This document provides a summary of environmental attitudes and human impacts on the environment from prehistoric times through the early industrial revolution. It discusses early evidence of humans using fire to clear forests in Africa 300,000 years ago and systematic deforestation in Mesopotamia by 7000 BCE. It then outlines various civilizations and their impacts through soil erosion, including the collapse of some central American city-states between 1500-1200 BCE due to growth and erosion. The document continues discussing attitudes, laws, and impacts in various cultures up until the beginnings of the industrial revolution.

1. A Brief History of Environmental Attitudes
Environmentalism didn't really begin until after the Industrial
Revolution was underway. Thus, this lesson is really just a
historical look at the positive and negative affects that we as a
species have had on nature. The next module discusses the
history of environmentalism in America. So here, we will begin
with the earliest known evidence and work up to the beginning
of the Industrial Revolution.
The story begins in the Kalambo Falls region of Africa. These
falls are a single drop of 772 feet, the second largest in all of
Africa. There is evidence indicating human activity from as far
back as 300,000 BCE. However, we are interested in what was
happening about 60,000 BCE. At this site we see what is
probably the earliest evidence for using fire to clearcut a forest;
most likely for establishing a settlement.
Next, we will jump forward to 7000 BCE, and over to
Mesopotamia. For most of us, it is difficult to imagine many
parts of the world as being covered with forests, but they used
to be, including the Middle East. Various texts including the
Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh confirm that the Middle East
used to be full of trees, which were systematically cut down to
further civilization. Some sources argue that this deforestation
is the impetus for the stories about the Garden of Eden.
Ultimately, this deforestation led to the collapse of various
communities in southern Israel by 6000 BCE.
For a quick tangent, we can take this particular issue and jump
right up to the modern era and see how it is still relevant. On
the modern island that holds the two countries, Haiti and the
Dominican Republic, the Haitian side of this island is in peril
due to clear-cutting its forests to sell the timber. What happens
once you clear out the trees is that there is nothing, such as
roots, to hold the soil in place and it all washes away.
In 2700 BCE in Ur, a city located in what is now the Dhi Qar
Governate of Iraq, we get what is possibly the first decree on

2. conservation, to protect the remaining forest. However, we
continue to see large scale commercial timbering of cedar in
both Phoenicia (Lebanon) and South India.
In 2500 BCE, we encounter the Mohenjo Daro civilization in
modern Pakistan - the name translates to "mound of the dead."
This city housed approximately 5,000 citizens but it was part of
the bigger Harappa civilization consisting of some 35,000
people. The city was about a square mile with streets that were
laid out in a grid design. These streets included an advanced
and extensive drainage system that helped with sanitation.
Between 1500 and 1200 BCE, we see several interesting events.
First, about 1500 BCE in Central America, we see several city-
states that due to growth and expansion had to contend with
substantial soil erosion. These efforts were unsuccessful and the
erosion led to the collapse of these city-states. Next, in about
1450 BCE, the Minoan civilization near Greece declines.
Modern scholars are not in agreement as to exactly why. Some
argue that it was a volcanic eruption, while others argue that it
was due to deforestation and soil erosion, which also hampered
manufacturing. About 1300 BCE we find Hebrew law which
indicates that livestock should be raised with care and
slaughtered as humanely as possible. Finally in about 1200
BCE, Troy (near modern Istanbul) experienced so much soil
erosion due to deforestation that silt filled bays and river
mouths and actually altered the coastline, moving it farther
north.
In the 8th century BCE, the prophet Isaiah, yes the one from the
Bible, spoke against animal sacrifice and for vegetarianism.
Later, John the Baptist was also a vegetarian. There is also
some serious scholarly research indicating that Jesus, following
his predecessor John, also espoused vegetarianism. In the 7th
and 6th centuries BCE we witness the birth of both Jainism and
Buddhism, both of which teach that we should have compassion
for all life, which means we do not eat animals. Skipping ahead
for a minute, in 256 BCE, King Ashoka of India writes the
Seven Pillars edict which protects 26 different species.

