.27%)
Kohi
Raidi
Omani
Batinah
Dhofar
Awarik
AwadiHadana
Majaheem
Saheli
Shaele Sofor
Maghateer
Hurra
Raka
Jabali
Baladia
Mahamid
Ja
KalaKurri
Sahraoui
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Turkana
Gabbra
−0.02 −0.01
−0.010.000.010.02
PC3(12.39%)
Hada
Majaheem
Saheli
Shaele
Sofor
Maghateer
Hurra
Raka
Jabali
Baladia
Mahamid
Ja
Kala
Kurri
Sahraoui
Targui
Borena
Rendille
Turkana
Gabbra
a. b.
(STR) ‫اﻟﺟﯾﻧوﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧووي‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫وإﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬
‫أﺧرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أﻧﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫عماني‬
‫ظفار‬
‫باطنه‬

43. ‫نظرة‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫على‬ ‫وحلول‬ ‫أفكار‬
‫مشتركة‬
17.BDL
21.HL
22.HH
5.FLL
15.LAH
10.RMW
16.HGL
14.LSH
13.BPW
15.BPG
12.KNG
9.SHW
11.EPG
10.EPW
5.FLL
6.FAL
7.FCL
8.MFW
1.KNW
3.FPL
2.FFW
4.FPH
19.THL
20.HCL
21.MHW
18.HLL
17.RMW
22.HKL
25.HPL
26.LAH
24.HPH
23.HFW
a.

44. ‫الحالية‬ ‫ومنتجاتها‬ ‫اإلبل‬

46. ‫اإلبل؟‬ ‫النتاج‬ ‫ودفعهم‬ ‫املربني‬ ‫دعم‬ ‫على‬ ‫قادرة‬ ‫املنتجات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫هل‬

47. ‫بدر‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫املطيري‬ ‫حمود‬ ‫مبارك‬

48. Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Results
5
Figure 1
Figure 2
MOJ Anat & Physiol.
© 2018 Jerbi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
head (Camelus dromedarius
Correspondence:
Received: | Published:
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction
Materials and methods
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
Results
5
Figure 1
Figure 2
MOJ Anat & Physiol.
© 2018 Jerbi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
head (Camelus dromedarius
Correspondence:
Received: | Published:
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction
Materials and methods
Figure 2
et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
icted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
arius
Correspondence:
Received: | Published:
Nuchal ligament
‫اﻟﻘﻔﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﺎط‬
‫اﻟﻌﺗﺎري‬

49. ‫اﻟﺷداد‬ ‫ورﺑط‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺗﺎري‬

50. ‫محمد‬ ‫بو‬ ‫نظرة‬
‫العجمي‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫سعد‬

52. ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻲ‬

53. ‫وحل‬ ‫نظرة‬

57. fgene-10-00048 February 1, 2019 Time: 17:55 # 4
Alhaddad and Alhajeri Cdrom Archive and Camel Phenotypes
FIGURE 3 | Geographic distribution of Cdrom Archive samples from Kuwait. Samples were collected during 2015 (February–April), 2016 (October–December), and
2017 (March–April). Circle size corresponds to the number of camel samples from each breeder (location). Nine samples were collected from King Faisal University,
Saudi Arabia (not shown). Map generated using the ggmap R package.

58. ‫شكر‬ ‫الختام‬

59. ‫أﻧظر‬ ‫ﺑﺻرﺗﻧﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫رﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫أﺣﻣدك‬
‫أﻋﺎﺟﯾﺑﮫ‬ ‫وﺻﻧوف‬ ‫اﻟظﮭر‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻧوم‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺷر‬ ‫اﻹﺑل‬ ‫أھل‬ ‫ﺳﺧرت‬ ‫وﺑرﺣﻣﺗك‬
‫ﻣطﺎﻟﺑﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻛﺛرت‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫ﻼب‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻟﻠط‬ ‫ّﺎﯾﺔ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ﯾﺷﻛر‬ ‫ﻗﺑل‬ ‫ﻻﺑد‬ ‫رب‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺷﻛرك‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎﺑﯾﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺻوﺑك‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻠوق‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻋون‬ ‫ﻛل‬

60. ‫اﻟﺣداد‬ ‫ﺣﺳن‬ .‫د‬
Hasan Alhaddad, PI
‫اﻟﮭﺎﺟري‬ ‫ﺑدر‬ .‫د‬
Bader Alhajeri, Co-PI
‫اﻟﻌﺑداﻟﻐﻔور‬ ‫ﺳﮭﻰ‬ .‫أ‬
Suha Alabdulghafour
‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛر‬ ‫ھدى‬
Huda Alaskar
‫ﻋﻣﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻧﯾم‬
Tasneem Emad
‫اﻟﻌﻘﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫رﻧدا‬
Randa Alaqeely
‫وأھﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﺑرﻧﺎ‬
Jamalid Report Laboratory
‫ﺣﺳن‬ ‫زھراء‬
Zahraa Hasan
‫إﺳﻣﺎﻋﯾل‬ ‫ﻓﺎطﻣﮫ‬ .‫أ‬
Fatimah Isamel
@jamalid_reportJamalid ReportJamalidreport
Jamalid Report Laboratory
Kuwait University, College of Science
Khaldiya Campus, 1Kh Lab No. 150
jamalidreport@gmail.com
900 camel
900 22635