Sec 2 Geography new syllabus 2015

1. How and where do people live?

2. Environment
• Human environment :surroundings have been changed
by humans. Example: Settlements and economic
activities
• Natural environment has not been altered by people.
Ex: fishing, farming, forestry, mining
• Rural environment: people live on farms and villages.
Activities: farming, mining, hunting.
• Urban environment: People live in built up areas like
town and cities. Activities: Business, retail, banking,
services

3. Development of Human Society
• Human-Hunter Society
• Agrarian
• Industrial

4. • Hunter-Gatherers Adapt to Environments
• Early humans were hunter-gatherers
• hunted animals, gathered plants for food
• moved to a new location when food ran out
• Depended on natural environment for shelter
• lived in caves and shelters made of rocks,
branches, animal skins

5. • Lived in small bands of about 20-40 people
• - group included several families
• - group size reflected how many people could
live off food in region
• • Men hunted deers and horses, fished
• • Food: nuts, seeds, fruit, wild plants, berries;
cared for children
• In SEA, kill birds, squirrels and monkeys using
blowpipes

6. • Early Humans on the Move
• Hunter-gatherers were nomads—people who moved
from place to place
• Groups returned to the same places with the changes
• of seasons
• Houses: Wood and leaves
• Tools: spears and arrows
• Examples of hunter-gatherer: !Kung bushmen in
Kalaihari desert
• Efe people in Democratic Republic of Congo

7. • The Bushmen

8. Agrarian Society
• An agrarian (or agricultural) society is one
• relying for its subsistence on the cultivation
• of crops through the use of ploughs and rearing of
livestock.
Types of crops: wheat and corn,
Livestock: chickens and cows
Tools: simple channel for irrigation and animal drawn
plough

9. • More crops= profit or traded
Development: People group together in larger
numbers, stayed closer to farms.
Examples: usually in places of fertile land at mouth
of rivers. Large farming communities at Nile Delta,
Eygpt, and Yellow River China
Gradual development into towns and cities. Excess
crops- become trading centres
Many become ancient cities such as
Xi ‘an, founded 1100BCE, China
Lisbon, 1400 BCE , Portugal

10. Industrial society
• (a)depends on manufacturing of goods using
machinery and technology. Driven by advances in
Science and technology
• Activities: manufacturing and commercial farming for
profit
• Raw materials are turned into finished goods for sale.
• Ex: paper, cloth, cars
• Commercial farming, crops are grown on large farm for
sale
• Tools: machine such as tractors

11. • Early industrial cities found near waterways such
as rivers, near source of energy such as coal
mines, or near places where raw materials can be
obtained easily
• (b) Emergence of a number of professional and
technical jobs requiring special knowledge and
training.
• (c) Rapid means of transport and a wide network
of communications has been developed.

12. • (d) The system of production, distribution and
exchange is different. It is based on use of
mechanical power. Large scale production of goods
and use of new technology in the system of
production is the most important feature of an
industrial society.
• (e) Migration to cities has led to the breakdown of
agricultural economy and also the disappearance
of the joint family system. A system of nuclear
families has emerged.

13. • Usually developed near sources of water, energy
and raw materials.
• Ex: Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, early industrial city
due to coal supply
• Today, an important business and commercial
centre
• Seattle, USA-timber and copper industries
• Timber used in construction
• Copper used in pipes, wires and coins