3. Pythagoras, a great Greek philosopher and mathematician, lived
in the 6th century BCE. He argued that women should be treated
as equals to men and also for vegetarianism. Towards the end of
the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century BCE in Greece,
several coastal cities became landlocked due to heavy
deforestation which led to soil erosion, again as silt filled the
bays and the mouths of rivers. Plato allegedly compared the
hills and mountains of Athens to a decaying body, saying: "all
the richer and softer parts have fallen away and the mere
skeleton of the land remains." Hippocrates, the father of
medicine, became the first to correlate what one consumes,
where one works, and the climate in which one lives to one's
health. His book, Air, Water, and Places, is the earliest work on
human ecology. At the end of the 5th century Thucydides, a
general and one of the first historians, wrote the history of the
Peloponnesian Wars partly because of his failed mission to
protect the forests in northern Greece.
Ancient Rome will bring us up the Common Era, but first, we
should mention that the Cloaca Maxima (big sewer) and the
aqueducts were invented to move water in and waste out of the
city. Due to industry such as smelting, tanning, and metallurgy
the pollution was pretty bad. The Roman writers often referred
to gravioris caeli, or heavy heaven, and infamus aer, or
infamous air. However, one cannot forget that Rome also
brought a new standard of public health - appointing doctors to
tend to the poor, building hospitals across the empire, building
public baths, and having a sewage system. This standard would
not be seen again in Europe until the mid-18th century. In 80
CE, Rome passed a law to protect water stores during dry
periods. Lead poisoning was common in Rome due to both the
use of it as a sweetener and from mining.
In 535 CE, Emperor Justinian issued a legal code that
included: "By the law of nature these things are common to
mankind---the air, running water, the sea, and consequently the
shores of the sea."
Now let's skip forward a bit and look at the time period from

4. 1150 to the early 1500s CE. The Sri Lankan King Missanka
Malla passed a decree that prohibited the slaughter of animals
within a certain radius of the city. Around the same time we see
the rise of the Cathari sect in southern France. Cathari is
derived from the Greek word katharos, which means pure. They
were a vegan sect of Catholicism that was eventually
exterminated by the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition.
During this same time St Francis was born and started the
Franciscan Order of monks, which also argued for
vegetarianism and fought for animal rights. In the early 1300s
France passed the Forest Code as an effort regulate wood
production for the navy. Paris in 1366 passed a law requiring
butchers to dispose of animal waste outside of the city.
Interestingly, both New York and Philadelphia would dispute
similar laws nearly 400 years later. In 1388, the English
Parliament passed a law forbidding people from throwing waste
and garbage into ditches, rivers etc. And the city of Cambridge
passed the first urban sanitation laws. 1452 introduces Leonardo
da Vinci to the scene. He practiced and taught vegetarianism:
"The time will come when humans will look on the slaughter of
beasts as they now look on the murder of men." Bartholomew
Chassenee, who died in 1540, became the first animal rights
lawyer by defending rats before the ecclesiastical court of
Autun. He argued, in part, that it would take too much time to
notify all of the rodents, and that for them to appear would
require them to face their mortal enemy: the cats. He won.
Now let's cover the entire 16th century, beginning with Akbar
the Great. Akbar was a Mogul emperor in India who established
zoos that far surpassed the quality of European zoos. At the
various entrances he posted this sign: "Meet your brothers, take
them to heart, and respect them," according to David Hancock
in his book, A Different Nature. This may be the first clear
distinction between exhibition for entertainment and exhibition
for education. Sir Thomas More of England in 1516 wrote in his
book Utopia that kindness towards animals, the abolition of
animal sacrifice and sport hunting are signs of moral

