BIOL1408 Introductory Biology Name Lab Unit 6/7: Diffusion & Osmosis date Dr. Flo Oxley In this lab unit, you will follow your eSciences ACC Lab Manual (posted in Blackboard: “Lab Manual”) to learn about diffusion, osmosis, and how these processes work inside cells to support life. This document will serve as your guide, sending you to the relevant lab activities and introductory information found in the eSciences lab manual (pages for this unit are 68 - 81), or in the online replication of the eScience lab manual uploaded to Blackboard for those of you who prefer to follow along online. NOTE: I recommend that you read from this lab guide & report document first, going to the eSciences manual materials only as directed. Students previously using the lab manual have found that the additional background information provided in this document and the step-by-step guidance through the eSciences lab materials to be beneficial. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: DIFFUSION Diffusion is the net movement of a solute away from an area of high concentration towards an area of lower concentration. If you have ever watched tea diffusing from a tea bag, you are familiar with the process of diffusion. You have watched the brown molecules leaving the tea bag until eventually the tea become uniformly brown. This is sometimes referred to as solute molecules moving down their concentration gradient. Notice that I said that it is NET movement of a solute. This means that like all molecules in liquid and gas phases, solute molecules move randomly in all directions. There is no driving force for sending a solute molecule down its concentration gradient other than there is no way to prevent the random movement of molecules. Eventually, the solute molecules will become totally randomized in their distribution throughout the solvent. What does diffusion have to do with biology? Virtually all movements of molecules into and out of, and around the interior of the cell relies on diffusion of solutes. The removal of waste products from the cell relies on the random movement of these molecules from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell. Similarly, the uptake of vital nutrients relies on their diffusion from the outside to the inside of the cell. The circulatory system speeds these processes up by sweeping nutrients into the vicinity of cells and sweeping away waste products from the cells to be excreted elsewhere from the body. Note that the diffusion of oxygen (a vital nutrient) and carbon dioxide (an ever-present waste product of cellular respiration) are a part of this story. Diffusion is critical in the process of providing nutrients and oxygen circulating in the bloodstream to cells. A cell must be close to a capillary, within100 microns from a capillary, in order for these metabolites to diffuse to the cell quickly enough. If it is farther than that from the cell, it will not receive the ...

1. BIOL1408 Introductory Biology Name
Lab Unit 6/7: Diffusion & Osmosis date
Dr. Flo Oxley
In this lab unit, you will follow your eSciences ACC Lab
Manual (posted in Blackboard: “Lab Manual”) to
learn about diffusion, osmosis, and how these processes work
inside cells to support life.
This document will serve as your guide, sending you to the
relevant lab activities and introductory
information found in the eSciences lab manual (pages for this
unit are 68 - 81), or in the online replication of
the eScience lab manual uploaded to Blackboard for those of
you who prefer to follow along online.
NOTE: I recommend that you read from this lab guide & report
document first, going to the
eSciences manual materials only as directed. Students
previously using the lab manual
have found that the additional background information provided
in this document and the
step-by-step guidance through the eSciences lab materials to be
beneficial.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the net movement of a solute away from an area of
high concentration towards an area of lower
concentration. If you have ever watched tea diffusing from a
tea bag, you are familiar with the process of
diffusion. You have watched the brown molecules leaving the

2. tea bag until eventually the tea become
uniformly brown. This is sometimes referred to as solute
molecules moving down their concentration
gradient.
Notice that I said that it is NET movement of a solute. This
means that like all molecules in liquid and gas
phases, solute molecules move randomly in all directions.
There is no driving force for sending a solute
molecule down its concentration gradient other than there is no
way to prevent the random movement of
molecules. Eventually, the solute molecules will become totally
randomized in their distribution throughout
the solvent.
What does diffusion have to do with biology? Virtually all
movements of molecules into and out of, and
around the interior of the cell relies on diffusion of solutes.
The removal of waste products from the cell
relies on the random movement of these molecules from the
inside of the cell to the outside of the cell.
Similarly, the uptake of vital nutrients relies on their diffusion
from the outside to the inside of the cell. The
circulatory system speeds these processes up by sweeping
nutrients into the vicinity of cells and sweeping
away waste products from the cells to be excreted elsewhere
from the body.
Note that the diffusion of oxygen (a vital nutrient) and carbon
dioxide (an ever-present waste product of
cellular respiration) are a part of this story. Diffusion is critical
in the process of providing nutrients and
oxygen circulating in the bloodstream to cells. A cell must be
close to a capillary, within100 microns from a
capillary, in order for these metabolites to diffuse to the cell
quickly enough. If it is farther than that from the

