Kurdistan Regional Government Iraq Ministry of Electricity generates electricity primarily from fossil fuels such as natural gas. Renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal currently account for a smaller portion of electricity generation but their use is growing. Geothermal energy harnesses heat from within the earth through technologies such as hydrothermal, geopressure, and hot dry rock systems to generate electricity without directly burning fuels. Geothermal resources in the Kurdistan region show potential for development to increase renewable energy supply and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

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11. Geothermal Energy Facts
WHAT DOES THE WORD "GEOTHERMAL" MEAN?
"Geothermal" comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and thermo (heat). So, geothermal
means earth heat.
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E
*
+ 1 $ <- 6"
(+%
?
)
+&
? - * ( $1 $ - 6
@
- * ( -" <
$1 $( - 6 $ ? - * ?(M " 2( , X*
" *
(
?(-"6$ - 6
'
Heat Exchanger
5
- (-"*$9 )G * < !
% "* )(M +6 ( $ - 6
+ * 3 / 1 (. )(
(- "* - - +(
" * % $ - 6 *$ + ; p * F * -P
(
-"6$ - 6
<
'
Fan Coils
5
( 3 +
*
$ - 6 !
+ 1
* <- 6 3
2
@
?(
- .
'
2
1
5
?(
- .
'
3
1
5
2(-"6$ - 6 (
Heat Exchanger
5
$ - 6
M +6
(
)
$ <- 6" *
+& ) ?(+% + 1
<- 6
*
? - * e
+;- "
$1 "* e*"*
$ - 6 ?) +6
+ 1 +,
"*
<- 6
+*
+;- $ - 6
"*
+ 1

21. GHP's
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
$1 $ - 6 ! F ( 6 I ?; - +6 (. "* N .
A (
'
eA
5
% $ - 6 ! ; -"6 (
N . ,
) - - 2* -P(-
2( - $ - 6
@
l
p - "1 "* "
-
$ - 6
, 9% - * , * ( I
@
- < <N *
" $ - 6$_ " *
'
GHP's
[
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
5
eA $ - 6 ! + F( +,
F(eA*-
+
'
"*
F?( #
g
"*
!
P ! $ - 6
5
- . ?( /
'
5
- , (
@
( - -
$1 "*L( , ;
F * I "1 U +6 - . $ - 6 ! $ - 6$9( ! ?( 6
@
" $ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
$9(-+
'
( *
$
5
1
( , , $ ( !
% (
- + ( / 1 (. )( 1 (-"*
+ % *
$ +) ( $("
@
)G <
*
- I *p *F
- "* ( <- 6"*
@
<- 6
<- 6
<- 6
<- 6
'
'
'
'
Heating
05
05
05
05
" * $ - 6
$ - 6 (-"* !
% + $ - 6 !
!
% "* )(M +6
- . "* )(M +6 ( $ - 6 ! + 1 "* -+ " *
@
-
-
-
-
'
'
'
'
Cooling
05
05
05
05
- * ( $ - 6 ! I L ,
'
- 6
5
(M +6 - . $ - 6 !
"* )
-+ !
%
'
*
5
"* )(M +6 ( $ - 6 %
@
?(
- .
'
4
1
5
+& ) ?(+% + 1 $ <- 6
? - * e* <- 6
(
$ - 6
?(-"6
+;- "
e*"*
$1 "*

22. GHP's
!
"
#
$
%
&
' (
)
?(
- .
'
5
1
5
33C
-6 C
22 C
22 C
13 C
13 C
$ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
2( -
$ - 6$_
'
GHP's
5
) -
?( -
$ - 6
* " (
)
(. "* )(M +6 % - .
) -
$ - 6
(. )* " (
- . "* )(M +6 %
-"
$ -+
$ - 6$_
(.
'
GHP's
5
Heat pump ground loops
GHP – Geothermal Heat Pump
< ( -"
0
" -+
< -"
0
$ +) -+
< (8 -"
0
-+
$ k
< - +; -"
0
-+
$A?( _