5. advancement. Michel de Montaigne, a French attorney who was
born in 1533, denounced the abuse of animals as "the extremist
of all vices." In 1556 Agricola, also known as Georgius Bauer,
wrote De Re Metallica, a book on occupational hazards. In it he
discussed the both the health concerns and the environmental
damage resulting from mining. However, he sides with "man"
and blames most of these incidents on careless workers. This
theme of careless workers' responsibility repeats up to the mid-
20th century. Girolama Fracastoro, an Italian physician,
outlined a theory on contagious disease in 1546. He argued that
diseases are spread three ways: simple contact, indirect contact,
and on minute bodies over distances through air. Further, he
claimed that the way to diminish epidemics was through
isolation and disinfection. After 1600 rapid industrialization in
England led to heavy deforestation and thus a growing
dependence on burning coal instead of wood. Sir John
Harrington invented the water closet (that is, toilet) in 1589 but
due to a lack of interest or concern about filth and sewage, it
went largely ignored until 1778. The dodo, a small flightless
fowl, was discovered on the island of Mauritius. Within a
century, however, it is driven to extinction due to the
introduction of alien predators including cats, dogs, pigs, and
humans.
Thomas Tryon was born in 1632 and was instrumental in
convincing the Puritans that animals have souls. He also
crusaded against slavery and spoke out for animal rights. Isaac
Walton wrote The Compleat Angler in 1640, a book about
fishing in which he espoused conservation. The Massachusetts
Bay Colony in 1641 adopted the 100 Libertiesas the laws of the
colony. Number 92 was about animal rights, and was the first
such law adopted by any Western country. It required that
livestock be treated without tyranny or cruelty. In 1661 John
Evelyn wrote Fumifugium, a book about air pollution in London
and how to deal with it. Afterwards in his diary he claims the
smoke was so bad that: "Hardly could one see across the street,
and this filling the lungs with its gross particles exceedingly

6. obstructed the breast, so as one would scarce breathe." John
Graunt published mortality statistics in 1662 that, although a bit
inaccurate, were still a step towards epidemiology and an
understanding of disease and public health. Japan's shogun in
1666 warned against the dangers of soil erosion, stream siltation
and flooding due to deforestation. He encouraged people to
plant trees and ultimately his efforts led to an elaborate system
of woodland management by 1700. France again enacted stricter
forestry codes to regulate wood production for their navy.
Germany pilloried (put in the stocks and publicly scorned) a
man for cruelty to a horse; Germany records at least two other
similar incidents, one in 1765 and one in 1766. Jared Eliot, born
in 1685, wrote an essay on Field Husbandry and how to reduce
inefficiency and waste in colonial American farming, primarily
focused on soil erosion and producing better pastures for
livestock. In 1690, Governor William Penn required
Pennsylvania settlers to preserve one acre of forest for every
five that were consumed. In the 1690's Paris, catching up with
ancient Rome, became the first European city to have an
extensive sewer system.
Beginning at the end of the 17th century we start to see a
movement towards increased mechanization. However, what
really inflicted the death blow to the environment was Thomas
Newcomen's steam engine, which greatly accelerated the ability
to pump water out of mines and get to the coal. With this
invention, and various improvements to it, the Industrial
Revolution's assault on the environment powered up, seemingly
perpetually gaining steam (pun intended).
Now, we are all aware of how metals played a role in history, so
let's take a look at this article on the historical importance
of wood.
Foundations of Emergency Medical Services
H EDU 4295 Fall 2016

7. Instructor: Shelly Beck Office: Annex 2220
Phone: 581-4512 Office Hours:
By appointment
E-mail: [email protected]
Class Web site: canvas class address
Class meetings: M, W, F 940 – 1020
Prerequisites
H EDU 1010, H EDU 3050, and WRTG 2010 (must pass with a
C- or better)
Textbook And Required Resources
There is no textbook for this course. Readings will be assigned
through the class website
on Canvas.
Course Description
This course will examine the profession of Emergency Medical
Services (EMS)
including the history, responsibilities, credentialing, levels,
research, theory, and future.
Student Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course you will be able to:
1- Identify the different environments and agency types where
EMS professional
work.
2- Demonstrate how to access and analyze peer-reviewed EMS
research.
3- Identify and explain evidence based protocols and how they
are developed.
4- Apply behavior change theory to formal and informal EMS