3. cell, it will not receive the vital nutrients or be able to relieve
its metabolic waste back into the blood stream.
An especially larger cell has a bigger problem with exchanging
nutrients and waste products than does a
smaller cell, simply because these molecules must diffuse
farther in order in infuse the cell’s interior. It is
believed that this is the reason that all living cells are
microscopically small – they can exchange molecules
more quickly with their environment if they are small, or at
least have a very narrow diameter that nutrients
need to traverse.
To better understand how diffusion works and how it is required
to feed cells and to help cells to eliminate
wastes, you may want to watch this animations on diffusion:
http://www.wisc-
online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1903
Diffusion Background Questions
After reading the background information about diffusion in
this lab report guide and in your eSciences lab
manual (posted on Blackboard, Lab Exercises, Lab 6,
Introduction), answer the following questions.
! 1
http://www.wisc-
online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1903
1. What causes molecules to be in constant motion?
2. What are three general factors that affect diffusion rates of a

4. solute in a solvent? Thinking about how
diffusion is important in the uptake of nutrients and the
discharge of waste products by cells, which of the
factors affecting diffusion rates is the most operative in the
health of cells in your body?
3. Describe the molecular components of the membrane that
surrounds all living cells, and discuss how this
membrane limits the rate of diffusion of nutrients into the cell
and the diffusion of waste products out of the
cell.
4. What are two chemical properties of a solute that can
prevent it from freely diffusing across a biological
membrane?
5. What is the one chemical property of a solute that can
prevent it from freely diffusing across a dialysis
membrane?
6. Go to http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_diffusion_works.html to watch an animation
about diffusion, and answer the following
questions:
a. At what point does the diffusion of a solute come to a
complete stop?
b. Watching the diffusing molecules in this animation, are they
moving in a random or in a
directional manner? (Try this: pick one specific molecule and
watch its motion: is it moving in one
direction or randomly in all directions?)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: OSMOSIS

5. Osmosis is similar to diffusion in that it is the random
movement of molecules that has a net movement
down its concentration gradient. But osmosis differs from
diffusion in these ways:
1. Osmosis has to do with movement of solute molecules
(water) instead of solute molecules.
2. Osmosis has to do with movement across a semipermeable
membrane – one that is permeable to
the solvent molecules (water) and not the solute molecules.
a. Biological membranes are permeable to water molecules, but
is not permeable to large
and/or polar solute molecules.
b. Dialysis membranes are permeable to all molecules that are
smaller than the pore sizes of
the dialysis membrane.
In osmosis, water molecules cross the semipermeable
membranes until the water content become
equalized on both sides of the membrane. At this equilibrium
point, the solutions on either side of the
membrane are said to be “isotonic” or “isosmotic”.
Until equilibrium is reached, the solution with the greater solute
content is said to be “hypertonic” or
“hyperosmotic”. Conversely, the solution with the lesser solute
content is said to be “Hypotonic” or
“hypo-osmotic”. In the meantime, water molecules have net
movement in a hypotonic to a hypertonic
direction until equilibrium is met.
If you have ever soaked a twisted ankle in a solution of
Epsom’s Salt, the same principles applied: the

6. hypertonic Epsom’s Salt solution drew down your inflammation
by osmosis. The rate of osmosis is
increased when the concentration difference is high. Similarly,
if you have ever noticed that the skin on your
fingers pucker up after along swim, this is due to osmosis, too.
The skin cells took on water because they
were hypertonic to the swimming pool water. As the skin cells
swelled, the skin puckered to accommodate
their increased volume.
! 2
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__
how_diffusion_works.html
If you have ever had an intravenous solution dripped into your
veins, this solution was made up in a solution
of sodium and potassium chloride salts and NOT in pure water.
The reason for this is that unlike plant cells,
your cells do NOT have a cell wall to protect it from overfilling
to the point of bursting cells. Plant, fungal,
and microbial cells are encased in rigid and strong cell walls to
prevent the cells from bursting when
exposed to hypotonic solutions.
Osmosis Background Questions
After reading the background information about diffusion in
this lab report guide and in your eSciences lab
manual (posted on Blackboard, Lab Exercises, Lab 6, Osmosis,
Introduction), answer the following
questions.
1. In diffusion, solute molecules are observed to move down

