Muslim Scientist

1. Contribution of Muslim
Scientist in pharmacy and
surgery

2.  PRESENTED BY:-
Hamad Younis (2330-FET-BSEE-F14)
Faheem-Ur-Rehman (2305-FET-BSEE-F14)

3. Contents
 Background
 What is Pharmacy
 Contribution of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy
 Prince Khalid bin yazeed
 jabbir ibn Hayyan
 Sabur bin Sahl
 Yakoob Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi
 Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-Maqdassi
 Ibn Sena
 Al-Biruni
 Abu Mansur Muwaffaq

4. Background
 Origin of Science is Quran
 Three things about Knowledge
1.Permission
2. invitation
3. Order
 Holy Verses of Quran( ‫ہیں‬ ‫وہ‬ ‫سوچتے‬‫ہوں‬ ‫والے‬ ‫عقل‬ ‫جو‬ )
 The Holy Prophet (PBUH) Pray

5. Pharmacy

6. Contribution of Muslim Scientist in
pharmacy

7. Prince Khalid bin Yazid:
 Grandson of Caliph Hazrat Muawiyyah
 Famous in Knowledge ( ‫فضل‬ ‫و‬ ‫)علم‬
 Write Magazines knowledge and alchemy( ‫طب‬ ‫علم‬ ‫اور‬ ‫کیمیا‬ ‫)علم‬
 Translations of Greek texts into Arabic were made for the first time in the
Islamic world
 Translators were given stipends, and soon several Egyptian and Greek
books of medicine, chemistry and astrology were translated into Arabic

8. Jabir ibn Hayyan (d. 815 Kufa):
 He is considered to be the father of modern chemistry
 He is credited with the invention of over 22 types of
basic laboratory equipment.
 He invented many common place chemical substances –
such as the hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and processes –
such as sublimation, calcinations, crystallization,
evaporation, dissolution

9. Sabur bin Sahl
 The first medical formulary (Aqrabadhin) was written in
Arabic by Sabur bin Sahl (d.869)
 The book included recipes for compounding
the drugs, remedies for ailments, their pharmacological
actions, dosage and the methods of administrations.
 It was written as a guidebook for pharmacists.

10. Yakoob Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (d.873)
 He made important contributions in medicine, pharmacy and
optics.
 He invented a branch of medicine called posology, which dealt
with the dosages of the drugs. He created easy-to-use table that
pharmacists could refer to when filling out prescriptions.

11. Muhammad Ibn Zakaria al-Razi
(d.925)
 He introduced into pharmacy the use of mild purgatives, cupping for cases of
apoplexy (sudden effusion of blood into an organ) and cold water for fevers.
 He was the first to identify many diseases such as asthma, smallpox, chicken-pox
and treated them successfully.
 He was the first physician who used alcohol as antiseptic
 He invented many tools such as the mortar and pestle that are used by
pharmacists.
 His books Qarabadain Kabir (The Great Book of Krabadain) , and Qarabadain
Saghir (The Little Book of Krabadin) were important in pharmacology in that they
introduced 829 novel drugs
 His other famous works include Kitab al-Mansuri and Kitab al-Tajarib.

12. Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Maqdassi :
 He performed pharmaceutical experiments and wrote several
books as guides to materia medica.

13. Ibn Sena (d.1048) :
 He was known as the Prince of Physicians.
 He wrote a book Adwiya al-Qalbiyya (Cardiac Drugs) which
contains 760 drugs. Master piece Kitab al-Qanoon fil Tibb.
 His most enduring work in pharmacy was laying down the
rules for testing the effectiveness of a new drug or medication

14. Al-Biruni (973-1050)
 He wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on
pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah fee al-Tibb (The
Book of Drugs.
 He promoted the academic training of pharmacy students
together with day to day practical experience with drugs.

15. Yahya ibn Jazla (d.1100)
 He composed Taqwim al-Abdan fi Tadbir al-Insan, which
consisted of 44 tables.
 352 diseases were arranged like the stars in the Zijes, his other
most famous work is Al-Minhaj fi Al-Adwiah Al-
Murakkabah, (Methodology of Compound Drugs), which was
translated by Jambolinus and was known in Latin translation as
the Cibis et medicines simplicibus.

16. Abu Mansur Muwaffaq
 The first pharmacological book by a Muslim was compiled
by who lived in Herat in the 10th century, present day
Afghanistan. Around 977 he wrote, the Kitab al-abniyia
‘an Haqa’iq al-adwiya, (The foundations of the true
properties of Remedies) which is the oldest prose work in
modern Persian. It deals with 585 remedies. He also
describes the distillation of seawater for drinking.

17. Saeed ibn Abd Rabbihi (d.960)
 He was a pharmacist-physician of Cordoba. His Kitab al-
Dukkan (The Pharmacy Shop) consisted of 17 chapters on
compound drugs and recipes.