8. education including
patient education, community education and peer education.
5- Discuss the future trends of EMS.
University Policy
1- The Americans with Disabilities Act. The University of Utah
seeks to provide
equal access to its programs, services, and activities for people
with disabilities. If
you will need accommodations in this class, reasonable prior
notice needs to be
given to the Center for Disability Services (CDS;
http://disability.utah.edu/; 162
Olpin Union Building; (801)-581-5020). CDS will work with
you and the
instructor to make arrangements for accommodations. All
written information in
this course can be made available in an alternative format with
prior notification
to the CDS.
2- Addressing Sexual Misconduct. Title IX makes it clear that
violence and
harassment based on sex and gender (which Includes sexual
orientation and
gender identity/expression) is a Civil Rights offense subject to
the same kinds of
accountability and the same kinds of support applied to offenses
against other
protected categories such as race, national origin, color,
religion, age, status as a

9. person with a disability, veteran’s status or genetic information.
If you or
someone you know has been harassed or assaulted, you are
encouraged to report it
to the Title IX Coordinator in the Office of Equal Opportunity
and Affirmative
Action, 135 Park Building, 801-581-8365, or the Office of the
Dean of Students,
270 Union Building, 801-581-7066. For support and
confidential consultation,
contact the Center for Student Wellness, 426 SSB, 801-581-
7776. To report to
the police, contact the Department of Public Safety, 801-585-
2677(COPS).
3- The Code of Student Rights and Responsibilities. The code,
which specifies
student rights as well as conduct involving cheating, plagiarism,
collusion, fraud,
theft, etc., is provided at
http://regulations.utah.edu/academics/6-400.php.
4- Wellness Statement. Personal concerns such as stress,
anxiety, relationship
difficulties, depression, cross-cultural differences, etc., can
interfere with a
student’s ability to succeed and thrive at the University of Utah.
For helpful
resources contact the Center for Student Wellness,
http://wellness.utah.edu/; 801-
581-7776.

10. Student Expectations
These expectations exist to maintain the high level of
professionalism expected in this
course.
1- Attendance is not mandatory; however the Instructor is not
required to "make-up"
information with students who have missed class. If you
anticipate missing class
please make arrangements to receive the lecture notes from
another student.
2- It is expected that the student will arrive on time for every
class and return from
breaks on time.
3- You will come to class prepared to participate in whatever
activity is taking place
that day. Cell phones and MP3 players are to be silenced and
put away during
class time.
4- Late assignments will not be accepted. If you anticipate
missing class the day an
assignment is due, you will need to email the assignment to the
instructor by the
beginning of class.

11. 5- Classroom discussion will be encouraged. Please ask
questions and voice
opinions. However, interrupting and being disrespectful to
fellow students, the
instructor, or any guests will not be tolerated. Attacking another
student’s opinion
that differs from your own will also not be tolerated. Should
this become a
problem, I will ask you to leave the classroom and we will meet
before you are
allowed back in class.
Assignments
It is recommended that for every hour you spend in the
classroom you should spend 1-2
hours outside of class studying and preparing.
Written assignments must demonstrate the minimum of effective
writing expected of a
student in a university upper-division undergraduate class.
Please proofread your work
for length, organization, spelling, and grammatical errors.
Points will be deducted for
such errors. You are encouraged to utilize the Writing Center
in the Marriott Library,
which is free to enrolled students. Please call 587-9122 or
contact the center via their
website to schedule an appointment:
www.writingcenter.utah.edu/
There will be assignments almost every week (each worth 20 -

12. 50 points). The detailed
individual assignment descriptions and grading rubrics can be
found on Canvas under the
assignment link. Assignments will not be accepted after the day
they are due. Pay
attention to the due date and time it is due. Some assignments
will be due in class and
others will be submitted electronically by 1159pm on the due
date.
Extra Credit
Each extra credit assignment is worth 5 points. Each student
may earn up to 10 points in
extra credit. These points are added to the total number of
points earned at the end of the
semester before a percentage is figured. This is the only way
you may get extra credit. No
extra credit will be accepted after Dec. 16th.
Extra Credit Assignment #1: You may donate blood or plasma
at any time during the
semester. Bring to the instructor, proof that you have donated
by Dec. 16th. If you are
unable to donate blood, you may write a two-page paper
explaining why donating
blood/plasma is important, how it relates to first aid, and why
certain individuals may not
donate. Be sure to back up thoughts and ideas with references as
appropriate. Plagiarism
on this paper will not be tolerated.
Extra Credit Assignment #2: You may perform five hours of
community service related
to EMS or health care. You may volunteer at a community event
(example: Special
Olympics, race, or health fair), hospital, Red Cross, do a ride-

