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1. PHR 110PHR 1101
Evolution of Pharmacy
Md. Saiful Islam
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
Youtube Channel: Pharmacy Universe
Md. Saiful Islam
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences
North South University
Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
Youtube Channel: Pharmacy Universe

2. PHR 110PHR 1102
 Among the several characteristics unique to Homo sapiens
is our propensity to treat ailments with medicines.
 Urge to soothe the burdens of disease is as old as humanity’s search
for other tools.
 Medicines rarely occur in nature in useful (or palatable) form.
 First, the active ingredients or drugs must be collected, processed, and
prepared for incorporation into medicaments.
 This activity, done since the dawn of humanity, is still the central focus
of the practice of pharmacy.
 Practice of pharmacy by a recognized specialist is only about 1000
years old
THE DRUG-TAKING ANIMAL

3. Excavations of some of mankind’s oldest settlements, such as Shanidar (ca
30,000 BCE)in Iraqi Kurdistan, support the contention that prehistoric peoples
gathered plants for medicinal purposes.
 By trial and error, the folk knowledge of the healing properties of certain
natural substances grew.
 The arts of primitive pharmacy probably were mastered by all who practiced
the domestic medicine of the household.
 When healers at Shanidar or other prehistoric settlements approached
disease, they placed it within the context of their general understanding of the
world around them, which was alive with good and evil spirits.
Early peoples explained illness in supernatural terms, as they did the other
changes and disasters surrounding them.
PREHISTORIC PHARMACY

4. PHR 110PHR 1104
 When organized settlements arose in the great fertile valleys of the Nile, the
Tigris and Euphrates, changes occurred that gradually influenced the
concepts of disease and healing.
These changes are evident among the remains of the great civilizations of
Mesopotamia and Egypt of the second millennium BCE, whose clay tablets
and papyri document the beginnings of rational drug use in the West.
An examination of these ancient records reveals a gradual separation of
empirical healing (based on experience) from the purely spiritual.
•For the Babylonians, medical care was provided by two classes of
practitioners: the asipu (magical healer) and the asu (empirical healer):
• the asipu relied more heavily on spells and used magical stones far more
than plant materials;
• the asu drew upon a large collection of drugs and manipulated them into
several dosage forms that are still basic today, such as suppositories, pills,
washes, enemas, and ointments
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)

5. PHR 110PHR 1105
 During Greek Civilization there was a mixed concept called Pharmakon, a
word that meant magic spell, remedy, or poison
 In the Odyssey, Homer (ca 800 BCE) refers to the esteemed medical
wisdom of Egypt,
Some people beset with persistent afflictions traveled to a temple of the
god Asklepios (Greek god of medicine), where they would sleep with the
hope of being visited during the night by the god or his daughter Hygeia,
who carried a magical serpent and a bowl of healing medicine.
. Hippocratic writers accomplished a conceptual link between the
environment and humanity by connecting the four elements of earth, air,
fire, and water to four governing humors of the body: black bile, blood,
yellow bile, and phlegm.
The trained Greek physician who followed the Hippocratic method favored
dietary and life-style adjustments over drug use.
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)

6. PHR 110PHR 1106
 Most Greek medicines were prepared from plants, and the first great
study of plants in the West was accomplished by Theophrastus (ca 370–
285 BCE), a student of Aristotle.
The latter Greek physician’s summary of the drug, the Materia Medica,
became, the standard encyclopedia of drugs for hundreds of years to
follow.
Through the teachings and writings of Galen, a Greek physician who
practiced in Rome in the 2nd century AD, the humoral (immune) system
of medicine gained ascendancy for the next 1500 years.
ANTIQUITY (ancient time)

7. PHR 110PHR 1107
Traditionally, the Middle Ages are defined as the period from the first fall
of Rome (ca 400 AD) to the fall of Constantinople (1453).
The first half of this millennium was once referred to as the “Dark Ages”
by historians because of the political and social chaos
 However, many advances were made during the centuries between
400 and 900 AD, including a new, independent calling that emerged out
of the flourishing Islamic civilization—pharmacy.
The use of drugs to treat illness underwent another shift, as Pagan
temples, some of which had operated in conjunction with Greco-Roman
healing methods, were closed.
Rational drug therapy declined in the West, to be replaced by the
Church’s teaching that sin and disease were related intimately.
THE MIDDLE AGES