18. Ahmad Ibn al-Jazzar (d.984)
 He practiced medicine in Qayrawan, Tunisia.
 In his apothecary shop in the city of Manastir, he kept syrups, electuaries and
other reparations.
 He was well known in Islamic Spain during the rule of Caliph al-Hakam (961-
976).
 ). His medical compendium Za’ad al-Musafir comprised ofSeven treatises, and
divided into two parts.
 . His book Kitab al-I’timad al-adwiya alMufrida was on the pharmacological
effects of tried and useful simple drugs.
 It was translated into Latin, Hebrew and Greek and exerted a profound influence
on medical education in Europe

19. Abu Salt Umaiyah Andalusi (d. 1134)
 He was a resourceful physician, astronomer, mathematician,
and an eloquent poet.
 His brief compendium on Materia medica al-Adwiyah al-
Mufradah was in use in hospital pharmacies in Egypt.
 His works have received good attention especially from
German speaking scholarship.

20. Abu Ja’afar al-Ghafiqi (13th century)
 He was a pioneer in medical botany, pharmacy and materia
medica.
 In his encyclopaedic text On Simples, he gave more than 350
colored renderings of plants and animals arranged
alphabetically.

21. Abdul Malik Ibn Zuhr( d.1161)
 Wrote Kitab al-Aghziya describing various types of foods and
drugs and their effects on a person’s health.
 He developed drug therapy and medicinal drugs for the
treatment of specific diseases.

22. Qazi Ibn Rushd (1126-1198)
 Completed in 1162 his seven volume medical
encyclopedia Kitab al-Kulliyat fil Tibb in which he devoted
two volumes to materia medica and general therapeutics.

23. Ibn Baytar (d.1248)
 Described some 1400 drugs derived
from various plants including some 200 new plants in his
book “Kitab al-Jamey fil Adwiya alMufrada”.
 This was one of the greatest botanical compilations dealing
with medicinal plants in Arabic.
 The book surpassed that of Dioscorides and remained in use
until the 19th century.

24. Hakim Ain-ul-Mulk Shirazi
 He composed for his royal patron emperor Shah Jahan Alfaz-
al-Adwiyya (vocabulary of drugs).
 It was printed in 1793 in Calcutta, and rendered into English by
Gladwin.

25. Hakim Akbar Arzani-
 he was a court physician of Emperor Aurangzeb
 He wrote Tibbe Akbari, and Mizan al-Tibb

26. Surgery

27. Hunaiñ Bin Ishaq (809.877 A.D):
 He translated Greek literature into the Arabic language and wrote a treatise ( ‫)رسالہ‬on
dentistry.
 This is the first comprehensive presentation in this field.
Mohammad Bin Zakaria Razi (850-923 A.D.):
 He wrote a monograph on Bladder and Kidney stones.
 His description of Nasal Allergy is the first case report of this condition.
 He also invented Seton(‫)جراحي‬ in Surgery.
 Al Hawi and Al Mansuri were certainly
 the greatest medical and surgical works
 of their time.

28. Ali Bin Abbas Al-Majusi (Died 994 A.D.)
 Al-Maliki, which runs into 20 volumes, remained a standard medical text for nearly a
century. The second and third volumes of the book deal with anatomy and the
nineteenth volume with surgery
 He wrote a system of Medicine with a separate surgical section. Laryngotomy ( ‫ہ‬َ‫َر‬‫خ‬‫َر‬‫ن‬
‫َن‬‫ش‬‫ی‬ َ‫آپر‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کھولنے‬ ‫نکس‬ َ‫یر‬َ‫ل‬ ‫)یا‬was described by him.
 He was very clear about catheterization(‫عمل‬ ‫)قاساطیری‬ and recommended excision( ‫عمل‬
‫عمل,جراحي‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کاٹنے‬ ) of breast cancer with amputation of the whole breast.
 Majusi used silk to ligate arteries.

29. Abu All Al-Husain Ibn-e-Abdullah Ibn Sīnā (980-1037 A.D.)
:
 Kitab al-Qanoon fil Tibb.
 He included surgery in a separate portion of the fourth volume.
 Incisions(‫)شگاف‬ should be made along the folds and creases(‫شکن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫)سلوٹ‬ of the
skin was taught by him, and be advised to keep away from nerves, arteries and
veins.
 He also recommended the washing of wounds with wine as he was the first
physician to have the knowledge of he antiseptic properties of wine.
 Ibn-e-Sina discussed midwifery and gynaecology in his book.. He was of the
opinion that fractured bones should be brought into close alignment for quick and
proper healing. He was an inventor of surgical instruments, one of them for setting
dislocated vertebrae .Animal experiments were proposed by Ibn-e-Seena.