13. along with your local fire
department, or any thing else you can come up with. You will
need to write a one-page
paper discussing what you did, where you volunteered, what
you learned, and your
overall impressions of the experience. You will need proof of
your volunteer work. You
get this proof by having the individual you worked with fill out
the volunteer form found
on Canvas. I need your paper and form by Dec. 16th.
Exams
You will have three (3) written exams. Each exam is worth 100
points, for a total of 300
possible points. Each exam will consist of multiple choice, short
answer, matching,
true/false, and compare and contrast questions. All written
exams will be given online
through the class’s canvas page.
Grading
Grades will be determined based on class assignments and
written exams.
95 - 100 = A 73 - 76 = C
90 - 94 = A- 70 - 73 = C-
87 - 89 = B+ 67 - 69 = D+
84 - 86 = B 64 - 66 = D
80 - 83 = B- 60 – 63 = D-
77 - 79 = C+ 0 - 59 = E

14. Schedule
Date Topic Readings
August 22 Intro to class
24 Introduction to Emergency Medical Services
(EMS)
26 History of EMS - Online
29 EMS Track meeting
31 EMS Track meeting
September 02 Governing Bodies - Online
05 Labor Day
07 Scope of Practice and White papers
09 Professional Organizations - Online
12 EMS and Health Care
14 EMS and Health Education
Interview a professional Due
16 Exam 1 - Online
19 EMS response Environments
21 EMS response Environments
23 EMS response Environments - Online
26 Types of Agencies
28 Interagency relationships
30 Levels of Certifications - Online
October 03 Additional Certifications
05 Research and evidence based protocols
07 HIPAA - Online
10 Fall Break
12 Fall Break
14 Fall Break

15. 17 International EMS – Industrialized Countries
19 International EMS – 3rd world Countries
21 Exam 2 - Online
24 Introduction to EMS Law
26 Introduction to EMS Ethics
Research Articles Due
28 Interpersonal Communication - Online
31 Theory – Behavior Change
November 02 Theory – Behavior Change
04 Educational Plans – group meetings
07 Disaster Preparedness – Emergency
Management
09 Disaster Preparedness – Emergency
Management - Online
11 Disaster Preparedness – Emergency
Management - Online
14 Presentations – Educational Plans
16 Presentations – Educational Plans
18 Incident command structure - Online
21 Incident command structure - Online
23 Incident command structure - Online
25 No Class - Thanksgiving
28 Job market
30 Hiring processes
December 02 Job Qualifications and Requirements - Online
05 Internships

16. 07 Resumes and Cover letters
12 Exam 3 - Online
Assignments – 410 possible points
Date assigned Assignment Due Date Points
August 24 Interview a professional Sept. 14, 1159pm 50
26 History of EMS Aug. 26, 1159pm 20
September 02 Governing Bodies Sept. 2, 1159pm 20
09 Professional Organizations Sept. 9, 1159pm 20
23 EMS response environments Sept. 23, 1159pm 20
30 Levels of Certification Sept. 30, 1159pm 20
October 07 HIPAA Oct. 7, 1159pm 20
26 Research articles Oct. 26, 1159pm 50
28 Interpersonal Communication Oct. 28, 1159pm 20
November 02 Education plan Nov. 14, in class 50
09 FEMA Course IS-230D Nov. 11, 1159pm 50
16 FEMA Course ICS-100 Nov. 23, 1159pm 50
December 02 Job Requirements Dec. 2, 1159pm 20