8. PHR 110PHR 1108
As Western Europe struggled, a new civilization arose among those who
followed the teachings of Mohammed SW (570–632).
 Among the Islamic nations, Greek writings, including those dealing with
medicine, were translated into Arabic.
 At first the Arabs accepted the authority of Greek medical writings totally,
especially those of Galen and Dioscorides.
 But as their sophistication grew, Islamic medical men like Rhazes (860–932)
and Avicenna (980–1063) added to the writings of the Greeks.
Arab physicians made their dosage forms elegant and palatable, through the
silvering and gilding of pills and the use of syrups.
 In the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad of the 9th century, the work was taken
over by specialists, the occupational ancestors of today’s pharmacists.
 By the mid-13th century, when Frederick II, the ruler of the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, codified the separate practice of pharmacy for the first time in
Europe,

9. PHR 110PHR 1109
The Renaissance, was the beginning of the modern period.
 In 1453 Constantinople (Istanbul) fell to the conquering Turks, and the
remnants of the Greek scholarly community there fled west, carrying their
books and knowledge with them.
 About that same time, Johann Gutenberg began printing with movable
type, starting an information revolution.
 The time was ripe for casting off the old concepts of diseases and
drugs of Galen.
The new drugs that were arriving from faroff lands were unknown to the
ancients.
 Printers, after fulfilling the demand for religious books such as bibles
and hymnals, turned to producing medical and pharmaceutical works,
especially those that could benefit from profuse and detailed illustrations.
THE RENAISSANCE AND
EARLY MODERN EUROPE

10. PHR 110PHR 11010
 On the medical side, for example, this trend is exemplified in the
anatomical masterworks of Andres Vesalius (1514–1564).
 For pharmacy, printing had a profound effect on the study of plant
drugs, because illustrations of the plants could be reproducedeasily.
 Among the most gifted of these investigators was Valerius Cordus
(1515–1544), who also wrote a work in another popular genre—
formula books.
His Dispensatorium (1546) became the official standard for the
preparation of medicines in the city of Nuremberg and generally is
considered the first pharmacopeia.
THE RENAISSANCE AND
EARLY MODERN EUROPE

11. PHR 110PHR 11011
It is a bit ironic that from the mid-1600s to the mid-1800s,
when controversy raged within medicine regarding the proper
use of drugs, pharmacy made its greatest contribution to science
as well as becoming firmly established as a profession on the
European continent.
Since most drugs before 1900 were derived from the plant
kingdom, it is not surprising that pharmacists dominated the
investigation of botanical drugs during the 1700s and 1800s.
The single, most important breakthrough occurred during the first
decade of the 19th century when the pharmacist Friedrich
Sertürner extracted morphine from crude opium.
The announcement of his method opened up the era of alkaloidal
chemistry, which resulted in the isolation of several pure drugs from
crude preparations.

12. PHR 110PHR 11012
Back in the 1760s, in his famous Discourse on medical education, Dr
John Morgan, had advocated the separation of medicine and
pharmacy with physicians writing prescriptions.
The years following the War of 1812 were transitional. More and
more physicians gained their clinical experience in hospitals and
dispensaries instead of with preceptors, learning to write
prescriptions, rather than compound them.
After graduation some of these young physicians continued to write
out prescriptions, thereby stimulating the growth of pharmacy.
AMERICAN PHARMACY

13. PHR 110PHR 11013
In 1808 the Massachusetts Medical Society published a state guide
to drug standards, with a national convention of physicians
approving a Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America (USP)
in 1820.
The appearance of these books reflected both the growing amount
of prescription writing and the medical profession’s increasing
reliance on pharmacists.
The number of pharmacy practitioners in urban areas reached the
critical mass necessary for the establishment of local pharmaceutical
societies such as the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1821) and
the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy (1823).