7. their concentration gradient in a solution.
What is observed to move in the process of osmosis?
2. Fill out the following table to describe solute concentration
across a semipermeable membrane:
3. What chemical property might interfere with the ability of
water molecules to freely diffuse across a
biological membrane? What allows for this free diffusion of
water across biological membranes to occur?
4. Go to http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_osmosis_works.html and watch this animation
about osmosis before answering the
following questions:
a. Urea is a waste product of cellular metabolism that is
excreted by the urinary system through
osmosis across the kidney semipermeable membranes. What
chemical property of the urea
molecule prevents it from freely diffusing across a biological
membrane?
b. What effect does a hypertonic solution of urea have on the
movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane?
c. Your kidneys selectively excrete urea molecules to rid your
body of these metabolic waste
compounds. Dialysis membranes also allow these small urea
molecules to freely diffuse across
during kidney dialysis, but not selectively. All small molecules
can freely diffuse across a kidney
dialysis membrane. Thinking on your own, what effects might
kidney dialysis have on your body’s

8. physiology, especially with respect to mineral balance (such as
sodium and potassium ions), or
circulating hormones?
5. Your cells are protected from overfilling with water to the
point of bursting from osmosis by maintaining a
constant level of solutes in body fluids. How do plants, fungi,
and microbes avoid bursting in hypotonic
solutions?
6. Go to http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html and after
watching this animation, answer the following
questions:
a. How do biological membranes facilitate the diffusion of
polar molecules?
Tonicity of a solution
undergoing osmosis
Relative solute concentration
(higher, lower, or the same)
Relative water content
(higher, lower, or the same)
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
! 3
http://highered.mcgraw-

9. hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__
how_osmosis_works.html
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__
how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html
b. What direction do solute molecules diffuse?
Lab 6, Experiment 1. Diffusion Through a Liquid
In this diffusion experiment, you will study the effects of these
two factors on diffusion:
1. The viscosity of the medium (Viscosity means the
“thickness” of the medium, as in molasses in
January.)
2. The size of the solute molecules (The molecular weight as an
indicator of molecular size.)
After following the protocol in your eScience lab manual, enter
your data in the following tables and answer
the questions that follow.
Table 1: Rate of Diffusion in Corn Syrup
(Pay attention to the units of measurement!)
Time (sec) Blue Dye
distance
traveled
(mm)
RedDye

10. distance
traveled
(mm)
Time(sec) Blue Dye
distance
traveled
(mm)
RedDye
distance
traveled
(mm)
0 70 2.4 2.7
10 1.7 2 80 2.4 2.8
20 2.1 2.3 90 2.5 2.8
30 2.2 2.5 100 2.5 2.8
40 2.3 2.6 100 ? ?
50 2.4 2.6 110 2.5 2.9
60 2.4 2.7 120 2.5 2.9
! 4
Table 2: Speed of Diffusion of Different Molecular Weight

11. Dyes
(Pay attention to the units of measurement!)
+ Net distance is the distance after 120 seconds minus the
distance at 0 seconds.
* To calculate speed, multiply the net distance diffused after 2
minutes by 30 to get the hourly
diffusion rate.
Lab 6, Experiment 1 Questions
1. Examine the plot below. How well does it match the data you
took in Table 1? Explain your
reasoning or submit your own plot if necessary to show how
your data differs from these.
!
Structure Molecular Weight Net Distance
Travel led after 2
minutes (mm)+
Speed of Dif fusion
(mm/hr)*
Blue Dye 496g 25mm 750 mm
Red Dye 793g 29mm 870 mm
! 5
2. Which dye diffused the fastest: the one with the larger or the
smaller size? Is this the expected