30. Abdul Latif Al-Baghdadi (1102-1231 A.D)
 Al-Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb
 He established that the lower jaw consists of one piece of bone and not two.
 He studied the human skeleton and concluded that Galen’s description of osteology( ‫ہڈیوں‬
‫مطالع‬ ‫کا‬ ‫فنکشن‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫)کی‬ was wrong in many respects
Moosa Bin Maimoon (1135-1205 AD.)
 He wrote a monograph on haemorrhoids (piles,‫بواسیر‬ ) attributing constipation as its cause
and suggesting various diets to relieve it.
 He also improved upon the procedure of circumcision( ‫.)ختنہ‬
Ibn-e-Nafls (1210-1290 A.D)
In his book Mejaz-ul-Qanoon described for the first time the pulmonary circulation
First to describe the constitution of lungs, bronchi, and the coronary arteries

31. Ibn-e-Khatib (1313-1379 A.D)
 He wrote on the transfer of infection from one person to another. He also gave an exact version
of the symptoms of plague(‫.)طاعون‬
 A book on general pathology was also published by him.
Ibn Zuhr (1113-1162 AD).
 In his monumental work Al-Taysir, Ibn Zuhr added considerably to medical and surgical
knowledge.
 He disagreed with some of the medical observations of his predecessors, notably Galen and Ibn
Sina. In addition to being a physician, Ibn Zuhr was also a practicing surgeons.

32. Isa Ibn-e-Ali (Died 1010 A.D.).
 Practiced Ophthalmology and wrote the book Tazkera-tul Kahalain on the diseases of the
eye. Extensive work has been done by Muslim ophthalmologists on cataract surgery.
 Special triangular needles were used to promote quick healing of wounds and cotton or silk
was used for sutures.
Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi (936-1013)
 He was considered the greatest Medieval surgeon and one of the fathers of modern surgery.
He pioneered the preparation of drugs by sublimation and distillation.
 Kitab al-Tasreef is his famous work.(shoulder Dislocation, ligate arteries)
 It is illustrated with drawings of 200 instruments and contains many original observations
including the earliest known description of haemophilia
 The book is divided into three parts. The first describes cauterization, the second discusses
incisions and healing of wounds whereas the third part deals with healing of fractures

33.  Zahrawi appears to be the first surgeon in history to sue cotton (Arabic word) in surgical
dressings in the control of hemorrhage, as padding in the splinting of fractures( ‫بھرنے‬ ‫فریکچر‬
‫تقسیم‬ ‫کی‬ )
 He introduced the method for the removal of kidney stones by cutting into the urinary
bladder
 He described tracheotomy(A surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea ),
distinguished between goiter (‫)گلہڑ‬ and cancer of the thyroid, and the invention of a
cauterizing iron, which he also used to control bleeding.
 His description of varicose veins stripping, even after ten centuries, is almost like modern
surgery .
 In orthopedic surgery he introduced what is called today Kocher's method of reduction of
shoulder dislocation and patellectomy.

34.  Al-Jurjani 1088 C.E
 He wrote a book, entitled Nûr-ul-'Uyûn (The Light of the Eyes). The book, consists
of ten chapters
 He also deals with anatomy and physiology of the eye and eye diseases.
 One chapter is devoted to eye diseases which can be seen such as cataract, trachoma,
scleral and corneal diseases and problems of the eyelids. Another chapter deals with
diseases that lie hidden, third nerve paralysis, blood disorders, toxicity.
 The book mentions curable and incurable diseases and gives methods of treatment.
 A large section is about surgery of the eye.

35. Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mosuli
 Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mosuli from Mosul in Iraq, He wrote a book entitled
 Kitâb al-Muntakhab fî 'ilâj al-'ayn
 Ammar discussed some 48-eye diseases.
 Ammar was the inventor of the cataract operation by suction,using a fine hollow
needle inserted through the limbus (where the cornea joins the conjunctiva) He
invented a hollow metallic syringe hypodermic needle, which he applied and
successfully extracted the cataracts through suction.

36. Ibn Al-Mahasin
 Kalifah Ibn Al-Mahasin of Allepo (Syria), who flourished around 1260 CE,
 He wrote a book of 564 pages in which he describes and gives drawings of
various surgical instruments including 36 instruments for eye surgery.
 He also discusses the visual pathways between the eye and the brain.
 He also writes about twelve kinds of cataract operations.
 He also made Drawing of the cross section of the Brain and the Eyes in his
book Al-Kafi Fi Al-Kuhl
 (The Book of Sufficient Knowledge in Ophthalmology)

37. Ibn-e-Rushd (1126 - 1198 A.D)
 He wrote a separate section on Anatomy in his book, along with one on surgery. He
described the treatment of abscesses(‫پھنسی‬ ‫,)پھوڑے‬ checking of haemorrhage( ‫خون‬ ‫,)اخراج‬
use of cautery and management of fractured bones
Ibn al-Quff
 Kitāb al-ʻUmda fi 'l-ǧirāḥa ‫كتاب‬‫الجراحة‬ ‫في‬ ‫العمدة‬) ) basics in the Art of Surgery: a general
medical manual covering anatomy and drugs therapy as well as surgical care,
 Risala fi manafi al-a da: A treatise on the anatomy of the body's organs.
 Al-Shafi al-Tibb (The Comprehensive of the Healing Arts): His first medical encyclopedia,
completed early 1272 AD

38.  Patient treatment AL-Razi
 Surgical Instruments Al‐Zahrawi

39. Ibn‐e‐Sina: Al‐Biruni:
Ibn‐Zuhr Surgicalutensils
Ibn al-Bayṭār
Abu Ja’afar al-Ghafiqi