23. 7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
7 6 % &
4
(Balneology)
E
E
E
E
$
6 (
-
'
Hot Springs
5
"*
-+
? - * 9 + $ -
@
a $1 $ - 6
- 6 ( $ F( , - - )( $)% $ ( + % *2(+% L(
'
Hot Springs
5
@
&
4
&
4
&
4
&
4
5
5
5
5
#
#
#
#
'
'
'
'
) 8
) 8
) 8
) 8
(Aquaculture)
E
E
E
E
% 6$, < - ( - A(- a $1 $ - 6
- ?(
F
F
F
F
(
/
$
$
'
fish
5
*-
'
shrimp
5
'
5
'
abalone
5
k GO ,
'
alligators
5
@
?(
- .
'
6
1
5
?(
- .
'
7
1
5

24. &
4% !)
&
4% !)
&
4% !)
&
4% !)
+D !
+D !
+D !
+D !
HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED BY USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
e*
( ( + % < *
$ A)G(
$ ? < - *
*-
$O3
"1 ) - - 6
C ?( - * (. - + 1 n
9(P
8?(-+ ?*-",
8 ?( < - * *-
@
- 6
e* " * $1 "* )(- 6 +, - *
'
Injection Well
5
)*<- 6 - * "*
"*
)?q "1 / )
b(-
- +1 n
)* < )?q
@
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
F(- e*-"
0
00
0
< (
< (
< (
< (
0
0
0
0
'
? < - * e*
[
<- 6
[
Production Well
5
e*<
F( - (. - +1 n
9(- ( $9 ) * "*F( - *
@
<
<
<
<
0
0
0
0
'
e*
+;-
[
-
[
Injection Well
5
e*<
) - +, - *
(.
F(
"*
)*<- 6 - *
)*b(- - +1 n $ , )?q "1 / )
@
?(
- .
'
8
1
5
?(
- .
'
9
1
5
<- 6
? - * e*
+;- "
$1 "* e*"*
!
%
[
$O3
*-
(
?(-"6$ - 6
- ? < - *
2( *-",

25. %
& " # ' ( ) #
$
-" 8
G(
* *- $ ? < - * A)
"
"
3
(
@
$9 ? ,
9
*
-
!
$ - 6
- +fA $ )
'
B , V
5
6
-
@
There are three kinds of geothermal power plants. The kind we build depends on the
temperatures and pressures of a reservoir.
1
1
1
1
E
E
E
E
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
KN5 37
^
#
#
#
#
Dry Steam Power Plants
E'
E'
E'
E'
-+fA
A "dry '" steam
F ?( < - *L O3
$ ( b(-
-
<
( ,
@
"1 ) -
O3
9%
/ (-"* *
A)G( )(
F *< - & *- C ?(-+G& ?( *-", F( +,
@
-" <
2(M "
*- $ ? < - *"* 3 " A)G(
- 6 $ N+ "*F *- *$ ,+ 8* *
@
A)G( I ( A)G( -" < +J
" ( ->
'
Lardarello
5
$3 3)
I )G , ?, ?*
( -
@
2( , - 6
A)G(
*- $ ? < - *
L% $O3 -"
$3
)(
'
5
^
"9G G r -+ *
@
<
-"
. $9 !
( * , - ( A)G(
(+
+* +&
b
@
?(
- .
'
20
5
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "* ?( - * ?;
b - < ( "*
(>
< ( Q3) " ( -> ; -"? e %
(. $ - 6 - 9 V,
< - * "* - U
*- $ ?
/ ( , - +*I
"*
2, 6- +
( h+
@

26. F
F
F
F
1 !
1 !
1 !
1 !
#
#
#
#
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
! &
4G3 8
'
'
'
'
#
#
#
#
Flash Steam Power Plants
'
'
'
'
E
E
E
E
F
F
F
F
- 6
( $1
A
$
- + 1
!
( $ - 6
+
'
300 - 700 degrees F
5
(
'
,
!
P !
(
5
? < - * e * - 6 !
% L ,
)( ?
-
, ) -
" $ ( $9
'
separator
5
F(
- G (
'
flash
5
d3 )*
(-"* *
2( *-", ) -
'
turbine
5
" *l ( F(
? * ?9 9 )# %
F ?( < - * *- - )( -
@
(
?
- .
'
21
5
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "*
?( - * ?;
$9 ,
I s#