12. result? (If not, how can you explain your results?)
3. Does the rate of diffusion appear to change over time?
Formulate an explanation of your
observation: why or why not?
4. All your cells receive vital nutrients and rid toxic waste with
the help of the circulatory system. What
is the critical distance a cell must maintain from a capillary (the
point of nutrient / waste exchange)
in order to survive? Explain the role diffusion plays in this
process.
Lab 6, Experiment 2. Diffusion – Concentration Gradients and
Membrane
Permeability.
A dialysis membrane is a plastic membrane with microscopic
pores that allow only molecules that are
smaller than the pore diameter to cross. You will measure
osmosis by a net gain or loss in volume of
dialysis bags.
You will also use chemical assays to detect solute molecules
that cross the membrane. Notice (once again!)
that whenever you do an assay, you need to have a negative
control and a positive control to validate your
results. The negative control would be water, or the solvent
system in these assays. Without a negative
result in your negative control, you would have to start your
experiment all over again because it would
indicate that you have started out with a contaminated solvent
system. The positive control would be
solutions known to have the substance that you are testing for.
This would validate that you have performed
the assay correctly and that you test reagents are working

13. properly.
After following the protocol in your eScience lab manual, enter
your data in the following tables and answer
the questions that follow.
NOTE: Be sure to wear protective gloves when handling
dialysis tubing. The oils in your skin can
clog the pores of the tubing, making the osmosis process slow
down. The dialysis tubing appears
as a membrane in your kit, but when you soak it in water, the
membrane will open up into a tube
which you will seal at the ends in Experiment 2 and Experiment
3, as described in your eScience
lab manual.
! 6
Table 3: Indicator Reagent Data (Controls)
Table 4: Diffusion of Starch and Glucose in the Beaker Over
Time
Lab 6, Experiment 2 Questions
1. Why is it necessary to have negative controls in this
experiment? What important information do
you get from the two negative controls?
2. Why is it necessary to have positive controls in this
experiment? What important information do
you get from the two positive controls?
3. Which substance(s) crossed the dialysis membrane? What

14. evidence from your results proves this?
4. Which molecules remained inside of the dialysis bag? What
evidence from your results proves
this?
5. Did all of the solute molecules diffuse out of the glucose bag
and into the beaker? Formulate an
explanation for why this did or did not happen.
Indicator Starch
Posit ive
Starch
Negat ive
Glucose
Posit ive
Glucose
Negat ive
IKI Solut ion n/a n/a
Glucose Test n/a n/a 80
Indicator Dialysis Bag After
1 Hour
Beaker Water After
1 Hour
IKI Solut ion

15. Glucose Test Str ip
! 7
6. Is the bag hypotonic with regards to the IKI solution (Lugol’s
Iodine solution), or the beaker? What
about the starch solution? What evidence from your results
proves this?
7. What type of membrane does the dialysis tubing represent in
a living cell? In what ways is the
biological membrane different from the dialysis membrane?
Lab 7, Experiment 2. Osmosis – Tonicity and the Plant Cell
In this experiment, you will examine whether plant cells change
size when soaked in water or in salt solution.
After following the protocol in your eScience lab manual, (pp.
85 - 86), enter your data in the following tables
and answer the questions that follow.
NOTE: Make sure that you are mixing the NaCl salt as you add
water to make sure that it doesn’t
lump up so that it dissolves more quickly. It may take some
time to dissolve the salt, so you might
want to start this process early in the experiment. (Step #10 in
the eSciences protocol) Notice also
that there is a 1-hour incubation time to allow for osmosis to
occur (step #11 in the eSciences
protocol). Your data would actually be improved if you let this
osmosis step continue for 3-6
hours, so you might want to do set up this experiment before
you do the other experiments
in this unit.

16. IMPORTANT: When measuring the displacement of water by
the potato strips, make sure that the strips are
submerged in the water before taking your measurement – and
make sure that only the potato strip is
displacing water as you do so. The water displacement is your
measurement of the volume of the potato
strip, so these precautions are necessary to get an accurate
reading.
! 8
Table 5: Water Displacement of Potato Samples
Lab 7, Experiment 2 Questions
1. How long did you incubate your potatoes in the solutions
before measuring their final displacement of
water?
2. What is actually being measured when looking at the net
change in water displacement of the potato
samples?
3. Did you observe water flow in or out of the plant cells
(potato cells) in each of the samples examined?
How do you know this?
4. Different types of potatoes have varying natural sugar
concentrations. Explain how this may influence
the experiment.
5. Based on the data from this experiment, hypothesize which
potato has the highest natural sugar

17. concentration. Explain your reasoning. If the russet potato is
put in 100% water solution, then it will
grow in size and weight because it takes on water due to
osmosis. My reasoning is because this
potato took on more water than the others, therefore, it had less
water molecules and more sugar
and salt than the other potatoes did.
6. How did the physical characteristics of the potato vary
before and after the experiment? Did it vary by
potato type? What was the texture and rigidity of the potato
tissue prior to the experiment? After the
experiment? Did it vary by type of potato?
Potato
Type
Potato
Observat ions
Sample Ini t ia l
Displacement
(mL)
Final
Displacement
(mL)
Net
Displacemen
t (mL)
Sweet Brown skin

18. with br ight
orange
inside
A
(water)
6 ml 7 ml 1 ml
Sweet Brown skin
with br ight
orange
inside
B
(20%
NaCl)
7 ml 7 ml 0 ml
Russet brown skin
with off
white inside
A
(water)
5 ml 7 ml 2 ml
Russet brown skin
with off

19. white inside
B
(20%
NaCl)
5 ml 4 ml -1 ml
! 9
7. Would you expect this experiment work in the same way
with other types of plant cells? What about
animal cells? Why or why not?
8. From what you know of tonicity, which was more
hypertonic: plant cells or water? Which was more
hypertonic in the salt solution: plant cells or the 20% sodium
chloride solution? Explain your reasoning.
9. If the potato is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in open air,
would the potato cells be more likely to absorb
more or less water? Explain your reasoning.
10. Osmosis is how excess salts and cellular waste that
accumulate in your cells are transferred to the
blood stream so that they can be removed from the body.
Explain how you think this process works in terms
of tonicity.
! 10
Running head: Music Productivity in the Work Environment.

20. 1
Music Productivity in the Work Environment. 9
Music Productivity in the Work Environment
Music Productivity in the Work Environment.
Robertson E., Korczynski M. & Pickering M. (2007).
Harmonious relations? Music at Work in the Rowntree and
Cadbury factories. Retrieved on 26th February 2016, from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/detail/detai
l?sid=cdc43a35-c680-4c66-b381-
16113b64c57b%40sessionmgr112&vid=0&hid=101&bdata=JnN
pdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=24232933&db=bth
The harmonious article relations explains the benefits of music
in the Rowntree and Cadbury factories, and it specifically
pertains to the research regarding the explanation of breaking
the monotony in the repetitive tasks that workers in a specific
work environment have to go through.
Korczynski M. (2003). Music at Work: Towards a Historical
Overview. Retrieved on 26th February 2016, from
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1356585
?pq-origsite=summon&http://search.proquest.com/pqcentral
The article mostly focuses on the application of music in Britain
in the pre-industrialization, industrialized capitalism, and the
post-industrial capitalism. This relates to the topic in that it
highlights the increased productivity of the work output through
the introduction of music to boost the worker’s morale.
The influence of distracting familiar vocal
music on cognitive performance of introverts
and extroverts.(2012). Retrieved on 26th February 2016, from
http://pom.sagepub.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/search?author1=Fur
nham&fulltext=The%20Influence%20of%20Distracting%20Fam

21. iliar%20Vocal%20Music%20on%20Cognitive%20Performance%
20of%20Introverts%20and%20Extraverts&pubdate_year=2012&
volume=40&firstpage=&submit=yes
The article highlights the potential distractive tendencies that
music has on the introverts and the extroverts while showing
that in both arenas, the lyrics in the music interfered with the
work output by interfering with the cognitive processes of the
brain. This research relates to the research on the influence of
music in the work environment by pointing out the potential
risks that could come as a result of applying music in the work
environment.
Magnini V. P. (2009). The Psychological Effects of Music:
Implications for Hotel Firms. Retrieved on 26th February 2016,
from
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1957945
17?pq-origsite=summon&http://search.proquest.com/pqcentral
The psychological effects of music and the implications of
music in hotel firms provides an enlightening sector where the
music can be used to increase the guests’ comfortability as well
as the guest services by the hotel patrons and employees. This
particular article highlights the positive effects of music being
introduced in the work environment and how it could potentially
increase the hotel guest relationship.
Speer S. (2011). The effect of background music, speech and
silence on office workers' selective attention. Retrieved on 26th
February 2016, from
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1010409
451?pq-origsite=summon&http://search.proquest.com/pqdtft
Research into the effects of background music, speech and
silence on office workers on account of their selective attention
indicates that the state office workers delivered more results
when working with background music. This pertains to the
research in that it shows the positive effects of music in the
working environment as to the productivity of the workers.
Project Outline.
a. Influence of music on worker productivity in the work