27. F
F
F
F
1 5
1 5
1 5
1 5
#
#
#
#
Binary-Cycle Power Plants
'
'
'
'
E
E
E
E
<
- +1 " ; $ - 6 ! -"
'
!
F( #
!
P !
5
+ (
'
,
!
F( #
,
!
P !
5
$O3 , ( $ , I ( ! <
'
flash
5
FG(+
9* F -
@
+
<
I ( !
F(e6 -
,
* F - FG(+ $O3
9
F(
A)G(
$
'
"binary" power plant
5
% ( $ - 6
" !
" *
?(-"6 $ - 6 (
'
heat exchanger
5
< !
% "* )(M +6
'
second (binary) liquid
5
$ ( * (
( 1
d3 )*
*
2( *-", ) - (-"*
'
turbine
5
9 )# % " * l ( F(
F ?( < - * *- - )( - ? * ?9
@
1 *<
=
(
+;- $
( $
"*
@
* $ ( %
- *
2 8 -" 3 " ;
- +1 ( $ - 6 ! 9 +;
'
!
F( #
!
P !
@5
?(
- .
'
22
5
?(-"6$ - 6 (
!
% 6
- *
)( - ?
2( *-",
<- 6
? - * e*
-
+;-
e* *
$1 "*
?( - * ?;

28. e
e
e
e
*
+
,
-
Advantages
f
f
f
f
[
0
-"1 */ - *- $ ? < - *"* " $ A)G(
@
FG(+
F( - * - !
("* / FG (+ $O3 $ "*F *- *$ ,+
@
=
L ( 4 -"
" )&* -
I $ <- 6 $ B
@
[
#
0
M " L , A - "*FG(+ - * -
A)G(
*
"9 % - ( $ - * - *$)G(+ $9 +; - $ ,+
/
( $ ,+ $9 ,
$
- - ;
@@@@@@@
( $ )
@
[
.
,
0
- $( b(- * 2( P( *- $ ? < - *"* " $ A)G(
+, 6 $% *$ ( ;- 9 +;
@
F ( A* ? < - *$ , / 6- *F +,
( $)% , -
2 ( $ ,+ ;- A(- - ) #
@
[
/
*
/
$
$
0
1
F ( 9* ( ? < - * ( F( +,
*- * O )G(+ L ,
F *
@
[
*
!
&
,
$
1
,N "* , - 6I $ ,+ $?( *FG(+
- *
F * ? < - *$% - - - A(- $ ,+ $1 $ P
@
?(
- .
'
23
5

29. e
e
e
e
#
+
,
-
Disadvantages
f
f
f
f
t ( a- ( $ +;"* -
N "
'
$1
5
!
% -"
(Liquid)
$ -+1 +,
( $ - 6 ! $( b(- $ ( + % * M 1 (
'
P
5
'
* I
- *- $ ? < - *"* U +6 ( $O3 - !
("* 6 $ - - *
5
$ ( $ *
L ?( "
'
Thermodynamics
5
+ + * $ - - ( - 6 ? $) +;
*- $ ? < - *
@
$; e# * ( $ - 6
'
P ( $ - 6 !
5
"*
(
, (
*
L O(- $ <- 6 - $% ( ( %+% 3 / +J "* F( ? - * ( $3 "1 ? -
@
( $1 * ( +( ( A?(. - A(-
@
ZZZZ
g
g
g
g
$ A)G( $ ?, ?* $1 $ - 6 *p +( )%
"
$ ( + % *
- A(- $&!
- *- $O(- $ +*eA -
$ )G * ) +( $ - $ ( + % *
$1 P *$ - 6
@
<- 6 L% - * %, "*F( - _,
(Hot-Dry-Rock)
M
,
+*
@
]
]
]
]
g
g
g
g
L% $O3 $ A)G(
'
Dry steam power plants
5
- 6 !
% (
'
Flash steam power plants
5
"*- G " " <P $9 ) *
'
Carbon dioxide
5
L(M G "
'
Nitric oxide
5
F(T
'
Sulfur
5
b(- *2?(- -
m'
5
6 - - * *
- ! "# * A)G(
L , <N *
- - ; ( $ )G
'
Emissions-Controlling Systems
5
) - 1 * ( < F(
M "* )( < ( b(- $1 - *F(
m'
5
6 - - * *I
* A)G(
- ! "#
@
`
`
`
`
g
g
g
g
u +, ; $1 $ - 6 ;-
$9
+ / 2 1 * ( - ( , $ ? ,
'
Mercury
5
v -
'
Arsenic
5
"O )
'
Antimony
@@@ 5
)
@
# F ;- L , ( ,
- * - )(- *
( -+1 $93 * $ +*B " )*
@
($
($
($
($
/ ( ; "* *$ - 6F +, " $ ?(+% -
- ( $9 ?(+% ; $wV $ ( + % *
2(P( O)G )( t ?(+% < + ?&*- (
t #- *$9(- *- "*
+* 1 ( +* 9(- ( $ ( ?(+% < 9 ,
( - ( $ ( - * V "* +&(+ +,
@
$ +*< ( $ +; " $?(+% $ , r L ( - , L( I
(
P * -
@
+ $,N $ ( $3 " A)G( 2(M " < +J "*
'
Wairakei
Power Station
5
N *- $ - *
'
D
5
A
'
1.5 TWh per year
5
<N * +*
)G
'
D
5
N , A
'
1.3 TWh per year
@5