22. environment
i. What is the effect of music in the work environment regarding
the productivity?
ii. Understanding the role of music in worker productivity by
helping us analyze if it would be advisable to introduce music
in specific work environments and the reasons why it would be
or not be prudent to introduce it in the work environment in the
first place.
iii. Music is potentially beneficial to better work productivity in
the work environment.
b. A literature review of Music in the Work Environment.
i. The relation of music to the work environment has continued
to be a crude question in the work arena especially regarding
the ethics and professionalism associated with the introduction
of such practices in the work environment. Research conducted
on the effects of music in the work environment proves that
work productivity can have different outcomes with music
playing in the background depending on the specific task that
the job description requires. (Magnini V. P. (2009). The
Psychological Effects of Music: Implications for Hotel Firms,
Speer S. (2011). The effect of background music, speech and
silence on office workers' selective attention)
ii. Background into the input of music in several work forums in
the past and their implications on the overall work output.
(Korczynski M. (2003). Music at Work: Towards a Historical
Overview, Robertson E., Korczynski M. & Pickering M. (2007).
Harmonious relations? Music at Work in the Rowntree and
Cadbury factories).
iii. Implications of the research for the effects of music in the
work environment. (The influence of distracting familiar vocal
music on cognitive performance of introverts and extroverts)
A sampling procedure in the research.
The sampling technique that was most suitable for the study was
the random sampling method which will cover most articles in
regards to the project and their responses to the effects of music
on the work productivity of its introduction. Randomly

23. sampling several areas ensured the collective perspective from
different fields hence giving an overall view and decisive
conclusions as to the applicability of the project in the long run.
The random sampling technique was also most suitable as it
provided a diverse information collection perspective without
bias while offering a wider view of the project study thus
incorporating many theories into the study based on the
different applicability principles that were gathered from the
data. This sampling technique gave an overall general
perspective on the issue of the effects of music in the work
environment representing different thoughts of various sources.
As to the inclusion criteria, despite using a random sampling
technique, the study was keen to observe the particular effects
to the workers involved in the work environment rather than the
reciprocating customers or clients as the research mostly
focused on the productivity of the workers as a whole and not
the varied input that the clients would offer towards increasing
or affecting this productivity.
The ethical implications of the collection of this information
was in regards to the authenticity of the research that was pre-
conducted on the workers and whether there was an actual
relation between the effects of music on work productivity or if
any other factors might have influenced the target groups
pertaining the study to act or respond in the mannerism in which
they did.
References.
Altom T. (2011). Are iPods in the workplace music to an
employer's ears? Retrieved on 26th February 2016, from
`http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer
/pdfviewer?sid=f527dcc3-c7ca-4504-9699-
99bd10f5a0f4%40sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4109
Fiore J. M. (2004). The effectiveness of a music-based
relaxation intervention and a mindfulness-based intervention
delivered online to decrease hospice workers stress and improve
professional quality of life. Retrieved on 26th February 2016,

24. from
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1711143
849?pq-origsite=summon&http://search.proquest.com/pqdtft
Jones K. (2010). Music in factories: a twentieth-century
technique for control of the productive self. Retrieved on 26th
February 2016, from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/detail/detai
l?sid=5c3889df-93ef-43d5-ab2b-
90d68d8682ea%40sessionmgr4005&vid=0&hid=4109&bdata=Jn
NpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=18622116&db=a9h
Korczynski M. (2003). Music at Work: Towards a Historical
Overview. Retrieved on 26th February 2016, from
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/1356585
?pq-origsite=summon&http://search.proquest.com/pqcentral
Magnini V. P. (2009). The Psychological Effects of Music:
Implications for Hotel Firms. Retrieved on 26th February 2016,
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