30. $
%
2 (
/ 3
*-
, $3 " $ ;
(
?(+% &( , *
29(P
;
x
3
y
6
2(
"Ring of Fire"
z
$ 6 $ ( + % * ) -+ C ?* ?( /
; )(
x
2( 6 y 3
"Ring of Fire"
z
) -+ . - -+% *
'
$O(-
) -+
5
)( 6 l (
("*
(eA*- ( + F( +,
*- $ ? < - *"*F
@
?(
.
-
'
24
5
i

31. * + , ( +- .
$
$
$
$
These and other methods are used
@
$)(> , ?( *
% ?( $?, 6
@
@
-+* ?(+% - ?3
"9
@
@
1
$ ? 1 / 1 $ , 9
@
@
$ ? 1 O + -
@
@
$ ? 1 (P # + -
@
@
( N+V (. $ - 6 ! $? $, ;
@
$ - 6 !
-
*"!
*
)
3
+V
,
"!
*$
?(
- .
'
25
5

32. < ( A(-
< ( A(-
< ( A(-
< ( A(-
0
0
0
0
$1 $( - 6 + - $?
$?, 6 $)(> , ?( *
% ?(
@
< A(-
< A(-
< A(-
< A(-
0
0
0
0
$ - $ ( A3* -+* ?(+%
( $1 $( - 6
@
.
?(
- .
'
26
5
% ?( $?, 6 $)(> , ?(
?(
- .
'
27
5
C _!
#$,N "( $1 % ( ?( <
$3
@

33. $ ? 1 $ ( + -
( $ -"* O(-
?(+1
( A3* eA , $
$ +*"* - $
$1
@
$ 1 % - ?*$ ?O3 ;- /
'
"("{
"6- 9
El Hoyo, Nicaragua
@5
F - - $ O(- - M - - $ &( i , 9 $ ? 1 + %
$1 $? "* - " +*
@
- Steaming hillside in El Hoyo, Nicaragua.
?(
- .
'
28
5
$ - *
$ ( 9 V, - -
" $ +*$? "*2% * ,
@

34. < ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
< ( 8 A(-
0
0
0
0
$ ? 1 / 1 $ , 9 1
$ - $ ( A3* -+* ?(+%
$1 $( - 6
(
@
2( n - * , - * -"
@
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
< Y? < - +; A(-
0
0
0
0
" ,
1 (P # O + -
$ ?
'
/
$( *- + -
$G , ?6+
O
- +*
5
2( $1 $ +* A3*
@
?(
- .
'
29
5
?(
- .
'
30
5

35. " ,
?) -" -" A(- - 9 % $ ? 1 (P # O + -
@
- - ( *
$ ( - % ? 1 "*
e*
9* - ( F * $?(+% ,
@
?(
- .
'
31
5

36. A(-
A(-
A(-
A(-
< % %
< % %
< % %
< % %
0
0
0
0
" ,
9* - ( e*$3
+V $( - 6 , ) - I *$9( 9 - - 6 !
(. - +fA ?( A3* -
(
@
$3
+V 6 , - 6 ! +* - *
" $)?( ( 6F( , $
'
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
5
"*L ?(+% I
F(- -"6 - , $9 ?(+%
@
?(
- .
'
32
5
)
l
'
PRESSURE
5
?; - - +;
- *
V 6 , $1 $ ?(
+
N
(
- * $
)*
@
- 6 !
-" 6 | (- , )
?( - * ?;
@
m
m
m
m
m
m
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
/ ( +J
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
- 93 $9 +
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
" $ ; L (
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
+ (. $ - 6 !
$ - 6 !
)
-
*"!
*
,
"!
*$3
+V
$ - 6 !
-
*"!
*
)
,
"!
*$3
+V
( ) $ - 6 ! - (- A(- - * 6 -" ) $ - 6 ! $ +*I *

37. #
! "
&
/ #
$
$
$
$
; < +) 931
2
$ A)G( +, < - * *- +
23 "
.
*- - *
$ ;
<
( ,
)G
'
5
N
- "* ( < +
$) *
F( - *
@
"1 ) - $ ( + % *
'
5
N
F( - *
*"*
-
$ ? <
*-
, (
'
$,N
5
( < +
'
5
, $,N
F( - * , $) * "*
/
- >
'
5
9 .
@
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
; +J ( ) 1 <
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
- ?( 1 L ,N
0
0
0
0
)*
+
,- -
.
MW
/
,- - 0 +
.
%
/
,'1
9(-
3000 MW
&
2020 MW
C _!
#
1930 MW
%16
$) 6 *-
L G
959.5 MW
?
%25
$) 6 *-
!
G
%19.1
$) 6 *-
*+
1000 MW
a ) 1
- .
'
5
?(
- .
'
33
5

38. ! &
! &
! &
! &
9(- $ +, A ( ,N
F( ?* 1 $ ( % 6
< - *
$ ?
*-
" $ A)G(
$ 3 +
"*
.
*
'
2800MW
5
+, < - * *-
9(P
'
5
2* + $ $,N
@
$,- ;
- .
'
4
5
% 6
$ A)G( *-
9(- $ +, A ( ,N "
?(
- .
'
34
5
$3 ?,"
,N "
$ +, A (
9(-
? - *"1 ) - " $ A)G( *-
"1 ) -
? - *
$
"

39. ;
,-
$
- .
'
5
9(- $ +, A ( ,N
F( ?* +&(+ < - $ ? - *
"*
$ ? < - *
*-
- - * *
6
,N +, < - * < -
@
- . $,- ;
'
5
9(- $ +, A ( ,N $G( A "
$3
"* 9 1- , +*
*-
'
+&(+
- ^% $ ,+
$
5
* *
'
5
-> " !
<
*
'
5
-> " !
"*
+&(+
b(-
m'
5
-
@
$ ( % 6 F ( 6 I
+&(+ ) - * ( I *
@
$,- ;
- .
'
5
5
$,- ;
- .
'
6
5

40. !
G
'
Iceland
5
$,N
!
G
? < - * F( ?* 1 $ ( % 6
*- $
$ 3 + " $ A)G(
"*
.
*
'
b(- *
%19.1
$) 6 *-
5
< - * *-
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47. A)) U.S. Department of Energy (Geothermal Energy Technical Site):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power
http://geothermal.id.doe.gov
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2 Thanks III III C P € + 2
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Electricity. *-
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Ring of fire in the world. - 6 ;
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49. Geothermal exploration
surveys.
+ - $? "*/ ( A(- ;
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Satellite imagery and aerial
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Use geothermal in the whole world. " $ ? - *
United State of America. 32 32 9(-
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Iceland. 34 34 !
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45 References & Sources ;-
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E-mail Address: sarbast_engineer@yahoo.com
sarbastara@gmail.com
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51. Kurdistan Regional Government-Iraq
Ministry of Electricity
General Directorate of Electricity of Suleimaniyah
Directorate of Electricity production
Technical Department